湖南省衡东县发现长指鼠耳蝠

2016年8月27日在湖南省衡阳市衡东县四方山林场仙妃洞（26°58′25″N,113°3′23″E,海拔463 m）采到1只鼠耳蝠标本（1♂）;同年8月29日在金觉峰（26°58′24.4″N,113°3′23.1″E,海拔311 m）采到9只鼠耳蝠标本（4♀,5♂）。上述鼠耳蝠标本形态较小,前臂长33.3 ~ 36.1 mm,其后足长（不包括爪长）长于胫长之半,胫外缘有毛;颅全长13.57 ~ 14.35 mm,头骨粗壮,脑颅圆且较高,明显高过上颌骨。经形态和线粒体Cyt b序列鉴定,确认这10只蝙蝠均为蝙蝠科（Vespertilionidac）鼠耳蝠属（Myotis）的长指鼠耳蝠（M. longipes）,该种为湖南省翼手目分布新记录种,标本（编号,4♀为HUNNU16JJ28、HUNNU16JJ42、HUNNU16JJ43、HUNNU16JJ52,6♂为HUNNU16SF25、HUNNU16JJ05、HUNNU16JJ08、HUNNU16JJ51、HUNNU16JJ58、HUNNU16JJ60）保存于湖南师范大学动物标本室。     

甘肃省卓尼县发现宽耳犬吻蝠

2020年10月17日,在甘肃省卓尼县（103°30′37″ E,34°35′00″ N,海拔2 540 m）用手网采集到1只雌性蝙蝠;该个体前臂长59.98 mm;两耳宽大,耳缘具毛,双耳前缘基部在额顶相联;吻部突出,上唇肥厚有褶皱;尾从尾膜后缘伸出一半;足掌具明显可见肉垫;各脚趾缘具有白色硬毛;背毛呈土褐色,毛基苍白色。头骨狭长,颅全长24.05 mm;颧弓平直;上门齿与上犬齿大,下门齿小,齿式为1.1.2.3/3.1.2.3 = 32。以上形态特征均与宽耳犬吻蝠（Tadarida insignis）相符;基于细胞色素b基因（Cyt b）系统发育学证据也支持上述结果,故将此标本鉴定为宽耳犬吻蝠。此为该种在甘肃省翼手目分布新记录。     

辽宁沈阳发现韩国林蛙

2021年11月在沈阳市辽中区蒲河湿地公园（41°30′55″ N,122°78′30″ E,海拔30 m）采集到2号无尾两栖类标本,经形态特征比较确认为无尾目（Anura）蛙科（Ranidae）蛙属（Rana）物种,基于线粒体16S rRNA基因对蛙属19个物种的亲缘关系及系统发育进行分析,其与韩国及中国山东文登昆嵛山分布的韩国林蛙（R. coreana）遗传距离最近,并在最大似然树中聚为一支,应属种内关系。综合形态分析和系统发育比较,确定采集到的标本为韩国林蛙,系辽宁省两栖动物分布新记录种。本次发现将辽宁省分布的蛙属物种增至5种。     

陕西镇坪发现光雾臭蛙

2022年6月在陕西省安康市镇坪县化龙山自然保护区(32°00′01″ N,109°17′05″ E,海拔1 641 m)采集到1号无尾两栖类标本,经形态特征比较确认为臭蛙属(Odorrana)物种,基于线粒体16S rRNA分子片段对臭蛙属35个物种的系统发育进行分析,其与模式产地四川南江的光雾臭蛙(O. kuangwuensis)在最大似然系统发育树中聚为一支,支持率高达99%,且遗传分化较小,应属种内关系。综合形态特征比较和系统发育分析,确定采集到的标本为无尾目(Anura)蛙科(Ranidae)臭蛙属的光雾臭蛙,系陕西省两栖动物分布新记录种,此发现为光雾臭蛙在大巴山脉分布的连续性提供了一定依据。     

重庆市翼手类一新记录——伏翼

我们于2005年8月19日晚10时左右,在位于重庆市巴南区花溪镇的重庆清华中学华溪苑小区室内采集到一号翼手类标本,雄性,经鉴定系伏翼(Pipistrellus pipistrellus[Schreber,1774]),为重庆市新记录。标本现保存于重庆清华中学动物标本室。报道如下。捕捉地重庆清华中学(海拔185~230 m)所在重庆市巴南区,地理位置为106°24′45″~106°59′58″E,29°7′45″~29°46′23″N,地处川东平行岭谷向南侵没与盆地南缘山地的交接地带,年平均日照数为1159 h,年平均降水量1090mm,年平均相对湿度81%,属亚热带湿润性季风气候。1形态特征体重4·5 g,体长44…     

滇绒鼠在四川的分类与分布厘定

2019至2023年,在四川省珙县(104°50′05″ E,27°54′27″ N,海拔1 331 m)和叙永县(105°32′05″ E,28°13′51″ N,海拔1 370 m)分别采集到2号和4号绒鼠类成体标本。这些标本个体较小,尾长约为体长的41%,形态鉴定属于滇绒鼠(Eothenomys eleusis)。对所采标本的Cyt b基因进行PCR扩增和测序,并结合从GenBank下载的绒鼠属物种序列构建贝叶斯基因树,结果显示：所采标本与滇绒鼠指名亚种(E. e. eleusis)聚为一个支系(贝叶斯后验概率为1.0),遗传距离为0.8%,与滇绒鼠aurora亚种(E. e. aurora)的遗传距离为2.5%。根据标本形态、头骨特征,结合分子生物学证据,确定所采6号标本为滇绒鼠,是该物种在四川省的首次确认分布记录。标本现存于四川省林业科学研究院动物标本馆(编号分别为SAF19843、SAF19844、SAF220125、SAF220131、SAF23176和SAF23177)。     

广西发现荔波臭蛙

荔波臭蛙（Odorrana liboensis）已知仅分布于贵州省荔波县茂兰国家级自然保护区。2021年8月,在广西壮族自治区百色市那坡县弄尧（23°01′21″ N,105°50′58″ E）采集到2号臭蛙标本（1雌,1雄）。经鉴定为荔波臭蛙,属广西两栖纲新记录物种。2号标本在形态上与荔波臭蛙模式标本基本一致,仅体型大小和腹部体色稍有差异。基于线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列构建的系统发育树表明,荔波臭蛙那坡种群与模式标本聚为一支,支持率为100%,遗传距离为1.5%。本研究表明,荔波臭蛙广西那坡种群与模式产地种群存在一定的遗传和形态分化,可为蛙类生物地理学研究提供基础数据。     

广西发现腹斑掌突蟾

2021年5月在广西隆林县者浪乡坡合村（105°13′27″ E,24°44′58″ N）采集到5号两栖动物标本,经形态特征比较,与腹斑掌突蟾（Leptobrachella ventripunctata）相似;基于线粒体16S rRNA和12S rRNA基因片段构建的贝叶斯系统发育树显示,此次采集到的掌突蟾属标本与腹斑掌突蟾聚为一支,且具有较高的后验概率（1.00）;基于Kimura双参数模型估算本次采集的标本与腹斑掌突蟾的遗传距离为0.7% ~ 0.9%,远小于掌突蟾属物种间的遗传距离（4.4% ~ 23.4%）。综合形态特征和系统发育分析比较,鉴定此次采集的掌突蟾属标本为腹斑掌突蟾,为广西两栖动物分布新记录种。     

赛加羚羊头骨的三维重建研究及其精确度评价

为建立赛加羚羊（Saiga tatarica）头骨三维可视化模型,进一步研究赛加羚羊头骨的解剖特征,建立赛加羚羊头骨的“数字化标本”,以提高其疾病诊治的准确率和物种保护的有效性。本研究以国家林业局甘肃濒危动物保护中心的赛加羚羊为研究对象,经锥形束CT扫描获得影像数据,运用MIMICS 20.0软件对赛加羚羊头骨扫描数据进行处理和三维重建,以建立赛加羚羊的“数字化头骨”用于形态研究。运用MIMICS 20.0软件对数字化头骨的26项形态学指标（n = 8）进行三维测量,且与头骨标本游标卡尺的测量值（n = 8）进行配对样本t检验分析,经与真实测量值比较后评价数字化模型及其三维测量的准确性。结果显示,26项形态测量指标均与真实头骨无显著性差异（P > 0.05）,例如颅全长游标卡尺测量值为（227.147 ± 10.646）mm,三维测量值为（227.130 ± 10.638）mm,P = 0.635,表明三维重建后的数字化头骨和真实的头骨标本高度相似,且“数字标本”能够实现任意角度的旋转、剖切和测量。本研究可为赛加羚羊头部疾病如骨折等的治疗及骨骼系统的三维可视化研究提供基础依据和技术支撑,同时可为CT扫描和医学图像三维可视化技术在野生动物的临床应用和相关研究提供理论基础。     

浙江省发现两栖纲寒露林蛙（无尾目：蛙科）

2016年8月24日,在浙江省丽水市莲都区葑垟林场(28°11′51″N,119.°49′2″E,海拔1 100 m)采得无尾目(Anura)蛙科(Ranidae)寒露林蛙(Rana hanluica)雄性成体标本1号;2017年2月14日于同一地点采得蝌蚪标本10号。该物种为浙江省两栖纲新纪录。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。