香樟害虫——橄绿瘤丛螟的生物学特性

研究发现嘉兴地区危害香樟树的丛螟科害虫为橄绿瘤丛螟Orthaga olivacea(Warren),对该虫的生物学特性和发生规律做了研究。该虫较为喜欢危害5~10年生香樟树,多头幼虫聚集在一起取食叶片,并缀合受害叶片成鸟巢状虫苞。在嘉兴地区1年发生2代。根据计算幼虫可分为7龄,符合Dyer生长规律。     

栗山天牛幼虫龄数和龄期的测定

栗山天牛Massicus raddei (Blessig)是危害我国东北柞树天然林的重要蛀干害虫, 长期营隐蔽性生活, 3年发生1代, 防治困难。幼虫的龄数和龄期测定是害虫预测预报以及制订其科学治理策略的重要依据。本研究于2008-2011年通过林间定期解剖受害树进行取样, 在辽宁省宽甸县采集不同发育阶段的栗山天牛幼虫, 分别测量幼虫上颚长、 主单眼间距、 前胸背板宽、 中胸气门长和体长等5项形态指标, 利用频次分析的统计方法, 测定了栗山天牛幼虫的龄数。结果表明: 栗山天牛幼虫有6龄, 雌雄性幼虫龄数相同。上颚长、 主单眼间距和前胸背板宽3项指标均可用于分龄, 中胸气门长和体长变异较大, 不宜用作幼虫龄数划分。利用种群众数龄期法计算1-6龄幼虫的平均龄期分别为9.25, 266.85, 48.09, 51.29, 260.33和385.71 d, 幼虫期共1 021.52 d。在我国东北地区, 自然条件下栗山天牛世代发生非常整齐而且高度同步, 完成1代发育需跨越4个年份, 幼虫经历3次越冬, 第1年以2-3龄幼虫越冬, 第2年主要以4-5龄幼虫越冬, 第3年全部以末龄幼虫越冬。研究结果进一步明确了栗山天牛幼虫期的生物学特性, 为生产上合理防治该害虫提供了参考依据。     

二点委夜蛾幼虫虫龄的测定

【目的】二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(M?schler),属鳞翅目夜蛾科。我国于2005年7月在河北省夏玉米田首次发现。近年来,该虫发生范围不断扩大,为害日益加重,因此应制定科学有效的防治策略。幼虫的虫龄和龄期测定是害虫预测预报以及制定科学防治策略的重要依据。【方法】本文通过测量二点委夜蛾幼虫头壳宽度、体长、体重,对幼虫虫龄的划分进行了研究。根据所测数据的频次分布图及Dyar定律推测幼虫虫龄数,并运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归的方法进行验证。【结果】经测量,幼虫头壳宽度值呈现出5个明显的集中区,1~5龄幼虫头壳宽度分别为0.50~0.62、0.64~0.76、0.82~0.94、1.00~1.12、1.24~1.40 mm。幼虫体长呈现出4个较明显的集中区,分别为2.00~6.50、7.50~12.50、14.50~17.50、18.50~23.00 mm。而实际观察测得1~5龄幼虫体长范围分别为1.96~3.60、2.78~4.10、3.98~6.20、5.38~12.48、14.06~22.96 mm。1~5龄幼虫体重范围分别为<0.0001、0.0003~0.0009、0.0005~0.0036、0.0027~0.0240、0.0337~0.1332 g。【结论】研究结果表明,幼虫头壳宽度可用于分龄,二点委夜蛾幼虫期共分为5龄。头壳宽度y与幼虫虫龄x的回归方程为y=0.4579e0.2121x。幼虫体长和体重在各龄间重叠度较大,不宜用于幼虫虫龄的划分。     

灰钝额斑螟的生物学特性

灰钝额斑螟Bazaria turensis Ragonot是柴达木盆地白刺(Nitraria sp.)灌丛的主要害虫,为了有效控制该害虫对白刺的危害,采用室内饲养和田间定点观察,对灰钝额斑螟进行了生物学特性观察。结果表明灰钝额斑螟在柴达木盆地1年发生1代,有卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4种虫态,通过头壳宽确定了幼虫为5个虫龄,以滞育蛹越冬。翌年5月中旬开始羽化,5月下旬为羽化高峰期,6月中旬孵化,6月下旬为孵化盛期,8月上旬开始结茧化蛹,8月中旬结茧化蛹高峰期,随后蛹进入滞育越冬。6月下旬初龄幼虫发生盛期是该害虫防治的最佳时期。     

双线雀天蛾生物学及其对磨芋为害的观察研究

首次报道双线雀天蛾是磨芋的主要害虫之一。其幼虫取食叶片,对磨芋造成严重危害,在皖南一年发生二代,危害二次。幼虫期五龄,预蛹期１─１．５天。试验表明,９０％敌百虫１０００─１５００倍液或８０％敌敌畏乳剂２０００倍液对幼虫有较好的防治作用。     

温度和食料对白眉野草螟幼虫生长发育的影响

【目的】白眉野草螟Agriphila aeneociliella(Eversmann)是近年在我国小麦上新发现的一种害虫,以幼虫在小麦茎基部取食危害,造成缺苗断垄,对我国小麦的安全生产构成潜在的威胁。本研究旨在明确温度和食料对其生长发育的影响,对该害虫的预测预报和有效防控具有重要的指导意义。【方法】在光周期14L∶10D,RH 70%±5%的条件下,设置系列恒定温度,用小麦作饲料,记录和分析不同温度下幼虫各龄的发育历期、存活率,明确其发育起点温度、有效积温;设置温度25℃,光周期14L∶10D,RH 70%±5%的条件,分别用小麦、玉米和人工饲料饲养,分析不同食料对其生长发育和成活率的影响。【结果】在恒温(13~29℃)范围内,白眉野草螟幼虫发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短,存活率没有明显差异;在恒温33℃,该虫不能完成幼虫期生长发育而死亡。不同食料饲养后,幼虫各龄发育历期存在显著差异,顺序为取食小麦取食玉米取食人工饲料,尤其是1-3龄幼虫差异最为明显,取食小麦、玉米的4-6龄幼虫发育历期差异未到达显著水平,但显著低于取食人工饲料的幼虫。【结论】白眉野草螟幼虫具有很强的温度适应能力,不同温度对其发育历期具有显著的影响;在目前白眉野草螟发生危害区的主要粮食作物中,小麦为其最适宜寄主,室内条件下取食玉米也能完成幼虫期的生长发育。本研究为制定白眉野草螟在我国的潜在发生危害区提供了理论数据,为田间种群动态变化的预测预报和综合治理提供了技术支撑。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫龄数及各发育阶段在不同温度下的发育历期

【目的】荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley是荔枝龙眼上的主要害虫,以幼虫蛀果为害。本研究旨在明确荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫龄数及不同温度下各虫态和各龄幼虫的发育历期,为该虫发生规律、预测预报和防控技术研究提供基础生物学数据。【方法】定期收集处于不同发育时期的荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫,测量幼虫头壳宽度,对其进行频次分析,Crosby指数验证和曲线回归分析,以确定幼虫龄数。通过室内群体饲养的方法,测定了17~38℃区间8个温度梯度下荔枝蒂蛀虫各虫态和各龄幼虫的发育历期,并采用线性日度模型对其发育速率与温度的关系进行回归分析。【结果】根据荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫头壳宽度频次分布图,其头壳宽度的频次分布可明显分为5个区域,说明其幼虫分5个龄期,符合Dyar定律。1-5龄幼虫的头壳宽度分别为:0.092~0.120,0.140~0.206,0.217~0.319,0.356~0.523和0.582~0.728 mm。温度对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵、各龄幼虫和蛹的发育历期有明显影响,其发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短,其发育速率均与温度呈显著正相关,并符合线性回归模型。在20~32℃,荔枝蒂蛀虫可完成世代发育;在17℃时,该虫只能发育至3龄幼虫;在35℃时,蛹多不能羽化;在38℃时,卵多不能孵化。在20~32℃,其世代历期为41.16~19.34 d,蛹期为12.74~5.38 d,而产卵前期为4.75~4.22 d,温度对产卵前期无明显影响。在20~35℃,荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫可正常发育,其1龄幼虫龄期为4.50~1.17 d,2龄幼虫期为2.09~1.40 d,3龄幼虫期为2.84~1.00 d,4龄幼虫期为3.41~1.18 d,5龄幼虫期为3.00~1.37 d,预蛹期为2.41~0.69 d。在17~35℃,荔枝蒂蛀虫卵可正常孵化,其卵期为7.73~2.09 d。【结论】荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫分5个龄期,不同于前人所报道的4个龄期。在20~32℃温度范围内,卵、各龄幼虫和蛹的发育历期均随温度升高而缩短。本研究结果有助于荔枝蒂蛀虫预测预报方案的制定和实施。     

一株球孢白僵菌的分离鉴定及其对草地贪夜蛾的致病性

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E.Smith)是我国于2019年新发现的一种迁飞性重大害虫。为了寻找对草地贪夜蛾有高致病性的昆虫病原真菌,本实验对采自广东省广州市华南农业大学湿地的感菌稻黑蝽Scotinophara lurida若虫僵虫进行了室内分离培养,结合形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析,采用浸虫法研究了该菌对草地贪夜蛾各龄幼虫的致病力。鉴定结果表明该病原真菌为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana,编号为GZSL-1菌株。菌株GZSL-1可侵染草地贪夜蛾6个龄期的幼虫,随孢子浓度的升高,草地贪夜蛾幼虫感病死亡率增加,当浓度达到1×10~8孢子/mL时,1～3龄幼虫的累计校正死亡率皆为100%,4龄和5龄幼虫也达到57.47%和55.06%,6龄仅25.28%。接菌6 d后1～5龄幼虫的LC_(50)值分别为1.32×10~3、3.42×10~3、1.01×10~4、1.61×10~5和1.23×10~7孢子/mL。幼虫LT_(50)值随孢子悬浮液浓度增加而递减,在孢子浓度为1.0×10~4～1.0×10~8孢子/mL范围内,1龄、2龄和3龄幼虫的LT_(50)值分别为3.58～1.69 d、4.30～1.78 d和5.70～3.12 d;浓度为1.0×10~5～1.0×10~8孢子/mL时,对4龄幼虫的LT_(50)为5.45～4.85 d;浓度为1.0×10~7～1.0×10~8孢子/mL时,对5龄幼虫的LT_(50)为5.04～5.02 d。上述研究结果表明,鉴定的球孢白僵菌菌株GZSL-1对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具有较强致病性,可为草地贪夜蛾微生物防治提供候选菌种资源。     

Cry2Ab蛋白对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的抗性

【背景】在我国,由于Bt棉的种植,棉铃虫和红铃虫等靶标害虫得到了控制,但棉田其他鳞翅目害虫如甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的危害仍较严重。美国商业化种植的双价棉BollgardⅡ所表达的Cry2Ab蛋白不仅对棉铃虫有较好的控制效果,而且对甜菜夜蛾和草地贪夜蛾有较好的控制作用。因此,该双价棉在我国被环境释放前,有必要研究其对棉田其他鳞翅目害虫的影响。【方法】在人工饲料中分别添加质量浓度为1．25、2．5、5．0、10．0和20．0μg·g^-1的Cry2Ab蛋白,采用生物测定的方法,在室内研究了其对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫存活率和体质量抑制率的影响。【结果】随着Cry2Ab蛋白浓度的增大,甜菜夜蛾初孵幼虫和1龄幼虫的存活率逐渐降低,2龄幼虫和3龄幼虫以及斜纹夜蛾各龄期幼虫的存活率在不同浓度处理下与对照差异均不显著。但与对照相比,高浓度处理对这2种害虫各龄期幼虫的体质量均有显著影响。【结论与意义】高浓度Cry2Ab蛋白（10．0和20．0μg·g^-1）对甜菜夜蛾低龄幼虫有较好的控制作用,但对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的控制效果不太理想。这为该双价基因棉花在我国的推广提供了依据。     

豇豆荚螟在豇豆开花结荚期的为害及虫龄结构

本文采用五点取样法调查了豇豆荚螟Maruca vitrata Fabricius在武汉地区春豇豆开花结荚期的为害情况,并分析了幼虫分布的虫龄结构。结果表明,豇豆荚螟在豇豆开花结荚期对花的危害率显著高于豆荚;百花虫量和百荚虫量最高分别为65头和15头,分别位于盛花末期和盛荚中后期。花器中1龄幼虫比例显著高于3~5龄幼虫,而荚中4龄和5龄幼虫比例显著高于1~3龄幼虫。豇豆花不同部位的虫龄结构存在显著差异,如花药中的1龄幼虫比例显著高于3~5龄幼虫;花萼中1~3龄幼虫比例显著高于4龄和5龄幼虫;而子房中各龄期幼虫分布比例不存在显著差异。花萼中各龄期幼虫的比例均显著高于花药和子房。本研究明确了豇豆荚螟幼虫在豇豆开花结荚期的为害情况及虫龄结构,对于制定该虫的科学防控策略具有重要的指导意义。     

重阳木帆锦斑蛾的生物学特性及防治

重阳木是世界上具有重要价值的树种之一,近年来重阳木帆锦斑蛾BischofiapoiycarpaCramer对其危害日益突出。该害虫在我国许多省区都有不同程度的发生,2006年在安徽省合肥地区暴发成灾。经过室外调查和室内饲养观察,分析了其暴发成灾的原因,明确了该虫的形态特征、年生活史和生活习性。该虫在合肥地区1年发生4代,有世代重叠现象。主要以幼虫在重阳木枝干的树皮、裂缝等处越冬。越冬幼虫至次年4月开始活动。在7月和8月份,以第2代和第3代幼虫危害最重。建议采用植物检疫、人工捕杀、微生物农药及化学杀虫剂等多种方法加以防治,自然天敌对其也有一定的控制作用。     

入侵植物马缨丹研究进展

马缨丹原产于热带美洲,现已扩散至世界热带和亚热带地区,并严重威胁入侵地本地植物的生长。马缨丹因具有观赏价值而被我国大量引进,但由于疏于管理,发展成为入侵杂草,对我国农业、畜牧业及生态环境造成严重危害。目前对马缨丹的入侵机制还没有全面系统的认识。本文从马缨丹的生物学特性、入侵机制、生态学效应、防治与应用等方面进行综述,总结其研究进展,以期为马缨丹的防治工作提供依据。研究结果显示:马缨丹成功入侵的关键因素源于其独特的生物学性征;对农林业造成的危害的原因主要为它的化感作用;马缨丹的防治方法主要包括物理、化学和生物防治;马缨丹在防虫除虫、污染修复、药用价值等方面有所应用。此外,分析当前研究中的不足后发现,今后应加强马缨丹在自然环境中的适应机制、应用潜力、防治方法等的研究。     

Biological control using invertebrates and microorganisms: plenty of new opportunities

In augmentative biological control (ABC), invertebrate and microbial organisms are seasonally released in large numbers to reduce pests. Today it is applied on more than 30 million ha worldwide. Europe is the largest commercial market for invertebrate biological control agents, while North America has the largest sales of microbials. A strong growth in use of ABC, particularly of microbial agents, is taking place in Latin America, followed by Asia. The current popularity of ABC is due to (1) its inherent positive characteristics (healthier for farm workers and persons living in farming communities, no harvesting interval or waiting period after release of agents, sustainable as there is no development of resistance against arthropod natural enemies, no phytotoxic damage to plants, better yields and a healthier product, reduced pesticide residues [well below the legal Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs)], (2) professionalism of the biological control industry (inexpensive large scale mass production, proper quality control, efficient packaging, distribution and release methods, and availability of many (>440 species) control agents for numerous pests), (3) a number of recent successes showing how biological control can save agricultural production when pesticides fail or are not available, (4) several non-governmental organizations (NGOs), consumers, and retailers demanding pesticide residues far below the legal MRLs, and (5) policy developments in several regions of the world aimed at reduction and replacement of synthetic pesticides by more sustainable methods of pest management. We are convinced, however, that ABC can be applied on a much larger area than it is today. We plead in the short term for a pragmatic form of agriculture that is adaptable, non-dogmatic and combines the sustainability gain from all types of agriculture and pest management methods. We then propose to move to “conscious agriculture”, which involves participation of all stakeholders in the production and consumer chain, and respects the environment and resource availability for future generations. Were “conscious agriculture” to be considered a serious alternative to conventional farming, ABC would face an even brighter future.     

梨小食心虫生物防治研究进展

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)是世界性分布的果树主要害虫之一,可危害多种果树。多年来,过度依赖化学农药防治梨小食心虫效果并不理想,且杀伤天敌、污染环境、导致农药残留。利用自然天敌防治梨小食心虫高效、无毒、无污染,符合当前社会对环保的要求。本文结合前人工作,从病原微生物、寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌、性信息素、化学信息物质等方面,综述了梨小食心虫生物防治的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Biological pest management by predators and parasitoids in the greenhouse vegetables in China

China has the highest greenhouse-based production in the world. In 2010, the area of greenhouses devoted to vegetable production was estimated at 4.7 million ha. With the increasing costs of pest control, expanding pesticide resistance and the growing consumer concern regarding pesticide residues in fresh vegetables, a strong demand for applying non-chemical control methods is emerging in China. Biological control in the greenhouse environment is a viable alternative to pesticide use from both environmental and economic perspectives. Although we have only 17 cases of fully documented, successful biological control operations from China, involving 8 crops, 8 pest species and 14 species of natural enemies, the use of the biological control agents is much more widespread. There are 7 commercial companies and facilities producing 21 species of natural enemies, and most of them are available country-wide. Several of these employ a rearing system using artificial diets, and many now move to an integrated production system, including the mass production of the biocontrol agents, quality control, methods of long-distance transportation, release recommendations, and user feedback. While initially these systems relied on introduced natural enemies, they increasingly develop modified systems using native natural enemies. The increasing demand for pesticide-free, high quality vegetable produce year-round and the existing certification schemes make it very likely that the use of biocontrol agents will continue to increase in China.     

Economic Thresholds in Soybean-Integrated Pest Management: Old Concepts, Current Adoption, and Adequacy

Increasing global demands for food underline the need for higher crop yields. The relatively low costs of the most commonly used insecticides in combination with increasing soybean market prices led growers and technical advisors to debate the adequacy of recommended economic thresholds (ETs). The adoption of ETs and pest sampling has diminished in Brazil, leading to excessive pesticide use on soybean. The reduced efficacy of natural biological control, faster pest resurgence, and environment contamination are among the side-effects of pesticide abuse. To address these problems and maximize agricultural production, pest control programs must be guided by a proper integrated pest management (IPM) approach, including the ET concept. Therefore, the most appropriate time to initiate insecticide spraying in soybean is indicated by the available ETs which are supported by experiments over the last 40 years in different edapho-climatic conditions and regions with distinct soybean cultivars. Published scientific data indicate that preventive insecticide use is an expensive and harmful use of chemicals that increases the negative impact of pesticides in agroecosystems. However, the established ETs are for a limited number of species (key pests), and they only address the use of chemicals. There is a lack of information regarding secondary pests and other control strategies in addition to insecticides. It is clear then that much progress is still needed to improve ETs for pest management decisions. Nevertheless, using the current ETs provides a basis for reducing the use of chemicals in agriculture without reducing yields and overall production, thereby improving sustainability.     

Computer-aided technology for regional pest management: Towards agricultural sustainability

Sustainable agriculture is commonly accepted in China and is practised by means of agro-ecological engineering. Large scale agricultural production, supported by advanced technology and the dissemination of eco-agricultural knowledge, will be more important in the future. With the development of integrated pest management, increasing evidence suggests that, large- and very-large-scale ecological engineering techniques must be developed and used. Also, computer-aided techniques such as geographical information systems and expert systems offer a more effective way to resolve new problems in pest management. As a pilot investigation using computer-aided technology for regional pest management in China, a vegetable production information and decision system, BJ-CABBAGIS, has been developed. Design of the system, supporting software and hardware for its development, and its function and preliminary application are presented in detail.     

园林植物新害虫——女贞粗腿象甲

本文首次报道了发生于贵阳地区女贞属植物上的一种新害虫——女贞粗腿象甲Ochyromera ligustri Warner,简要介绍其分布、寄主植物、形态特征、生物学特性,并提出相应的防治建议。     

曲纹紫灰蝶的生物学特性和发生动态研究

近年来 ,曲纹紫灰蝶Chiladespandava在广东省苏铁上大量发生 ,一些苏铁园 ,苏铁的受害株率为 2 0 %～ 3 0 % ,有的高达 5 0 %～ 60 %。调查研究了曲纹紫灰蝶的生物学特性及种群发生动态 ,结果如下。 ( 1 )幼虫分 4龄。据广州 9～ 1 0月的观察 ,卵的平均历期为 ( 1 5 2± 0 1 1 )d ,幼虫期为 ( 5 96± 0 1 9)d,蛹期为 ( 5 1 4± 0 3 8)d。成虫卵散产于苏铁嫩芽上。幼虫危害苏铁嫩芯 ,严重时苏铁的叶片、叶柄全部被吃光。 ( 2 )成虫在上午 9:3 0～ 1 0 :3 0活动数量最多。 ( 3 )曲纹紫灰蝶全年都能发生。成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹分别在 5月和 1 0月出现发生高峰 ,前峰高于后峰。其发生高峰期与苏铁的抽芯盛期相吻合。 ( 4 )防治策略 :合理采取措施压基数 ,综合防治控为害 ,即全年曲纹紫灰蝶防治的关键是掌握每年苏铁的第 1个抽芯高峰期 ,采取合理措施 ,压低曲纹紫灰蝶数量 ,持续监控发生动态 ,在第 2个发生高峰的卵孵化盛期用药防治。     

严防外来有害生物褐纹甘蔗象入侵海南

【背景】褐纹甘蔗象原产于菲律宾,严重危害椰子等棕榈科植物和甘蔗,目前该虫已传入我国台湾、广东、广西和云南,尚未在海南省发生。【方法】为尽早预防该虫传入,本文简要描述了褐纹甘蔗象的生物生态学特性,并运用有害生物危险性分析(PRA)方法,从国内分布情况、潜在的经济危害性、受害寄主的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性和危险性管理难度等方面对该虫入侵海南的可能性进行了定性和定量分析。【结果】褐纹甘蔗象在海南省的风险评估值R=2.08,属于高风险的林业有害生物,建议将其列入海南省林业检疫性有害生物名单;同时提出了该虫的综合防治措施和建议。【结论与意义】本研究可为尽早制定褐纹甘蔗象防范措施提供参考。