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1.
以岩溶石山生境的3年生巨尾桉人工林为研究对象,采用LI-6400型便携式光合仪测定巨尾桉在春季的叶片净光合速率(Pn)及其他生理生态因子日变化,同时测定巨尾桉光合-光响应曲线,并通过相关分析和通径分析探讨净光合速率与其他生理生态因子的关系。结果表明:巨尾桉光合-光响应曲线符合Walker的非直线双曲线模型。巨尾桉的光饱和点为1 340μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点为14.68μmol.m-2.s-1,表观量子效率(AQY)为0.06mol.mol-1,具有阳生植物的特点。净光合速率日变化呈现"单峰型"的特点。蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和大气CO2浓度(Ca)是影响巨尾桉叶片净光合速率日变化的重要因子。巨尾桉有较高的水分利用效率,说明巨尾桉具有适应岩溶石山干旱的特征或避旱策略。  相似文献   

2.
以乌兰布和沙漠东北部的甘蒙柽柳、沙木蓼、霸王、沙冬青、花棒、白刺、梭梭和柠条8种沙生灌木为材料,对沙生灌木生长季末期的光合生理特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)8种沙生灌木秋季的气孔导度日变化有明显的峰谷;气孔导度日均值最大的为梭梭(0.71 mol.m-2.s-1),最小的为柠条(0.08 mol.m-2.s-1);(2)8种沙生灌木秋季的光合速率日变化均呈现单峰曲线,影响光合速率变化的因素以非气孔限制因素为主;光合速率峰值出现时间以柠条最早(11:30),甘蒙柽柳和沙木蓼最晚(15:30);光合速率日均值最大的为沙木蓼(7.99μmol.m-2.s-1),最小的为柠条(3.40μmol.m-2.s-1);(3)蒸腾速率的日变化除梭梭和柠条呈现单峰曲线外,其余6种灌木呈现出准双峰曲线或双峰曲线;蒸腾速率日均值最大的为梭梭(4.42 mmol.m-2.s-1),最小的为柠条(0.47mmol.m-2.s-1);气孔运动因素对蒸腾作用的影响占据优势;(4)8种沙生灌木的光合水分利用效率在白昼普遍高于早晚,且以柠条的光合水分利用效率日均值最大(7.18μmol.mmol-1),梭梭最小(1.23μmol.mmol-1);蒸腾速率日均值高的沙生灌木光合水分利用效率日均值低,反之亦然。  相似文献   

3.
选用内蒙古科尔沁沙地1年生植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)和沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了它们在不同土壤水分处理下的光合参数和水分利用效率的日变化特征及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,狗尾草和沙米的净光合速率日变化曲线在充分供水条件下均呈单峰型,在轻度干旱胁迫下均呈双峰型,而在重度干旱胁迫下分别呈双峰型和左偏单峰型。狗尾草和沙米的蒸腾速率在不同水分处理下都近似呈双峰型曲线,然而变化程度却不相同。重度干旱胁迫下,狗尾草日平均净光合速率(11.52μmol.m-2.s-1)和蒸腾速率(3.62 mmol.m-2.s-1)分别比相应充分供水处理增加7%和43%,而沙米的日平均净光合速率(7.07μmol.m-2.s-1)和蒸腾速率(5.56 mmol.m-2.s-1)则分别较相应充分供水处理降低13%和36%。重度干旱胁迫下,狗尾草水分利用效率(2.84 mmol.mol-1)比相应充分供水处理降低3.1%,而沙米水分利用效率(1.14mmol.mol-1)则较充分供水处理提高了34%。光合速率下降在充分供水条件下主要是由气孔调节,但在轻度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫处理下非气孔因素调节却起到十分重要的作用。在重度干旱胁迫下,狗尾草仍具有显著高于沙米的的净光合速率和水分利用效率,这可能是其仍然能够在固定沙地分布的原因之一。  相似文献   

4.
凝结水作为荒漠生态系统一种重要的补充水源,其输入量的增加或者减少都将对荒漠短命植物的生态过程产生重要影响。选择艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区为研究区,研究模拟少凝结水(W_0)、自然凝结水(W_1)和倍增凝结水(W_2)3种不同凝结水量输入下短命植物狭果鹤虱(Lappula semiglabra)幼苗的水分和光合生理适应对策。结果表明:倍增凝结水会明显改善狭果鹤虱幼苗的水分状况,而少凝结水导致狭果鹤虱幼苗叶片的水势和含水量不同程度的降低;少凝结水致使狭果鹤虱幼苗蒸腾速率和净光合速率显著降低(P0.05),且净光合速率日走势由双峰曲线转变为单峰曲线;凝结水倍增可以延缓狭果鹤虱幼苗气孔导度的降低过程,少凝结水降低狭果鹤虱幼苗叶片气孔导度;凝结水输入差异对狭果鹤虱幼苗叶片胞间CO_2浓度无显著影响(P0.05);狭果鹤虱幼苗叶片的水分利用效率在不同凝结水量输入下无显著差异(P0.05),体现了荒漠短命植物稳定的水分利用策略。  相似文献   

5.
秦岭是我国陆地生物多样性保护关键区域之一,其亚高山草甸植被对环境变化具有良好的指示作用。为了探索草甸植物对高山环境的适应策略,对陕西佛坪秦岭亚高山草甸30种草本植物的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率和胞间CO2浓度特征进行分析。结果表明:30种草木植物的光合生理特征表现各异。净光合速率最大者为细茎橐吾(18.75μmol.m-2.s-1),最小者为轮叶马先蒿(0.73μmol.m-2.s-1);气孔导度最大者为卵叶银莲花(2.99 mol.m-2.s-1),最小者为湖北大戟(0.04 mol.m-2.s-1);蒸腾速率最大者为东方草莓(6.14 mmol.m-2.s-1),最小者为紫苞鸢尾(0.44 mmol.m-2.s-1)。Pearson相关分析表明净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率之间表现出极显著的正相关(p<0.01)。对各物种的光合特征进行聚类分析,结果将30个物种划分为4个组群,各物种间光合特征的差异反映了不同物种在生态系统中的相对重要性。  相似文献   

6.
以10个楸树无性系为试验材料,利用Li-6400光合测定仪对其光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明:楸树净光合速率(Pn)日变化为典型的双峰曲线,气孔限制是光合"午休"的主要调节因素。楸树所有无性系光合作用对光照强度(PAR)单一生态因子水平的响应均可以用二次方程描述。楸树的光补偿点(LCP,11.37~57.4μmol.m-2.s-1)和CO2补偿点(CCP,57.73~77.06μmol.mol-1)在10个无性系间存在显著差异。10个楸树无性系的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用效率在无性系间存在极显著差异。在光饱和点(LSP)条件下,10个无性系净光合速率处于18.8~24.4μmol.m-2.s-1之间。环境因子与光合指标存在显著的相关关系,PAR和空气湿度(RH)对楸树无性系瞬时Pn影响最大。  相似文献   

7.
干旱条件下冷季型草光合蒸腾特性的研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
陈进勇   《西北植物学报》2006,26(8):1638-1643
对9种冷季型草在春夏季干旱条件下的光合、蒸腾等生理特性进行测定.结果表明:春季冷季型草净光合速率在6:00较低,8:00~12:00后出现最大值后逐渐下降,呈曲线变化.不同种类的日平均净光合速率,以虉草和看麦娘最高,达11μmol?m-2?s-1,匍匐剪股颖不到5μmol?m-2?s-1,其它草种居中,为6~10μmol?m-2?s-1.夏季测定时,大部分冷季型草在6:00净光合速率为全天最大值,8:00后光合速率下降,至16:00光合速率最低,几乎呈直线下降的变化.不同种类的日平均净光合速率,紫羊茅最高,为16.5μmol?m-2?s-1,鸭茅和虉草仅6~7μmol?m-2?s-1,其它草种居中.春季蒸腾速率早晨6:00~8:00最低,随后逐步升高至最高峰后又逐渐回落.不同种类的日平均蒸腾速率,看麦娘、高羊茅、虉草、草地早熟禾较高,为2 mmol?m-2?s-1左右,最低为匍匐剪股颖0.8 mmol?m-2?s-1,其它草种为1.3~1.8 mmol?m-2?s-1.夏季大部分植物在6:00蒸腾速率较高,至8:00开始回落,10:00后上升,到最高点后回降,呈多峰变化的曲线.不同种类的日平均蒸腾速率,紫羊茅最高为3.5 mmol?m-2?s-1,最低为无芒雀麦、鸭茅、虉草,为1.4~1.7 mmol?m-2?s-1,其它草种为2.1~2.8 mmol?m-2?s-1.  相似文献   

8.
以半干旱黄土丘陵区5年生天然次生灌木山桃(Prunus davidiana)及山杏(Prunus sibirica L.)作为研究材料,系统比较了两树种叶片气体交换参数的日变化特征,分析了其光合作用和蒸腾作用与环境因子的关系.结果表明:山桃叶片气体交换参数日变化特征与山桃有所差异,山桃除蒸腾速率(Tr)外其它生理参数呈单峰曲线,山杏的日变化类型均呈双峰曲线.两树种光合速率(Pn)在下午明显下降,其原因主要是受到非气孔限制.山桃Pn的日均值((7.64±3.69) μmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((5 29±2.97) μmol · m-2 · s-1)高出46%,Tr的日均值((2.21±1.02) mmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((1.58±0.57) mmol · m-2 · s-1)高出40%左右,水分利用效率(WUE)的日均值相差不大,分别为(2.89±1.52) μmol · mmol-1,(2.54±1.37) μmol · mmol-1.多元回归及相关分析表明,影响光合作用与蒸腾作用的最重要因子是光合有效辐射强度,其次是大气CO2浓度;光合作用与蒸腾作用参数之间也有明显的相关性.结论:山桃与山杏表现出具有较高光合速率,较低蒸腾速率和较高水分利用效率的生理特征,因而在半干旱黄土丘陵区都有较好引种栽培与开发利用潜力.  相似文献   

9.
2种麻黄光合及其耐逆性分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在河西临泽小泉子麻黄大田种植试验区和民勤沙生植物园中草药种植区,对多年生中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex Mey.)和草麻黄(E.sinica Stapf)的光合速率、蒸腾速率及其影响因子进行测试分析,结果表明:(1)中麻黄和草麻黄的光合速率日变化均为单峰曲线,峰值均出现在11:00时,分别为12.098和11.560μmol.m-2.s-1。(2)中麻黄蒸腾速率日变化为单峰曲线,峰值在11:00时,为25.992 5 mol.m-2.s-1;草麻黄蒸腾速率日变化呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在11:00时与15:00时,峰值为26.280 0和24.3600 mol.m-2.s-1。(3)2种麻黄光合速率与光量子通量密度、大气温度、水汽压亏缺及蒸腾速率之间均呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与大气CO2浓度和胞间CO2浓度之间均呈显著或极显著负相关关系,与其余因子相关不显著。(4)2种麻黄水分利用效率对比分析显示,中麻黄水分利用效率值(平均0.9022)高于草麻黄(平均0.4532),表明中麻黄与草麻黄相比在生长过程中是以较低的蒸腾强度和相对较高的光合速率值来适应干旱荒漠环境的,比草麻黄更具抗干旱性。  相似文献   

10.
蒋高明 《Acta Botanica Sinica》1999,41(10):1114-1124
报道了内蒙古毛乌素沙地不同生境下66种不同科属植物的光合作用、蒸腾作用和水分利用效率特征。这几种生境包括流动沙丘、固定沙丘、滩地和湿地,所分布的植物与表现的生理生态特征不同。研究结果表明:藜科、禾本科、豆科等具有C4光合碳同化途径或具固氮能力的植物具有较高的光合能力,其净光合速率20~30μmolCO2·m-2·s-1;而松柏科的常绿植物具最低的光合速率,0~5μmolCO2·m-2·s-1。菊科、玄参科、禾本科等具C3途径和无固氮能力的植物蒸腾作用最高,为20~30mmolH2O·m-2·s-1;松柏科、杨柳科和菊科的个别植物蒸腾速率很低,为0~5mmolH2O·m-2·s-1。豆科、禾本科和藜科中具C4光合途径或固氮能力的一些植物(灌木或草本植物)具有较高的水分利用效率。然而,植物的这些生理生态指标随不同季节和生境表现出不同的特点,在晚夏季所测的净光合速率、蒸腾速率分别比初夏季高26%和40%,而水分利用效率下降12%。从总体趋势来看,随着生境沿着由湿到干的不同水分供应等级,如从湿地、滩地、固定沙丘至流动沙丘,光合作用和蒸腾作用呈现减弱的趋势,而水分利用效率则呈现升高的趋势  相似文献   

11.
通过在人工气候箱内设定不同光周期和温度梯度单虫饲养观察个体发育史,研究了光周期和温度对虎斑蝶Danaus genutia幼期存活的影响,研究结果可为该高观赏价值蝶种的规模化养殖提供依据。结果表明,在长光照(L∶D=15∶9)条件下,17.5、20.0、22.5、25.0、27.5、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为63.72%、71.67%、65.75%、75.00%、67.12%、59.56%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.67%、85.96%、91.19%、89.20%、80.86%、68.78%,蛹的存活率分别为82.76%、100.00%、96.00%、97.06%、100.00%、100.00%;在短光照(L∶D=9∶15)条件下,17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为86.36%、67.06%、75.00%、77.50%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.05%、84.59%、85.74%、80.78%,蛹的存活率分别为93.30%、94.12%、100.00%、100.00%。结果表明,17.5℃和30.0℃均不利于虎斑蝶幼期的存活,20.0~27.5℃是其幼期生长发育适宜的温度范围。长光照利于幼虫的存活,短光照利于卵的孵化和蛹的羽化;在17.5~30.0℃内,较高的温度利于蛹的羽化,而较低的温度利于卵的孵化和幼虫的存活;温度对虎斑蝶卵的孵化、幼虫的存活及蛹的羽化影响大于光周期;在养殖生产上,建议将幼期养殖温度控制在20.0~27.5℃,幼虫期饲养在长光照下为宜,卵和蛹期置于短光照下为宜。  相似文献   

12.
利用闪光技术,测得若干高等植物叶片的光合单位为 1450~2050 Chl/CO_2。在含O_2 2%及CO_2浓度和光通量密度都饱和的条件下,测得叶片的连续光合速率为25~70μmol CO_2 m~(-2) s~(-1)。从上述数据及叶片叶绿素含量计算,得叶片光合单位的周转率已达80~160次/s。这样的周转速率与Emerson当初用改变闪光间暗间隔而测到的光合单位周转时间相似(即<10 ms/次,或>100次/s),从而证实了光合单位的周转与光合速率直接有关。这样的速率可称之为叶片光合的理论速率。  相似文献   

13.
Unbiased estimation of the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution   总被引:39,自引:0,他引:39  
Summary The current convention in estimating the number of substitutions per synonymous site (K S ) and per nonsynonymous site (K A ) between two protein-coding genes is to count each twofold degenerate site as one-third synonymous and two-thirds nonsynonymous because one of the three possible changes at such a site is synonymous and the other two are nonsynonymous. This counting rule can considerably overestimate theK S value because transitional mutations tend to occur more often than transversional mutations and because most transitional mutations at twofold degenerate sites are synonymous. A new method that gives unbiased estimates is proposed. An application of the new and the old method to 14 pairs of mouse and rat genes shows that the new method gives aK S value very close to the number of substitutions per fourfold degenerate site whereas the old method gives a value 30% higher. Both methods give aK A value close to the number of substitutions per nondegenerate site.  相似文献   

14.
The growth and starvation responses of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmannella vermiformis were investigated in the presence and absence of Escherichia coli on an agar surface or within shaken suspensions. The amoebae perceived all the suspended systems to be unfavourable for growth, despite being challenged with high levels of prey, and as a consequence they exhibited a starvation response. However, the response differed between species, with A. castellanii producing characteristic cysts and H. vermiformis producing round bodies. These amoebic forms were reactivated into feeding trophozoites in the presence of bacterial aggregates, which formed in the suspended systems after 68 h of incubation. In contrast, both species of amoebae grew well in the presence of attached E. coli at a concentration of 1 x 10(6) cells cm(-2) of agar and yielded specific growth rates of c. 0.04 h(-1). Starvation responses were induced at the end of the growth phase, and these were equivalent to those recorded in the suspended systems. We conclude that, when suspended, amoebae in the 'floating form' cannot feed effectively on suspended prey, and hence the starvation response is initiated. Thus the majority of amoebic feeding is via trophozoite grazing of attached bacterial prey.  相似文献   

15.
The persistence of life requires populations to adapt at a rate commensurate with the dynamics of their environment. Successful populations that inhabit highly variable environments have evolved mechanisms to increase the likelihood of successful adaptation. We introduce a 64 × 64 matrix to quantify base-specific mutation potential, analyzing four different replicative systems, error-prone PCR, mouse antibodies, a nematode, and Drosophila. Mutational tendencies are correlated with the structural evolution of proteins. In systems under strong selective pressure, mutational biases are shown to favor the adaptive search of space, either by base mutation or by recombination. Such adaptability is discussed within the context of the genetic code at the levels of replication and codon usage.Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form.Reviewing Editor: Dr. Edward Trifonov  相似文献   

16.
We have studied the growth rate, nucleic-acid concentration, protein-accumulation rate (KG), and several other parameters relating to protein turnover, such as the protein-synthesis (KS), and protein-degradation rates (KD), protein-synthesis capacity (CS), protein-synthesis efficiency (KRNA), protein-synthesis rate per DNA unit (KDNA) and protein-retention efficiency (PRE), in the white muscle of rainbow trout during development. Both growth rate and relative food intake decreased significantly with age and weight, as did the food-efficiency ratio (FER) and protein-efficiency ratio (PER). Although absolute RNA and DNA contents increased with age, their relative concentrations decreased. The RNA/DNA ratio increased sharply from 14 to 28 weeks but afterwards decreased towards initial values. Hypertrophy increased rapidly to the 28-week stage but thenceforth increased much more slowly. Hyperplasia, on the other hand, continued to increase linearly, resulting in a significant four- to fivefold predominance in this type of growth at the end of the 96-week experimental period. KG decreased significantly with age, as did KS, and CS, whereas at the 14-week stage, KD was significantly lower than at other ages. KRNA increased until 28 weeks. KDNA increased significantly in juvenile fish compared to both fingerlings and adults, where it showed similar lower values. PRE remained high at all ages.  相似文献   

17.
1. This study compares the effects of four toxic strains of Microcystis aeruginosa on tropical and temperate Cladocera. Survival was tested in acute toxicity experiments using Microcystis alone or in mixtures with the edible green algae Ankistrodesmus falcatus. The effect of chronic exposure on population growth was estimated in life‐table experiments by varying the proportion of Microcystis and the green alga. Nutritional deficiency was assessed using a non‐toxic cyanobacterium in a zooplankton growth experiment. Feeding inhibition was tested using a C‐labelled green alga as a tracer in mixtures with toxic Microcystis.
2. Toxicity varied consistently between Microcystis strains, while sensitivity varied consistently between cladoceran species. However, no relationship was found between sensitivity and geographical origin or cladoceran body size. Two small‐bodied cladocerans from the same tropical lake, Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Moinodaphnia macleayi, were the least sensitive and most sensitive species, respectively.
3. Surprisingly, two small tropical cladocerans survived longer without food than did three large Daphnia species and a third small tropical species.
4. Each of the three tropical Microcystis strains strongly reduced the population growth rate (little ‘r’) and reproductive output of each cladoceran, this reduction being proportional to the percentage of toxic cells in the diet.
5. As the sole food source, the non‐toxic cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus, supported poor growth in M. macleayi. The nutritional deficiency was overcome when Synechococcus was mixed with either Ankistrodesmus or an emulsion rich in omega‐3 fatty acids.
6. Microcystis inhibited the feeding rate of two cladocerans, even when it comprised only 5% of a mixture with the green algae A. falcatus.
7. Differences in sensitivity to the toxic cyanobacterium appear to be associated with differences in life history between the cladoceran species rather than differences between tropical and temperate taxa. Slow‐growing species that are resistant to starvation appear less sensitive to toxic Microcystis than fast‐growing species, which also tend to die more quickly in the absence of food.  相似文献   

18.
In northern France and Europe the population trebled after 1000 and then ceased to increase about 1300, before the Black Death caused an abrupt decline. The birthrate, as indicated by number of surviving children, increased and then declined. Death rates increased after 1250 and, of course, during the Black Death. Migration (assarting) was high after 1100 but ceased by about 1250. The evidence about resources, disease, and internecine strife is compatible with this scenario which can be predicted based on other animal populations.  相似文献   

19.
根据动物存活率与平均寿命的定义,推导出存活率与平均寿命的数学关系,即:E=-1lnr,其中E表示动物的平均寿命或期望寿命(可以用日、周、月、年等表示),r表示特定时段内(可以用日、周、月、年等表示)动物的平均存活率,其时间单位与E相对应.根据这种关系,可以利用动物的平均存活率估计其平均寿命(或期望寿命),反之,如果已知动物的平均寿命,也可以用来推算动物的平均存活率.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of either a 17-day exposure to vasectomised rams or a short-term exposure to entire rams on ewe lamb reproductive performance. Seven hundred and twenty-one Romney ewe lambs, 7–9 months of age, were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. Treatments included exposure to vasectomised rams for 17 days prior to breeding, exposure to entire rams for 4 or 2 days prior to breeding or not being exposed to either vasectomised or entire rams. Unteased ewe lambs and those exposed to entire rams for either 2 and 4 days were less (P < 0.05) likely to be mated in the first 17 days of breeding only and pregnant in the first 17 days of breeding compared to ewe lambs exposed to vasectomised rams for a full 17 days pre-breeding. Ewe lambs exposed to entire rams for 2 days were more (P < 0.05) likely to be mated in the first 8 days of breeding, mated in the first 17 days of breeding only and pregnant in the first 17 days of breeding compared to unteased ewe lambs. Therefore, a short-term exposure to entire rams can be used to induce breeding activity in ewe lambs, although it is not as effective as a full 17-day exposure to vasectomised rams.  相似文献   

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