国外旅游生态效率优化与管理

旅游生态效率概念采用定量化方法对旅游业经济、环境影响进行分析,成为旅游业可持续发展评价的重要工具。基于可持续理论的旅游生态效率优化管理方案不断涌现,相关利益主体应用较多的有环境管理系统、旅游生态标签、清洁生产理念、旅游生态效率中心、21世纪地方议程等。在旅游企业日常运营中积极推动生态效率优化管理,是贯彻绿色发展理念,提高目的地旅游经济、环境绩效的一种新思路。从可持续背景下旅游生态效率优化模型入手,系统化分析了国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案的内容与特征。其中,环境管理系统在目的地层面为旅游生态效率优化设计了一套评估管理流程,旅游生态标签为目的地生态效率水平提供了可视化标志符号,21世纪地方议程为旅游可持续发展提供一致性整合方案,清洁生产理念是一种基于生态效率优化的长期战略,旅游生态效率中心作为非营利性机构有利于中小企业获得较好的环境绩效表现。国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案特征明显、设计合理、管理科学,对我国目的地旅游生态效率优化提升具有重要的借鉴作用。     

国外旅游生态效率优化与管理

旅游生态效率概念采用定量化方法对旅游业经济、环境影响进行分析,成为旅游业可持续发展评价的重要工具。基于可持续理论的旅游生态效率优化管理方案不断涌现,相关利益主体应用较多的有环境管理系统、旅游生态标签、清洁生产理念、旅游生态效率中心、21世纪地方议程等。在旅游企业日常运营中积极推动生态效率优化管理,是贯彻绿色发展理念,提高目的地旅游经济、环境绩效的一种新思路。本文从可持续背景下旅游生态效率优化模型入手,系统化分析了国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案的内容与特征。其中,环境管理系统在目的地层面为旅游生态效率优化设计了一套评估管理流程,旅游生态标签为目的地生态效率水平提供了可视化标志符号,21世纪地方议程为旅游可持续发展提供一致性整合方案,清洁生产理念是一种基于生态效率优化的长期战略,旅游生态效率中心作为非营利性机构有利于中小企业获得较好的环境绩效表现。国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案特征明显、设计合理、管理科学,对我国目的地旅游生态效率优化提升具有重要的借鉴作用。     

环境承载力研究进展

进行环境承载力理论与量化方法的研究,对于指导人类社会经济活动,协调人类发展与环境的关系,具有十分重要而迫切的现实意义.本文论述了环境承载力概念的发展过程,并从“容量”、“阈值”和“能力”三方面介绍了环境承载力定义,指出了环境承载力具有客观性和主观性、区域性和时间性、动态性和可调控性的主要特征.在此基础上,对目前国内外用于环境承载力定量化研究的指数评价法、承载率评价法、系统动力学方法和多目标模型最优化等方法进行了分析,最后对环境承载力研究的发展趋势进行了讨论.     

生态旅游区自然环境的游憩价值 ——运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对武陵源风景区进行实证分析

运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对生态旅游区——武陵源风景区自然环境的游憩价值进行评价,并将评价结果进行比较。结果表明：以2004年的旅游人数180万人为基准,当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的总游憩价值应为294594.9万元。CVM法评价当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的消费者剩余价值为11844.72万元,利用TCM法两个回归模型计算得到的消费者剩余价值分别为109049.25万元和103593.73万元,分别高出CVM法评价结果的8.75倍和9.21倍。因此,在我国仅用CVM法的支付意愿来评价其自然生态环境的经济价值,其结果会偏低。建议在我国评价生态旅游区自然生态环境的经济价值时,需将CVM法中的支付意愿、赔偿意愿和旅行费用法综合起来进行评估,使评价结果更具有可靠性,更接近于自然生态环境的真实价值。     

国外生态旅游对当地社区生计的影响研究综述

生态旅游因具备实现生物多样性保护和减轻贫困双重目标的潜力,成为全球学术界关注的焦点。鉴于生态旅游在影响社区生计方面的研究争议,论文综览国外大量相关文献,在界定生态旅游内涵的基础上,从经济影响、社区参与、能力建设、社会文化和公共设施4个方面系统梳理国外生态旅游对目的地社区生计的影响。研究发现旅游发展对目的地生计的影响存在不确定性,社区资源控制权、旅游收益规模、地方介入旅游产业供应链能力、自身能力、旅游管理等因素对旅游扶贫效应起着关键性作用。最后,对当前研究展开评述并对未来研究提出三点展望,以期为中国未来生态旅游影响研究和生态旅游开发提供借鉴和指导。     

生态旅游区自然环境的游憩价值——运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对武陵源风景区进行实证分析

运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对生态旅游区——武陵源风景区自然环境的游憩价值进行评价,并将评价结果进行比较。结果表明：以2004年的旅游人数180万人为基准,当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的总游憩价值应为294594．9万元。CVM法评价当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的消费者剩余价值为11844．72万元,利用TCM法两个回归模型计算得到的消费者剩余价值分别为109049．25万元和103593．73万元,分别高出CVM法评价结果的8．75倍和9．21倍。因此,在我国仅用CVM法的支付意愿来评价其自然生态环境的经济价值,其结果会偏低。建议在我国评价生态旅游区自然生态环境的经济价值时,需将CVM法中的支付意愿、赔偿意愿和旅行费用法综合起来进行评估,使评价结果更具有可靠性。更接近于自然生态环境的真实价值。     

广东省超甜玉米新组合模糊综合评价

应用模糊综合评价方法,对广东省2000—2002年超甜玉米的一些新的杂交组合进行区域试验,在鲜穗产量、株型性状、生育期、抗逆性、品质等方面进行了定量化评价。结果表明：各组合的模糊综合指数(FCI值)可以反映综合评价水平的高低。同时,该方法在评价因子的定量化方面更加准确和可靠。所获得的最终评价值,不仅能反映各评价单元之间的相对级别,而且也能直接反映它们的绝对等级。     

老工业区城市功能的生态化路径评价——以沈阳为例

城市是由经济、社会和环境三个子系统共同组成的复合型生态经济功能体,其可持续发展的目标就是走向生态化,实现经济、社会、环境系统呈正反馈关系。以沈阳为例,采用雷达图综合评价方法,定量研究沈阳市2000—2010年的城市功能的生态化过程,并提出了对策建议。在参考国内外生态城市建设等指标体系的基础上,遴选了26个评价指标,并基于雷达图进行定性和定量评价。结果表明,过去近十年中,沈阳市经济功能、社会功能和环境功能都有一定程度的提升,但是在速率上具有差异性。在三个子功能系统的作用下,沈阳市城市功能系统生态化水平也得到一定的提高。沈阳市应该加大基础设施与环境建设的投入,大力发展循环经济与低碳经济。     

基于熵权法的草原生态安全评价——以甘肃牧区为例

在生态安全评价压力-状态-响应概念框架模型指导下,以甘肃牧区为例,将熵权法与综合评价法有机结合,进行了甘肃牧区草原生态安全评价研究。结果表明,根据该方法得到的草原生态安全评价结论与区域实际相吻合,证明该方法在草原生态安全评价及相关研究领域的应用是科学、可行的。研究中采用熵权法确定评价指标权重,从根本上克服了很多评价指标没有统一标准的问题,减少了人为主观性对评价过程的干扰,从而更客观地反映了各评价指标对区域草原生态安全状况的贡献率,为区域生态安全定量化评价提供了新的手段和研究方法,在定量化评价研究领域具有一定的实用价值和推广意义。     

论模糊方程与择近原则在筛选最适生物指数中的权衡识别作用

环境质量的综合评价是一个具有模糊现象的数学评价问题。评价各种环境质量的标准在数值上虽然表现出精确性,但各种环境状况之间的差异及其相互间的转变却具有不分明性,即模糊性。利用模糊聚类及综合评判分析进行环境质量的评价方法已日趋成熟;但利用模糊方程从环境综合评价的逆问题入手,去筛选最适的环境评价模式,并给出各评价因素定量化     

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

This work grew from initiatives of the International Society of Biometeorology's Commission on Climate, Tourism and Recreation (ISBCCTR). The ISBCCTR was formed during the 15th Congress of the ISB held in November 1999 in Sydney, Australia. The aim of ISBCCTR is to promote research in tourism climatology. The first formal meeting of the Commission took place at the Meliton Resort, Halkidiki, Greece, 5-10 October 2001. The aims were to (1) bring together a selection of scientists and tourism experts to review the current state of knowledge of tourism climatology and (2) explore areas and priorities for future work and the role of the Commission in this. The Workshop highlighted the fact that, although climate is widely recognised as vitally important to tourism, relatively little is known about its effects. Even less is known about the economic impact or significance of climate on commercial prospects for tourism. Important research themes that warrant attention were identified. Among these was the need for a tourism climate index (or indices) that integrates all facets of climate, uses standard data and is objectively tested and verified. Work is also required on developing a better understanding of what climate-related information is required by both tourists and the tourism industry, exploring the distinction between the impact of climate on tourists and the impact on the tourism industry, setting a standard approach to tourism climate assessment, assessing the role of weather forecasts and long-term expectations of climate on choices made by tourists, the risks to tourism caused by extreme atmospheric events, what climate-related criteria people use to make decisions about tourism and recreational choices, how products giving information about weather and climate are currently used by the recreation and tourism industry and what are the existing and future requirements for this climate information.     

旅游生态学研究进展

作为生态学和旅游学相交叉的一门新兴分支学科,旅游生态学关注旅游发展中的生态环境问题,以生态学原理指导旅游生态系统管理,是促进旅游业可持续发展的重要理论支撑。论文采用引文可视化分析软件CiteSpace5.3和文献阅读相结合的方法分析旅游生态学研究的国际进展。分析发现,文献数量在进入21世纪后快速增长,文献来源地集中在北美和欧洲国家,研究方法呈现多学科综合性和最新科学技术成果应用及时等特点,研究内容主要集中在旅游活动的生态环境影响、旅游生态系统管理和旅游可持续发展的测度及实现途径3个方面。基于国际进展的分析,论文最后提出我国旅游生态学研究应在学科的基础理论、旅游影响的系统性和持续性、旅游生态修复、旅游开发活动的生态环境影响、生态环境变化对旅游业发展的影响和本土性旅游生态系统管理方法等方面加强。     

芦芽山自然保护区旅游开发与植被环境关系——旅游影响系数及指标分析

采用旅游影响系数对芦芽山自然保护区旅游开发与植被环境的关系进行了继续探讨。结果表明：(1)6个旅游影响因子之间的正负相关性均很好地体现了旅游活动对各因子影响的规律性,同时也说明了旅游影响因子的选择与确定以及对其赋值的正确性。它们与自然地理因子、人文地理因子的相关性说明了它们作为评价指标的可行性,同时也说明旅游活动是景区管理的主要对象。(2)根据旅游影响系数评价分级可知,整个自然保护区管理水平呈良级和中等水平,某些地段已出现危机感。其中,冰口凹和山顶附近是人为活动影响最强烈、质量管理最差的地段。评价分级的结果较好地反映了芦芽山旅游开发现状,与实际状况大致吻合,说明这一方法是可行的。(3)评价指标之间的相关性表明,距游径的水平距离愈远,敏感水平愈低,景观重要值愈大,物种多样性信息指数愈大或者稳定,旅游影响系数愈小。     

长江中游城市群环境规制对旅游产业生态效率的影响及空间分异研究

随着旅游产业的快速发展，其对生态环境的负面影响逐渐增大。为缓解当前旅游经济发展与生态环境保护间存在的矛盾，政府有必要在制度层面发挥其对旅游企业的约束作用，减轻旅游环境压力，实现旅游产业可持续发展。基于此，首先采用超效率SBM模型测算2006-2017年长江中游城市群旅游产业生态效率。然后运用重心模型、标准差椭圆等地学方法刻画其空间格局演化特征。最后，以广义最小二乘法建立面板数据模型，分析环境规制对城市群旅游产业生态效率影响。主要结论为：1）2006-2017年长江中游城市群旅游产业生态效率总体始终处于生产前沿面以下，旅游产业生态发展的集约化程度较低。从区域尺度看，三大城市群间效率存在一定差异，环鄱阳湖城市群效率最大，而武汉城市圈最小。从空间格局上看，效率重心整体向东北方向移动，"东高-西低"的空间格局逐渐形成；2）三大子城市群环境规制与旅游产业生态效率间呈"U"型的非线性关系，表明当前总体环境规制水平仍然较低，对效率的增长起抑制作用，但从长远来看，随着环境规制的逐渐增强，其对旅游产业生态效率的影响开始向积极促进方向转变；3）三大子城市群环境规制对效率的影响程度不同，整体呈正向显著影响的城市数量较少，主要集聚在各子城市群的中心城市附近。     

In pursuit of ecotourism

Ecotourism is expected, by the tourism industry and academics, to grow rapidly over the next 20 years. Much has been written about ecotourism, often with missionary zeal, but there is little consensus about its definition. It is argued here that conservationists and protected area managers should adopt a definition of ecotourism which contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity and an appropriate definition is suggested.Ecotourism is not merely an alternative to mass tourism, nor is it the only alternative. The literature on nature tourism and the environmental impacts of the industry dates back to the late 1970s. Tourism is now the world's largest industry and it has an increasing impact on protected areas. Our understanding of these mechanisms, their ecological impacts and our capacity to manage tourism in protected areas lags behind the growth of tourism to protected areas.A rapid growth in nature tourism and tourism to protected areas has coincided with a shift in protected area management strategies towards integrated development. Tourism is one means available to protected area managers seeking to increase the economic value of a protected area and to offer sustainable opportunities for economic development to local people.This paper argues that potentially conflicting commercial, protected area and development interests all contribute to the emergence of ecotourism and have been doing so for many years. Ecotourism needs to be tightly defined if it is to benefit conservation. Protected area managers should consider how they can take control of nature tourism to the parks they manage and convert it into ecotourism for the benefit of conservation and the livelihoods of local people.     

An ‘authentic’ Aboriginal product: State marketing and the self‐fashioning of Indigenous experiences to Chinese tourists

China's burgeoning outbound tourist market has become a priority for Australian tourism, with national and state tourism reports advocating for ‘China‐ready’ marketing, policy and planning and increased industry training around Chinese consumer behaviour and preferences to capitalise on this market. However, studies demonstrate that Chinese tourists are generally not interested in Indigenous tourism experiences. Nevertheless, the state of Victoria is adamant about investing in Indigenous‐themed tourism products which are considered appropriate for Chinese preferences in an attempt to attract tourists from this growing inbound market. This article presents a review of relevant state government policies relating to Indigenous tourism alongside a case study of the tourism experiences developed and provided by Gunditjmara people along the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape in southwest Victoria. We demonstrate the ways that notions of ‘authenticity’ continue to shape, and constrain, Indigenous economic engagement and participation via tourism, and discuss the impact of these notions on the provision of Indigenous tourism products and experiences for Chinese and other visitors. We argue that the marketing of Gunditjmara tourism to fluctuating market demand highlights the arbitrariness of Australian governments' policies with respect to Indigenous development, and call for policymakers to focus renewed attention on the local aspirations of Indigenous entrepreneurs.     

The assessment of sustainable tourism: Application to Spanish coastal destinations

This paper introduces an indicator system to evaluate sustainability in established coastal tourism destinations, applying the recommendations and definitions of the World Tourism Organization (WTO). We also develop a new synthetic indicator to simplify the measurement of sustainability and facilitate the comparative analysis of destination ranking. This measurement was obtained by applying a procedure to reduce the number of subjective decisions made by the analyst, using a novel two-stage aggregation methodology based on principal component analysis and on the distance to a reference point. The synthetic indicator obtained was applied to Spanish coastal destinations, and the results serve as a guideline for tourism planning. The conclusions of this research can be extrapolated to the study of other tourism destinations.     

Indicators of sustainable tourism: A case study from a Taiwan's wetland

This study aims to identify indicators for sustainable wetland tourism. In study 1, the fuzzy Delphi method was used to determine key dimensions and indicators. In study 2, the relative weights of these dimensions and indicators were examined using the analytic hierarchy process. The empirical results revealed 141 indicators in the hierarchy for sustainable wetland tourism. At the first level, the weight of the stakeholder dimension was greater than that of the environment dimension. At the second level, the impact on community development was the most important factor within the stakeholder dimension. Among the identified indicators, the top 7.8% were respect for local traditional culture, respect for local lifestyle, compliance with destination guidelines, traffic problems, destruction of the natural environment, existence of crowds at the destination, participation in cultural activities, understanding the culture, assimilation into the local culture, overall effect of tourism, benefit–cost differential, and reduction of environmental impact. A series of management implications are drawn, including the need to use this information to foster stakeholder involvement and collaboration, to focus on planning for sustainable tourism development in general, and to use these indicators for the management of wetland-based sustainable tourism development.     

旅游发展对城市生态文明建设的影响及空间溢出效应——基于我国284个地级及以上城市的实证研究

生态文明建设是实现“美丽中国”的必由之路，旅游因其“绿色”属性与之联系十分密切，论证旅游发展能否促进生态文明建设并探究其空间溢出特征具有重要意义。在构建旅游发展对城市生态文明建设影响及空间溢出效应理论框架的基础上，通过熵权TOPSIS法对全国284个地级及以上城市2004—2019年生态文明建设水平(ECC)进行测度，使用空间杜宾模型揭示旅游发展对城市生态文明建设的影响及空间溢出效应。结果表明：(1)各城市ECC均取得不同程度提升，相对高值区集中于长江和黄河经济带下游沿线，低值区多分布在中西部地区；区域尺度下，各地区ECC长期呈“东—中—西”递减格局，内部发展差异性与其存在明显空间错位。(2)旅游发展能够显著促进“本地”和“邻地”城市生态文明建设，具体表现为“三轮驱动”下的水平提升，其对城市经济系统的驱动力显著大于生态和社会系统。(3)东、中、西部地区旅游发展对城市生态文明建设的影响和空间溢出效应均得到释放，空间异质性下二者作用强度与城市ECC基本“区域重叠”。(4)政策制定上，一方面在长期落实旅游业“生态优先”原则的基础上，加快旅游数字化建设和文旅融合步伐，充分释放其对生态文明建设的...     

旅游开发对上海滨海湿地植被的影响

选择上海滨海地区湿地植被为研究对象,采用典型样地与标准样方相结合的调查方法,从属种和生物多样性角度分析不同旅游开发方式对滨海湿地植被的影响。结果如下:(1)根据滨海旅游区水域开放程度,可将开发类型分为封闭式、半封闭式以及开放式3种,不同旅游开发类型对滨海湿地植被影响程度不同;(2)研究区封闭式相比较半封闭式和开放式旅游开发类型,可以提高区域内物种数量,物种数量增加分别增多33和45种,但本地物种所占比例下降,从70%分别下降到26.26%和21.73%;(3)旅游开发封闭性越强,生物多样性越高,封闭式、半封闭式以及开放式旅游开发区域生物多样性Shanno-Winner指数分别为0.92、1.07和1.51,区域内均匀度指数随封闭性增加而有所降低,Shanno-Winner均匀度指数从最高0.71降到最低0.52;(4)滨海湿地植被对不同类型旅游开发响应不同,封闭度越高,区域内植被响应度越强,封闭式、半封闭式以及开放式植被响应指数分别为2.2、2.0和1.8。