神经肽Y和β—内啡肽样免疫阳性物质在文昌鱼神经系统和哈氏窝的分布

用免疫组织化学方法首次发现,神经肽Y（NPY）和β－内啡肽（β－Ep)样免疫阳性物质分布在文昌鱼神经系统和哈氏窝。NPY样免疫阳性神经元出现在端脑前部和中部、中脑前部和中部以及后脑,NPY样免疫阳性神经纤维在文昌鱼脑的各部分与神经元交错呈网状密集分布。神经管的背面与中部均可观察到NPY样免疫阳性神经元及其阳性性纤维。β－Ep样免疫阳性神经元及其神经纤维定位在中脑前部和中部以及神经管,且分布范围明显小于NPY。文昌鱼哈氏窝也有NPY和β－Ep样免疫阳性物质分布。这些结果表明,NPY和β－Ep可能作为脑内的一种神经递质,像鱼类那样,参与调节文昌鱼哈氏窝促性腺激素分泌细胞的分泌活动,这为文昌鱼脑－哈氏窝复合体的密切关系提供新的形态学证据。     

文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和性腺GnRH受体mRNA原位杂交的研究

用地高辛标记的寡核苷酸探针对ＧｎＲＨ受体在文昌鱼（Ｂｒａｎｃｈｉｏｓｔｏｍａ ｂｅｌｃｈｅｒｉ）神经系统、哈氏窝和性腺中的定位和表达进行原位杂交研究。结果显示,神经系统中神经细胞、尤其是在中脑右侧延伸出与哈氏窝相接触的漏斗样结构中的神经细胞、哈氏窝上皮细胞以及雌雄性腺中生殖细胞都有ＧｎＲＨ受体ｍＲＮＡ杂交信号,信号物质分布于胞质,胞核为阴性。表明文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和性腺都能合成ＧｎＲＨ受体,从     

神经肽Y和β-内啡肽样免疫阳性物质在文昌鱼神经系统和哈氏窝的分布

用免疫组织化学方法首次发现,神经肽Y(NPY)和β-内啡肽(β-Ep)样免疫阳性物质分布在文昌鱼神经系统和哈氏窝。NPY样免疫阳性神经元出现在端脑前部和中部、中脑前部和中部以及后脑,NPY样免疫阳性神经纤维在文昌鱼脑的各部分与神经元交错呈网状密集分布。神经管的背面与中部均可观察到NPY样免疫阳性神经元及其阳性纤维。β-Ep样免疫阳性神经元及其神经纤维定位在中脑前部和中部以及神经管,且分布范围明显小于NPY。文昌鱼哈氏窝也有NPY和β-Ep样免疫阳性物质分布。这些结果表明,NPY和β-Ep可能作为脑内的一种神经递质,像鱼类那样,参与调节文昌鱼哈氏窝促性腺激素分泌细胞的分泌活动,这为文昌鱼脑-哈氏窝复合体的密切关系提供新的形态学证据。     

雌、雄激素受体在文昌鱼神经系统和哈氏窝的免疫识别

用雌、雄激素受体的多克隆抗体对不同发育时期的文昌鱼神经系统和哈氏窝进行免疫识别。结果显示,雌、雄激素受体免疫阳性识别发生在文昌鱼端脑和中脑的中部与后部,以及神经管的背面和中央,后脑则为免疫阴性反应。两种激素受体免疫阳性物多数分布在神经细胞核内及其神经纤维,少数在胞质、雌、雄激素受体免疫阳性识别还出现在文昌鱼哈氏窝基部的上皮细胞核内或胞质中。雌、雄激素受体在文昌鱼神经系统和哈氏窝的免疫识别部位与脊椎运行相类似。研究表明,性类固醇激素像在脊椎动物中那样,可对文昌鱼脑和哈氏窝进行反馈调节。     

多巴胺(DA)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)在文昌鱼神经系统和性腺中的免疫细胞化学定位

用免疫细胞化学ABC法对多巴胺（DA）和去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）的文昌鱼神经系统和性腺中进行定位研究。免疫反应结果显示：ＤＡ和ＮＥ免疫阳性神经细胞广泛分布在文昌鱼端脑后部、中脑前部和中部以及脊髓,我们还观察到,在文昌鱼漏斗部也有ＤＡ免疫阳性神经细胞及其纤维;在中脑中部,ＮＥ免疫阳性神经细胞及其纤维与另一个神经细胞相接触。此餐,文昌鱼精巢和卵巢中也存在ＤＡ和ＮＥ免疫阳性物,研究结果表明,ＤＡ和ＮＥ可有像在鱼类中那样,参与调节文昌鱼哈氏窝上皮细胞的分泌活动以及性腺发育。     

芳香化酶在文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和性腺特异性定位:原位杂交和免疫细胞化学研究

芳香化酶活性发现在脊椎动物脑、脑垂体和性腺中,但在文昌鱼脑和哈氏窝的组织特异性定位尚无可利用资料。本文用免疫细胞化学和原位杂交技术,首次发现芳香化酶活性组织特异性定位在幼年和性腺发育不同时期雌、雄文昌鱼神经系统(脑和脊髓)、轮器、哈氏窝和性腺中。芳香化酶蛋白和转录物在前脑、中脑、脊髓、轮器和哈氏窝十分丰富,而后脑、早期卵巢和精巢不够丰富;没有芳香化酶表达的部位是哈氏窝另两种细胞(不规则形细胞和带纤毛粘液细胞)以及成熟卵巢和精巢;芳香化酶免疫活性物质分布在胞质,核为阴性。芳香化酶在文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和性腺的分布模式与低等脊椎动物中的分布模式极为类似,尤其是芳香化酶在脑内调节哈氏窝分泌活动的神经内分泌中枢表达,并形成类似脊椎动物的文昌鱼原始的脑-芳香化酶调节系统。这些结果有力地证明,文昌鱼脑和哈氏窝高水平的芳香化酶活性像在其它脊椎动物中一样,对局部介导睾酮芳香化起着关键作用,同时还可能影响脑-芳香化酶系统参与调节哈氏窝的分泌活动[动物学报49(6)：800～806,2003]。     

催乳素及其受体样免疫活性在文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和其它组织的分布

用兔抗人催乳素多克隆抗体和鼠抗人催乳索受体单克隆抗体对文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和其它组织进行免疫组织化学研究。结果显示:催乳素免疫活性细胞及催乳素受体定位在文昌鱼脑泡、神经管、哈氏窝、轮器、内柱、消化管和性腺(卵巢和精巢),表明催乳素在文昌鱼有广泛分布,并且从进化观点来看,证明催乳素是一种高度保守的古老激素。双重免疫染色进一步揭示催乳素及其受体免疫反应阳性物质共存于同一卵母细胞胞膜和胞质以及精巢中精原细胞、初级与次级精母细胞和Sertoli细胞。研究结果首次证明了文昌鱼脑泡和哈氏窝以及其它组织能够合成和分泌催乳素,表明像脊椎动物一样,催乳素可能参与调节文昌鱼体内代谢和对环境的适应以及性腺发育,提示文昌鱼可能出现原始的脑泡-哈氏窝(催乳素)-靶细胞调控轴的雏形。本研究为文昌鱼哈氏窝内分泌学以及催乳素的起源与演化提供新的基础资料。     

文昌鱼生殖内分泌生理学研究进展

近１０多年来,文昌鱼生殖内分泌生理学研究取得新进展,先后发现了文昌鱼脑泡和哈氏窝能够合成类似哺乳动物和鱼类促性腺激素,文昌鱼体内存在ＬＨ－ＲＨ、性腺组织能够合成性类固醇激素,以及在文昌鱼神经系统存在多种与调节生殖活动有关的神经递质,表明文昌鱼开始建立了类似脊椎动物,原始的生殖激素调控系统。     

新生大鼠下丘脑GnRH免疫反应性神经元的体外发育

应用神经细胞培养、免疫细胞化学、图像分析等技术,研究了新生大鼠下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素（ＧｎＲＨ）神经元的体外发育规律。培养１ｄ即可见ＧｎＲＨ－ＩＲ神经元;１～３ｄ,ＧｎＲＨ－ＩＲ神经元生长最快,胞体和突起的平均生长速度分别为４５．５９μｍ２／ｄ和１９．３９μｍ／ｄ,染色加深;培养７ｄ,ＧｎＲＨ－ＩＲ神经元的胞体截面积、胞体染色强度和突起长度均达最高峰,分别为１７１．２１±４３．１７μｍ２,０．２８９±０．０３４,８７．０１±２２．３３μｍ;培养１４ｄ,ＧｎＲＨ－ＩＲ神经元的胞体大小和突起长度维持在７ｄ时的水平,但染色减弱。结果提示,培养第１周是ＧｎＲＨ神经元体外发育成熟的关键时期,其发育良好状态可维持到第２周末     

几种神经内分泌因子对鲤促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）释放的调节作 …

用离体静态培育系统进行的初步研究表明,在幼鲤,多巴胺（ＤＡ）显著刺激下丘脑片段和脑垂体碎片释放ＧｎＲＨ,并且是剂量依存的;促甲状腺素释放激素（ＴＲＨ）和γ－氨基酸丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）对ＧｎＲＨ的释放没有影响。在成鲤,ＤＡ抑制下丘脑片希和脑垂体碎片释放ＧｎＲＨ,而ＴＲＨ和ＧＡＢＡ刺激ＧｎＲＨ的释放;ＤＡ对ＧＡＢＡ刺激的ＧｎＲＨ释放也具有抑制作用;ＴＲＨ和ＧＡＢＡ的协同作用对下丘脑和脑垂体ＧｎＲＨ释放活动     

Two Different Forms of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone in Amphioxus

Since a GnRH was isolated from mammalian hypothalamus and purified in 1971 and 1972, severalvariants have been identified in various forms of lower vertebrates. However, the presence of GnRHin amphioxus is still an open question. Chang et al. (1984) observed the presence of immunopositivegranules for GnRH in Hatschek's pit of amphioxus. In this paper, HPLC was used for the isolationand purification of GnRH-like peptide from amphioxus tissues, while radioimmunoassay was appliedto determine the immunoreactivity of the peptide. Based on the immunological and chromatographiccharacteristics, two kinds of GnRH (mGnRH and sGchH) were identified in amphioxus and theseGnRH-like peptide were found to be present in the "head", "middle" and "tail" regions ofamphioxus.     

Three GnRH systems in the brain and pituitary of a pleuronectiform fish,the barfin flounder Verasper moseri

To clarify the possible function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain of a pleuronectiform fish, the barfin flounder Verasper moseri, the distribution of three forms of GnRH in various areas of the brain was examined by radioimmunoassay, and the localization of GnRH-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies and fibers in the brain and pituitary was determined by immunocytochemistry. The dominant form in the pituitary was seabream GnRH (sbGnRH), levels of which were much higher than those of salmon GnRH (sGnRH) and chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II). In contrast, sbGnRH levels were extremely low in all other brain areas examined. Levels of sGnRH and cGnRH-II were high in the anterior and posterior part of the brain, respectively. sbGnRH-ir cell bodies were located in the preoptic area, whereas sbGnRH-ir fibers were localized mainly in the preoptic area-hypothalamus-pituitary and formed a distinctive bundle of axons projecting to the pituitary. sGnRH-ir cell bodies were located in the ventromedial part of the rostral olfactory bulbs and in the terminal nerve ganglion (the transitional area between the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon). cGnRH-II-ir cell bodies were localized to the midbrain tegmentum. sGnRH-ir and cGnRH-II-ir fibers were observed throughout the brain except in the pituitary gland. These results indicate that sbGnRH is responsible for the neural control of the reproductive endocrinology of the barfin flounder (hypothalamo-hypophysial system), and that sGnRH and cGnRH-II function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the brain.     

促黄体素(LH)和人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)在原索动物神经系统、哈氏窝和性腺中的分布

用抗人LH和hCG特异性抗体对原索动物神经系统、哈氏窝和性腺进行了免疫细胞化学定位。结果表明,文昌鱼脑泡和神经管中有两种不同LH-和hCG-样免疫反应阳性细胞,而皱瘤海鞘神经节对LH和hCG抗体则显免疫阴性反应。同时,首次发现在原索动物性腺(卵巢和精巢)发育早期均存在LH-和hCG-样免疫反应阳性细胞,阳性物分布在原索动物卵原细胞的胞质、核质和核仁膜以及精巢中早期生精细胞。后来,随卵巢发育和成熟,这些阳性物仍分布在卵母细胞质膜、胞质、核膜和核质上,而精巢中精细胞和精子则显免疫阴性。这些结果可为LH和hCG直接参与调节原索动物性腺发育和成熟提供形态学的新证据。     

促黄体素（LH）和人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）在原索动物神经系统,哈 …

Immunocytochemical localization of the nervous system, Hatschek's pit and gonads in protochordata was carried out using two specific antibodies against human LH and hCG. The results indicate that there are two different kinds of LH- and hCG-like immunopositive cells in the brain vesicle and nerve tuber of amphioxus, and nerve ganglion in Styela plicata showed immuno-negative reaction to LH and hCG antibodies. At the same time, we found for the first time that LH- and hCG-like immuno-positive cells existed in the early gonads (ovaries and testis) in protochordata. Positive substance distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm and nucleolar membrane of oogonia as well as early spermatogenic cells in testis. Afterwards, this positive substance was still distributed in the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm of oocyte during the development and maturation of ovary, and spermatid and spermatozoa showed immuno-negative reaction in testis. These results will provide a new mophological proof that LH and hCG may be directly involved in regulation of the gonadal development and maturation of protochordata.     

Ontogenic development of three GnRH systems in the brain of a pleuronectiform fish, barfin flounder

A pleuronectiform fish, the barfin flounder Verasper moseri, has three molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain, salmon GnRH (sGnRH), chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II) and seabream GnRH (sbGnRH). To elucidate the ontogenic origin of the neurons that produce these GnRH molecules, the development of three GnRH systems was examined by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Neuronal somata that express sGnRH mRNA were detected first in the vicinity of the olfactory epithelium 21 days after hatching (Day 21), and then in the transitional area between the olfactory nerve and olfactory bulb and the terminal nerve ganglion on Day 28. cGnRH-II mRNA-expressing neuronal somata were first identified in the midbrain tegmentum near the ventricle on Day 7. cGnRH-II-immunoreactive (ir) fibers were first found in the brain on Day 7. sbGnRH mRNA-expressing neuronal somata were first detected in the preoptic area on Day 42. sbGnRH-ir fibers were localized in the preoptic area-hypothalamus, and formed a distinctive bundle of axons projecting to the pituitary on Day 70. These results indicate that three forms of GnRH neurons have separate embryonic origins in the barfin flounder as in other perciform fish such as tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and red seabream Pagrus major: sGnRH, cGnRH-II and sbGnRH neurons derive from the olfactory placode, the midbrain tegmentum near the ventricle and the preoptic area, respectively.     

Cloning of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) precursor cDNA and immunohistochemical detection of CRH peptide in the brain of the Japanese eel,paying special attention to gonadotropin-releasing hormone

The stress-related corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was first identified by isolation of its cDNA from the brain of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. CRH cDNA encodes a signal peptide, a cryptic peptide and CRH (41 amino acids). The sequence homology to mammalian CRH is high. Next, the distribution of CRH-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies and fibers in the brain and pituitary were examined by immunohistochemistry. CRH-ir cell bodies were detected in several brain regions, e.g., nucleus preopticus pars magnocellularis, nucleus preopticus pars gigantocellularis and formatio reticularis superius. In the brain, CRH-ir fibers were distributed not only in the hypothalamus but also in various regions. Some CRH-ir fibers projected to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cells in the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary and also the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) cells in the pars intermedia of the pituitary. Finally, the neuroanatomical relationship between the CRH neurons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons was examined by dual-label immunohistochemistry. CRH-ir fibers were found to be in close contact with GnRH-ir cell bodies in the hypothalamus and in the midbrain tegmentum and GnRH-ir fibers were in close contact with CRH-ir cell bodies in the nucleus preopticus pars magnocellularis. These results suggest that CRH has some physiological functions other than the stimulation of ACTH and α-MSH secretion and that reciprocal connections may exist between the CRH neurons and GnRH neurons in the brain of the Japanese eel.     

Distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactive systems in the brain of the Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis

The present paper reports the immunohistochemical distribution of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) structures in the brain of the Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis. In this study, we have used two antibodies against the salmon GnRH and chicken GnRH-II forms and the streptavidin–biotin-peroxidase complex method. Immunoreactive cell bodies are observed at the junction between the olfactory bulbs and the telencephalon (terminal nerve ganglion cells), in the ventral telencephalon, in the preoptic parvocellular nucleus, and in the synencephalic nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. GnRH-immunoreactive fibres were found extensively throughout the brain, located in the telencephalon, preoptic area, hypothalamus, hypophysis, optic tectum, midbrain and rhombencephalon. The antisera used in this study against the two GnRH forms exhibited cross-reactivity on the same cell masses and did not allow cell populations expressing different GnRH forms to be discriminated clearly. However, anti-salmon GnRH immunostained the GnRH cells and fibres of the forebrain much more intensely, whereas the anti-chicken GnRH antiserum shows a higher immunoreactivity on synencephalic cells of the medial longitudinal fasciculus.