红翅薮鹛滇西亚种人工孵化的初步研究

2007年4～6月对红翅薮鹛滇西亚种卵进行了人工孵化试验.入孵10枚, 受精9枚,受精率为90%; 出雏4羽, 孵化率为44%; 孵化温度为37.7℃, 相对湿度为45%～60%; 平均孵化期为15 d; 平均卵失重为0.91 g,平均失重率为19.43%; 孵化期卵的实际重量(y)与卵孵化期天数(x)的直线回归方程是y=4.792-0.054x (P<0.01).     

血雉卵的人工孵化

2008～2010年,北京动物园在陕西洋县长青自然保护区采集血雉卵进行人工孵化研究。卵的保存及运输期为5～7d,卵保存温度17.14～18.66℃,湿度73.5%～87.1%,卵使用防震运输箱经34h运输后入孵,运输过程温度在16.38～25.95℃之间。孵化前使用碘氟稀释液擦拭卵表面。35枚受精卵中,19枚使用3台孵化机孵化,孵化温度37.4～37.5℃,使用14%～33%、40%～45%和60%～70%3个湿度梯度孵化;16枚卵使用乌鸡代亲孵化,袖珍温度记录仪测量乌鸡孵化温度在34.81～39.18℃之间,孵化环境湿度为23.4%～72.4%。记录孵化过程中的卵重量变化和孵化期。结果表明:研究期间血雉卵平均孵化率为76.5%,其中机器孵化率为84.2%,代亲孵化率为68.8%;平均孵化期为27d11h;卵失重率11.23%～16.54%,平均为13.77%±1.51%。     

尖吻蝮(Agkistrodon acutus)人工室外孵化试验

目的　研究在自然环境条件下人工孵化尖吻蝮蛇卵的孵化成活率。　方法　试验于 2 0 0 1年 6～9月在湖南永州之野异蛇实业有限公司试验蛇场内进行。试验基地室内外结合室内面积为 4 m× 3 m,建成多层立体式蛇窝。室外面积为 1 5 m× 1 0 m,灌木和杂草覆盖度 90 %以上 ,有 1个 3 m× 2 m的饮水池 ,供蛇饮水。种蛇 1 5条。孵化湿度 75 %～ 85 % ,温度比场外自然环境温度略低 2～ 3℃。　结果　尖吻蝮蛇平均产卵数为 1 4 .3枚 ;平均孵化天数为 2 2 .5天 ,孵化率为 95 %以上。　结论　在自然环境条件下可以人工孵化尖吻蝮蛇卵 ,而且受精良好的雌尖吻蝮蛇卵出壳率高     

黑颈鹤人工孵化试验

关于黑颈鹤在产卵期补产卵及人工孵化的研究,目前国内外尚未见到报道。依据我们野外观察到的黑颈鹤繁殖习性,并参考其它鹤类资料,今年5—6月在四川省阿坝藏族自治州若尔盖地区进行了黑颈鹤人工孵化试验,其结果报道如下。 一、材料与方法 黑颈鹤产1—2枚卵,所用种卵是直接从正在孵卵的巢内两枚卵中取一枚,随即放入运卵箱内,箱内温度保持在30—36℃。每隔l—2小时开箱通气,以免胚胎室息死亡。卵在运输过程中防止振动,卵运回后,进行测量与编号。然后放入孵化箱孵化,温度逐渐上升。孵化箱与孵化室在开机前必须消毒。     

白颈长尾雉的饲育

1983年上海动物园饲养人员,用人工巢诱发野生经驯养四年的白颈长尾雉发精、交配。于3月8日开始产卵,得卵12枚。1984年同期又产卵29枚。卵平均重28克,46×33毫米。卵全部电孵,孵化温度38℃,相对湿度55—60％,孵化期24天。 雏鸟用熟鸡蛋加玉米粉研成粉料及青菜开食。逐步增加昆虫、营养窝头、粟子、稻谷、麦子、高梁、玉米,四月龄后过渡到成鸟饲料。     

乌梢蛇的人工孵化与冬眠前的人工饲养

室内人工孵化乌梢蛇卵16 7枚。平均卵重10 . 4 1g ,孵化出幼蛇14 2条,孵化率85 % ,其中11枚未受精,受精率93. 5 %。对幼蛇做了形体度量,挑选活泼健康的幼蛇98条,平均体重6 . 2 6±0 . 89g ,随机分成3组进行人工饲养,一组为群体饲养,另两组为单个饲养。开口饲料采用两种处理,一种是人工填喂瘦猪肉,另一种是饲喂活幼体泽蛙。饲养时间为冬眠前两个月。群体饲养组冬眠前平均增重率达4 0. 4 % ,单个饲养组平均增重率达4 6. 5 % ,未达差异显著(P >0 . 0 5 )。结果表明,活幼体泽蛙是乌梢蛇幼蛇良好的开口饲料     

湾鳄人工孵化的初步研究

本文报道了１９９７～１９９８年湾鳄（Ｃｒｏｃｏｄｙｌｕｓｐｏｒｏｓｕｓ）的人工孵化工作,并通过对比试验确定了鳄卵孵化的最适温度、湿度以及最佳的覆盖巢材和鳄卵在孵化盘中的正确摆放方位。获得受精卵总孵化率为８６－８％。１　材料方法试验用卵取自深圳市野生动物园湾鳄产下的卵。将所有收集到的未破损的受精卵分成２组,一组为湾鳄在人工设置的产卵间内自然营巢产的卵,按母鳄产卵时自然摆放的方位放入盛卵盘内作为正放组;另一组为没有营巢环境而产于水泥地或草地上的滚动过的卵作为对照组。２　结　果２－１　１９９７年有３条…     

笼养蓝马鸡的繁殖生态与雏鸟生长发育

1984—1987年对人工饲养蓝马鸡的发情、交配、产卵、繁殖等进行了观察。65枚卵平均长度52.78×38.52毫米,平均卵重53.66克。孵化天数为25.23(25—26.13)天,受精率为60.94％,出雏率为90.94％。孵化1—7天平均每日水份散失0.24克,散失率为0.42％。8—14天平均每日水分散失0.27克,散失率为0.48％。15—21天平均每日水分散失0.24克,散失率为0.44％。22—25天平均每日水分散失0.4克,散失率为0.76％。蓝马鸡卵从入孵到出壳平均水分散失6.9克,散失率为11.89％。平均每日水分散失0.27克,散失率为0.47％。蓝马鸡卵在人工孵化期间,卵重的变化尚未见到报道。     

人工养殖条件下东方蝾螈的繁殖生物学

通过室内饲养观察,重点研究了东方蝾螈的产卵行为、受精卵孵化、仔螈的变态发育等繁殖生物学.东方蝾螈雌螈产卵前有明显的筑巢行为,分批产卵,产卵时间不集中,产卵期持续46～98 d,平均产卵期为78 d±14 d,产卵高峰期在5月上中旬,平均产卵量为101±56枚;温度对受精卵孵化影响十分显著,3月份产的卵平均54.1 d孵出仔螈,6月份产的卵平均11 d孵出仔螈,在15～26℃的自然水温条件下,受精卵一般需要11～30 d孵出仔螈;仔螈的变态发育与温度、饲料等因素密切相关,在24～25℃的控温养殖条件下,仔螈40 d后外鳃开始萎缩,68～79 d完成变态发育,但在自然水温下,只有78%的仔螈当年能完成变态发育.     

采用人工孵化及育雏等技术救助东方白鹳的初步探讨

2000年5～7月,在吉林向海国家级自然保护区对弃巢的东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)4枚卵进行人工孵化及育雏研究。在孵化期温度37．4～37．6℃,湿度45％～55％;出雏期温度37．2～37℃．湿度60％～65％,同时严格了翻卵、晾卵、通风、换气等技术指标,孵化成功率100％。在设定的温度、湿度、光照及保证食物供给的条件下进行育雏,对l～30日龄的幼雏进行连续的测量及观察,结果表明．幼雏生长发育与野生条件下自然育雏的幼雏生长发育基本相近。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.