棉纤维加厚发育相关物质对纤维比强度的影响

以高、中、低纤维比强度棉花品种科棉1号、美棉33B、苏棉15号和德夏棉1号为材料,研究与棉纤维加厚发育密切相关的可溶性糖、蔗糖和-β1,3-葡聚糖含量动态变化特性及其对纤维比强度形成的影响.结果显示,与中、低强纤维品种相比,高强纤维品种棉花铃龄为10 d时纤维可溶性糖、蔗糖含量高,全铃期内其转化率高且转化彻底,铃龄为24~31 d期间蔗糖累积量高;纤维加厚发育起始期的-β1,3-葡聚糖含量峰值高,其中后期转化迅速而彻底.高强纤维品种棉纤维中可溶性糖、蔗糖和-β1,3-葡聚糖含量动态变化特性利于纤维素累积特性的优化,即快速累积期长、累积速率平缓,易形成高强纤维.研究表明,在物质变化水平上,可溶性糖、蔗糖和β-1,3-葡聚糖含量动态变化特性影响到棉纤维素累积特性,是导致棉纤维比强度品种差异的重要原因.     

温度对棉纤维糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

以棉纤维比强度高的科棉1号和中等强度的美棉33B 2个基因型棉花品种为材料,于2005年在江苏南京(长江流域下游棉区)和徐州(黄河流域黄淮棉区)设置不同播期(4月25日和5月25日)试验,研究了不同温度下棉纤维发育过程中蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶等糖代谢相关酶活性的动态变化特征及其与纤维长度和比强度形成的关系.结果表明：棉纤维伸长发育期,蔗糖酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性较高;纤维加厚发育期,蔗糖合成酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性上升速度快、活性高,蔗糖酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性下降速度快.纤维伸长期,蔗糖酶活性升高对纤维的伸长具有明显促进作用;纤维加厚发育期,提高蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性及加快蔗糖酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性下降速度有利于提高纤维比强度.科棉1号前期蔗糖酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性及中后期蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性均较美棉33B高.在本试验条件下,23.3 ℃是高强纤维形成的适宜温度,23.3 ℃～25.5 ℃是纤维长度形成的适宜温度.     

不同温度敏感性棉花纤维发育相关酶活性变化对低温的响应

选用纤维比强度形成存在温度敏感性差异的两个棉花品种（科棉1号：温度弱敏感型品种,苏棉15：温度敏感型品种）为材料,于2006—2007年在江苏南京设置大田分期播种试验,使棉纤维发育处于不同的温度条件,研究低温对棉纤维发育相关酶（蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶）活性及相应基因表达的影响.结果表明：由晚播造成的低温（棉纤维发育期日均最低温分别为21.1、20.5和18.1 ℃）影响了纤维发育相关酶的活性变化,从而影响了棉纤维素累积和纤维比强度的形成.低温提高了纤维中蔗糖酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,降低了蔗糖合成酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶的活性.低温使Expansin、蔗糖合成酶基因的高表达时间延长,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的表达峰值出现时间延迟,且表达量降低.两个棉花品种的纤维素合成相关酶对低温的响应存在差异,温度敏感型品种（苏棉15）的酶活性的变化幅度明显高于温度弱敏感型品种（科棉1号）, 可能是导致不同棉花品种纤维比强度形成存在温度敏感性差异的主要原因.     

棉花纤维发育关键酶对氮素的响应及其与纤维比强度形成的关系

大田栽培条件下,于2005～2006年在江苏南京（118°50′E,32°02′N,长江流域下游棉区）以美棉33B（平均比强度32cN／tex）和科棉1号（平均比强度35cN／tex）2个品种为材料,进行氮素水平（O（零氮）,240（适氮）和480kgN／hm^2（高氮））实验,研究棉花纤维发育关键酶（蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶）活性变化特征对氮素的响应及其与纤维比强度形成的关系．结果表明,棉纤维发育关键酶活性及其基因表达强度均受氮素影响,并影响棉纤维素的累积特征及纤维比强度的形成．蔗糖合成酶活性随铃龄增加呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在铃龄31天,其基因表达强度在7～21天维持较高水平;氮素水平间比较,以240kgN／hm^2处理的蔗糖合成酶活性及其基因表达强度最高,酶活性高表达持续时间长．β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性随铃龄增加呈下降趋势,其基因表达在铃龄7～24天间呈单峰曲线,铃龄18天时达到峰值;氮素水平间比较,以240kgN／hm^2处理的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性最高,其基因表达量在纤维发育前期（铃龄9～12天）较低,之后大幅增加且稳定表达．240kgN／hm^2下棉纤维发育关键酶的上述变化促进纤维素累积持续期长且整个纤维发育过程中纤维素累积速率平缓,最终形成纤维比强度较高。     

低温条件下外源物质对棉株不同部位果枝棉铃纤维比强度的影响

在棉纤维加厚发育期20.0℃的日均温条件下,对棉花6~9果枝(中部果枝)和11~14果枝(上部果枝)1、2果节棉铃及其对位果枝叶分别于花后15 d和30 d,外施C/N比恒定的3种外源物质:(1)6%蔗糖和0.6%谷氨酰胺混合溶液(C+N),(2)6%蔗糖、0.6%谷氨酰胺和2μg.g-16-BA混合溶液(C+N+BA),(3)2μg.g-16-BA溶液(BA),研究低温条件下外源物质对棉株不同部位果枝棉铃纤维比强度的影响。结果表明:花后15 d外施C+N+BA可提高棉花上部果枝铃铃重和衣分,花后15 d3、0 d外施C+N+BA均可提高棉花中部果枝铃铃重和衣分。花后15 d3、0 d外施BA均有利于棉花上部果枝铃衣分的提高。花后15 d、30 d外施C+N、C+N+BA、BA均导致棉花上部果枝铃棉纤维的螺旋角和取向分布角变大,纤维比强度降低,但可优化中部果枝铃棉纤维的螺旋角和取向分布角,提高纤维比强度,且以BA处理效果最佳。     

6-BA和ABA缓解棉纤维发育低温胁迫的生理机制

以科棉1号棉花品种为材料,于2006、2007年在江苏南京(长江流域下游棉区)设置播期(4月25日、5月25日)和生长调节剂(6-BA、ABA)试验,研究低温条件下,外施6-BA、ABA对棉铃及棉纤维发育的影响及其生理机制.结果表明:常温和低温条件下,6-BA处理均能使相应部位棉铃铃质量增加、纤维品质提高;ABA处理在常温条件下会导致品质下降,而在低温逆境条件下可使纤维品质下降幅度减小;6-BA显著提高了棉铃蔗糖含量及蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,而ABA则可诱导β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性;6-BA、ABA对纤维发育关键酶蔗糖转化酶活性的作用效果均不显著.低温条件下外施6-BA、ABA均可提高棉纤维品质,但两者作用机制不尽相同:6-BA主要通过提高纤维素合成相关酶的活性,而ABA则主要通过诱导棉株抗逆性来提高纤维品质.     

氮素对不同开花期棉铃纤维比强度形成的生理基础的影响

于2005年在江苏南京(长江流域下游棉区)和徐州(黄河流域黄淮棉区)棉田设置不同氮素水平(零氮：0 kg N·hm^-2,适氮：240 kg N·hm^-2,高氮：480 kg N·hm^-2)试验,研究氮素对不同开花期棉铃(伏前桃、伏桃和秋桃)纤维比强度形成生理基础的影响.结果表明：与适氮处理相比,零氮处理显著降低了棉铃对位叶氮浓度,增加了C/N,影响程度随开花期的推迟而加大,导致伏桃、秋桃对位叶制造和运输光合产物的能力在棉铃发育中后期大幅度下降,棉纤维的相对生长速率以及纤维发育关键酶蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性降低,纤维素快速累积持续期缩短,纤维比强度显著降低;高氮处理显著增加了棉铃对位叶氮浓度,降低了C/N,影响程度随开花期的推迟而降低,其降低了伏前桃、伏桃发育过程中光合产物向纤维分配的比例、棉铃发育前中期的纤维发育关键酶活性及纤维素累积速率,导致其纤维比强度亦显著降低.综合分析认为,适宜的施氮量可以协调棉花的“源库”关系,有利于促进不同开花期棉铃高纤维比强度的形成.与适氮处理相比,零氮处理的伏前桃、伏桃和秋桃纤维比强度分别降低了1.8%、5.8%和13.0%,高氮处理则分别降低了8.2%、7.4%和-2.4%.     

低温条件下外源生理活性物质对棉铃发育的影响

和4月20日（正常播期）、6月15日（晚播）两个播期条件下．对棉花1～4果枝1、2果节棉铃及其对位果枝叶于花后15d和30d涂抹外源生理活性物质：6％蔗糖和0．6％符氨酰胺混合溶液（C＋N）、2％蔗糖和0．2％谷氨酰胺混合溶液（1／3C＋1／3N）及12%蔗精和1．2％谷氨酰胺混合溶液（2C＋2N）．各浓度处理的C／N比值相同。统计正常播期铃龄50d和纤维加厚发育期（铃龄25～50d）日均温分别为28．5℃、28．1℃．晚播铃龄50d和纤维加厚发育期日均温分刖为22．9℃、21．4℃（超过了相应的临界温度21℃和18℃）。试验结果表明．晚播条件下,花后15dC＋N处理以及花后30d 2C＋2N处理促进了氮和可溶性糖的运转．均使铃重增加最大,分别达0．40g和0．58g。3种浓度外源生理活性物质均增加了纤维素的累积量．且于花后30d促进了螺旋角（φ）和取向分布角（ψ）的优化．提高了纤维比强度．其中以2C＋2N处理提高纤维比强度幅度最大．达1．45cN／tex。花后15d以1／3C＋1／3N处理对提高纤维比强度最有利．达2．10cN／tex。     

南荻纤维素合成的相关生理特性

为探明南获纤维素合成相关的生理特性,研究了盆栽条件下南荻生长过程中IAA、ABA含量和纤维素合成关键酶（蔗糖合成酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶）活性的变化及其与纤维素含量间的关系。结果显示,在整个生育期,叶片中IAA含量、蔗糖合成酶活性和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性变化趋势一致,均呈先升高后降低的单峰曲线变化;叶片中ABA含量与茎秆蔗糖含量均先降低后增加再降低;茎秆纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量均随生育进程呈现升高趋势。生育前期为调控纤维素合成的关键时期,此时ABA／IAA比值下降,蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性快速上升,有利于纤维素的快速积累。     

铃期增温对棉花产量、品质的影响及其生理机制

以泗棉3号棉花品种为材料,于2010和2011年在南京农业大学牌楼试验站设置铃期(7月13日-8月24日)增温试验,模拟全球增温条件下棉花产量、品质的变化趋势及其生理机制.结果表明: 在铃期增温2～3 ℃(日均温31.1～35.2 ℃)条件下,植株总生物量下降约10%,单株皮棉及籽棉产量降低30%～40%.棉纤维品质变化显著,且不同纤维品质指标对增温的响应程度存在较大差异:马克隆值和断裂比强度显著升高,纤维长度下降,而整齐度指数和伸长率无显著变化.棉株光合能力、干物质累积能力和光合产物输出能力显著下降;可溶性氨基酸、可溶性糖、蔗糖含量及碳氮比均显著下降,而淀粉含量显著上升;增温条件下营养器官干物质分配比例增多,生殖器官干物质分配比例相对减少,经济系数随之降低.棉株下部果枝受增温影响较小,中、上及顶部果枝受增温影响较大.表明在增温2～3 ℃条件下,棉株大部分时间处于热胁迫状态,不仅光合能力下降,而且光合产物向“库”端的转运能力下降,最终导致其减产.     

Response of the enzymes to nitrogen applications in cotton fiber (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their relationships with fiber strength

To investigate the response of key enzymes to nitrogen (N) rates in cotton fiber and its relationship with fiber strength, experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 with cotton cultivars in Nanjing. Three N rates 0, 240 and 480 kgN/hm2, signifying optimum and excessive nitrogen application levels were applied.The activities and the gene expressions of the key enzymes were affected by N, and the characteristics of cellulose accumulation and fiber strength changed as the N rate varied. Beta-1,3-glucanase activity in cotton fiber declined from 9 DPA till boll opening, and the beta-1, 3-glucanase coding gene expression also followed a unimodal curve in 12—24 DPA. In 240 kgN/hm² condition, the characteristics of enzyme activity and gene expression manner for sucrose synthase and beta-1,3-glucanase in developing cotton fiber were more favorable for forming a longer and more steady cellulose accumulation process, and for high strength fiber development.     

Genotypic differences in some physiological characteristics during cotton fiber thickening and its influence on fiber strength

Cotton (Gossypium L.) fiber strength is linked with many complex physiological and biochemical processes in the stage of secondary fiber cell wall thickening. With the aim of further exploiting of the relationship between fiber strength and genotypic differences in physiological characteristics, the experiment was implemented in Nanjing, China (in the lower reach of Yangtze River Valley in China) at the stage of cotton fiber thickening stage in 2004–2005. The result showed that the higher strength fiber (genotype Kemian 1) always had higher activities of sucrose synthetase (SuSy) and β-1,3-glucan synthase, and more sucrose and callose existed and transformed for cellulose synthesis than these of the other genotypes during the fiber secondary wall thickening period These resulted in a longer and more gently cellulose accumulation and wider range and longer period of fiber strength enhancing. Interestingly, the opposite effects were observed in lower strength fiber of Dexiamian 1 and intermediary indices were found in NuCOTN 33B with middle strength fiber. Taken together, above results suggested the variations in the transformation of sucrose and callose contents, and the dynamics of sucrose synthase and β-1,3-glucan synthase activities, might be one of the physiological reasons causing the differences in the speed of cellulose accumulation and fiber strength formation. Additionally, other results showed: (1) the occurrence of callose content peak might be an important sign of the onset of the secondary wall thickening in the fiber cell; (2) the duration and the maximum growth rate of cellulose rapid accumulation contribute more to fiber strength development than other indices of cellulose rapid accumulation.     

Plant density influences fiber sucrose metabolism in relation to cotton fiber quality

Planting density plays an important role in improving cotton yield and regulating fiber quality. A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plant density on sucrose metabolism in relation to fiber quality of field-grown cotton. The results showed that lint yield increased with increasing plant density, fiber micronaire, fiber maturity ratio, and fiber fineness decreased with the increasing of plant density, whereas fiber length, fiber uniformity index, fiber strength, and fiber elongation were little affected by plant density. Increased plant density decreased sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity, sucrose content, and cellulose content in cotton fiber, but increased invertase activity. Increased invertase activity would restrain SuSy activity in cotton fiber: therefore, SuSy activity was the most severely affected enzyme in fiber sucrose metabolism by cotton plant density during fiber development. Abundant sucrose content in fiber after 24 days post anthesis (DPA) and high activities of SuSy and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) at 38 DPA were beneficial for cellulose synthesis, and were propitious to optimize the fiber maturity properties. The results also showed that fiber micronaire, maturity ratio, and fineness decreased 0.11, 0.02, and 5.89 mtex, respectively, with each increase of 10,000 plants per hectare. It was concluded that high plant density decreased SuSy activity, sucrose content, and cellulose content, but increased invertase activity in sucrose metabolism, resulting in low fiber micronaire, fiber maturity ratio, and fiber fineness.     

Effects of different planting dates and low light on cotton fibre length formation

Declining temperature and low light often appear together to affect cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and development. To investigate the interaction on fibre elongation, two cultivars were grown in fields in 2010 and 2011 and in pots in 2011 under three shading levels for three planting dates, and the differences of environmental conditions between different planting dates were primarily on temperature. Fibre length in the late planting date 25 May was the longest instead of the normal planting date. Late planting prolonged fibre elongation period and the effect of late planting on fibre length formation was greater than low light. In the normal planting date, shading increased fibre length through delaying the peak of β-1,3-glucanase gene expression and bringing the peak of β-1,3-glucan synthase gene expression forward, leading to a longer duration of plasmodesmata(PD) closure to increase fibre length, instead of changing sucrose contents or relate enzyme activities. However, in the late planting dates, the difference of the duration of PD closure between shading treatments was not obvious, but low light had a negative impact on sucrose contents, sucrose synthase (SuSy) and vacuolar invertase(VIN) activities during fibre rapid elongation period, leading to the decline of fibre length. Due to late planting and low light, the decreased extent of fibre length of Sumian 15 was larger than Kemian 1. Under the combined condition, Sumian 15 had a shorter gene expression of Expansin, and more sensitive sucrose content, VIN and SuSy activity during fibre rapid elongation period. This resulted in the length formation of Sumian 15 which was more sensitive than Kemian 1, when the cotton suffered the combined effects.     

棉纤维发育响应高温胁迫的关键时间窗口

以温度弱敏感性棉花品种(科棉1号)和温度敏感性棉花品种(苏棉15)为材料,在人工气候室模拟自然温周期设置高温(34 ℃\[38/30 ℃\],HT)和对照(26 ℃\[30/22 ℃\],CK)2个温度处理,研究了花铃期不同时段进行高温胁迫后纤维发育重要相关物质的变化及其与纤维品质的关系.结果表明： 在花后不同时间开始高温胁迫持续处理5 d,苏棉15纤维长度、纤维比强度、马克隆值响应高温胁迫的关键时间窗口分别为花后0～18.3 d,花后10.9～26.1 d和花后10.5～34.0 d.因此,花后11～18 d左右是棉花综合纤维品质形成响应高温胁迫的关键时间窗口.在关键时间窗口对棉花进行高温处理5 d后,苏棉15纤维中的蔗糖含量相对常温条件下呈先降低后增加的变化趋势,胼胝质含量上升,纤维素含量下降4.2%,纤维长度变短(最大变幅为23.3%),纤维比强度上升(最大变幅为4.3%),马克隆值下降(最大变幅为10.5%)并偏离最适范围,纤维品质变差.科棉1号的上述纤维发育主要相关物质含量及纤维品质与苏棉15变化趋势一致、最敏感时间相近,仅变化幅度相对较小.