中国红菇属的研究——Ⅰ.红菇属新种及新记录种(英文)

本文报道红菇属的新种1个:拟菱红菇Russula pseudovesca Ying,及中国新记录种13个:苦红菇Russula fellea(Fr.)Fr.;亚臭红菇Russula subfoetens W.G.Smith ss J.Schaeff.;似天兰红菇 Russula parazura J.Schaeff.;灰红菇 Russula grisea (Pers.ex Sccr)Fr.ss Gillet;红柄红菇 Russula erythropa Peltereau;紫柄红菇Russula violipes Quel.;酱色红菇 Russula badia Quel.;髓质红菇 Russula medullata Romagn.;蜜味红菇 Russula melliolens Quel.;粘质红菇 Russula viscida Kudrna;桦红菇 Russula betularum Hora;晚生红菇 Russula cessans Pearson;矮小红菇 Russula nana Killerm。     

中国红菇属的研究II.

采自云南宾川县和贵州贵阳红菇属的一新种和一个变种分别命名为宾川红菇(Russula binchuanensis), 和桂樱红菇小果变种 (Russula laurocerasi Mezler var. microcarpa)。研究标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

实验培养红菇对肠道致病菌的抑菌活性研究

研究实验条件下培养红菇菌丝和发酵液对几种肠道致病菌的抑菌活性。结果发现其对大肠埃希菌具有特异性抑制,对其他菌的抑制较弱。初步确定了最小抑菌活性,认为红菇多糖具有一定的抑菌潜力。     

多彩的菌物世界

正中间红菇Russula intermedia P. Karst.担子菌门Basidiomycota,蘑菇纲Agaricomycetes,红菇目Russulales,红菇科Russulaceae,红菇属Russula。由吉林农业大学图力古尔教授2019年8月6日摄于内蒙古通辽市罕山国家级自然保护区。     

广东地区红菇属的分类初报及一新种和一新变种

本文根据Henri Romagnesi(1967)的分类系统就作者在广东地区所采集到的红菇属Russula33个种作了分类上的研究。其中新种1种即广东红菇Russula guangdongensis Bi & T.H.Li,sp.nov.,新变种一种即小小红菇Russula minutula var.minor Bi var.nov.和12种国内新记录种。文中有新种及新变种的形态描述及微观图,分种及所属亚组的检索表。     

中国红菇属的研究I．红菇属新种及新记录种

本文报道红菇属的新种1个：拟菱红菇 Russula pseudovesca Ying,及中国新记录种13个： 苦红菇 Russula fellea (Fr) Fr;亚臭红菇 Russula subfoetens W．G．Smith ss J．Schaeff;似天兰红菇 Russula parazura J．Schaeff;灰红菇 Russula grisea(Pers．Ex Sccr．)Fr．ss Gillet; 红柄红菇 Russula erythropa Peltereau; 紫柄红菇Russula violipes Quel.;酱色红菇 Russula badia Quel;髓质红菇 Russula medullataRomagn.;蜜味红菇Russula melliolens Quel.;粘质红菇 Russula viscida Kudrna;桦红菇 Russula betularum Hora;晚生红菇 Russula cessans Pearson;矮小红菇 Russulunana Killerm。     

采自东北地区的红菇属3个中国新记录种

对采自中国吉林省及内蒙古部分地区的红菇属真菌标本进行研究,确认3种为中国新记录种：橙焰红菇Russula aurantioflammans Ruots., Sarnari&Vauras,蜜红菇Russula melitode Romagn.,拉汗帕利红菇Russula lakhanpalii A. Ghosh, K. Das&R.P. Bhatt。详细描述了形态特征并绘制形态线条图。通过宏观形态特征和ITS序列的对比证实了形态学的准确性。     

云南松幼苗上红菇类菌根真菌的物种多样性及其菌根形态

以滇中1～2年生云南松幼苗为研究对象,观察鉴定与其共生的红菇属真菌外生菌根。形态观察发现了6种形态型（morphotypes）。本文对这6种形态型的外观和显微特征进行了详细描述,尤其强调了菌套形态特征。对rDNAITS片段比对分析表明,6种形态型对应6种红菇属真菌,它们分别是与Russula li-vescens、R.violeipes、R.densifolia、R.nigricans、R.sanguinea及R.nauseosa相近的红菇种类。本研究表明,形成的菌根及其菌套和囊状体的特征在红菇属真菌的系统分支间表现出较为稳定的差异。这一研究与前人对该属真菌的菌根形态及分类学研究基本吻合。红菇属真菌是云南松1～2年幼苗期的主要共生真菌类群。     

红边绿菇及其近似种的比较研究

本文报道红菇属(Russula)一新种:红边绿菇Russula viridi-rubrolimbata Ying sp.nov.。该种属于红菇科Russulaceae红边红菇组Section Rigidae Fr.变绿红菇亚组Subsection Virescentinae Sing.。新种在菌盖的色泽上,在菌盖表皮的球状胞及其顶生联丝,以及担孢子和囊状体的大小上,均有别于近似种。文中对新种作了汉文和拉丁文描述,文中附有彩图及内部结构图,并讨论了新种与其近似种之间的区别。     

红菇与红锥形成的根共生体形态的描述*

红菇与红锥的茛共生形成的菌根属外生菌根,分叉形成为单轴状,颜色呈浅黄褐色,菌根表面呈波纹状突起。菌套的外表特征呈绒毛状,厚度２６￣４０μｍ,具典型的哈蒂氏网、丰富的外延菌丝和菌索,无菌核。外延菌丝长度约４５￣１００μｍ,直径约１．８￣２．３μｍ,有分隔不分支,未风锁状联合。菌根菌的生态组合型为不规则垫簇型。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.     

Shapes of curves of pH-dependence of reactions

A simple case is considered in which the rate of a two-step reaction depends on pH because the intermediate formed in the first step has to gain (or lose) a proton before it can react in the second step, and in which the rate-determining step therefore changes with pH. The curves of reaction rate against pH are shown to be symmetrical, and the sharpest peak possible has a width at half its height of 1.53pH units, i.e. of 2log(3+2 radical2). Any particular curve for this situation proves to be identical with a curve that could be generated for the pH-dependence of a single-step reaction in which the rate is proportional to the concentration of a particular ionic form of a reactant. Curves for the latter situation, however, can have forms impossible for the former case in which the rate-determining step changes, but only if the protonations that activate and deactivate the reactant are co-operative. The peak can then become even sharper, and its width at half its height can fall to 1.14pH units, i.e. to 2log(2+ radical3).