氮、磷、钾营养对冬小麦光合作用及水分利用的影响

在中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期肥料实验的基础上,选择氮磷(T1)、氮钾(T2)、磷钾(T3)和氮磷钾(T4)4个肥料处理,以不施肥为对照(CK),研究了长期施用氮、磷、钾肥对小麦抽穗期和灌浆期净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)日变化的影响.结果表明:小麦抽穗期和灌浆期T4处理的Pn日变化值显著高于CK,其他处理与CK未达到显著性差异,各处理Pn日积累量大小为T4＞T1＞T2＞T3＞CK;缺氮、缺磷和缺钾均降低了叶片Pn,影响大小依次为缺氮＞缺磷＞缺钾;小麦抽穗期和灌浆期Tr日变化曲线呈单峰型,处理间日变化值差异不显著;缺氮、缺磷和缺钾均降低了叶片WUE,抽穗期,T1、T4处理的WUE日变化值显著高于CK,而T3、T2与CK差异不显著,说明缺氮、缺磷对WUE的影响最大,灌浆期,T4处理的WUE日变化值显著高于CK;不同肥料处理仅改变了小麦光合日变化的幅度,而未改变其变化规律,氮、磷、钾复合施肥有效地提高了小麦的光合生产和水分利用效率.     

彰武松、樟子松光合生产与蒸腾耗水特性

本文采用Li-6400光合测定系统对性成熟(18a)阶段彰武松(Pinus densiflora var.zhangwuensis)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)光合及蒸腾指标不同季节日变化进行了测定,并采用切枝蒸腾法对两个树种叶片气孔蒸腾和角质层蒸腾进行对比测定,评价了气孔开闭敏感性,探讨了两个树种光合生产与蒸腾耗水特性。结果表明：在同样生境条件下,彰武松比樟子松有较大的光合速率(Pn)和较小的蒸腾速率(Tr)。在5月和7月,彰武松的Pn和Tr日变化呈现明显双峰型,其Pn和Tr“午休”现象均主要受气孔限制;在10月呈单峰型。樟子松的Pn和Tr日变化在整个生长季均呈单峰型,而且,彰武松日光合量(DAP)均高于樟子松,是樟子松的163.4%(5月)、211.1%(7月)和183.6%(10月)。光响应曲线参数表明：在不同月份,彰武松最大光合速率(Pmax)均大于樟子松,且光饱和点(LSP)较高,光补偿点(LCP)较低。在任意被测时刻,彰武松气孔导度(Gs)和Tr都小于樟子松。彰武松具有较小气孔和角质层蒸腾速度,并且在同样干旱条件下,彰武松气孔下陷,其气孔的开闭反应更加敏感。彰武松水分利用效率(WUE)较高,约是樟子松的2.29倍。这些结果暗示,彰武松以其高的光合速率和低的蒸腾耗水特性,提高水分利用效率,以其敏感的气孔开闭机制和旱生叶片结构进而实现在干旱半干旱地区的速生特性。     

干旱胁迫对夏蜡梅光合特性的影响

以2年生夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)苗木为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究土壤干旱胁迫对夏蜡梅叶片光合特性的影响,结果显示:随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,夏蜡梅叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度显著降低;胞间CO2浓度在轻度和中度胁迫下显著低于对照,但在重度胁迫下显著高于对照;水分利用效率在胁迫下提高,且以中度胁迫为最大.温度升高使叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低、蒸腾速率升高,加重了干旱对光合作用的不利影响.对照及轻度和中度干旱胁迫处理的净光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率日变化曲线均为双峰型,但重度胁迫下净光合速率和气孔导度日变化转变为峰值很小的单峰型;各处理的蒸腾速率日变化曲线为单峰型并以午间最高.表明夏蜡梅光合作用对干旱胁迫有一定的适应能力,但重度胁迫对其造成严重影响.     

Nitrogen fertilization and fire act independently on foliar stoichiometry in a temperate steppe

Nitrogen (N) fertilization, as a grassland management strategy, has been widely used to improve forage quality and increase the productivity of grasslands degraded by overstocking. It is widely accepted that N addition will alter ecosystem structure and function, and that these effects may be altered by natural disturbances, such as fire. We examined the effects of annual burning and N fertilization (17.5 g N m^?2 year^?1, at a surplus rate in order to simulate agriculture treatment) on foliar chemistry and stoichiometric ratios of eight dominant species (Leymus chinensis, Stipa grandis, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Potentilla bifurca, Thalictrum squarrosum, Artemisia frigida, Kochia prostrata and Caragana microphylla) in a temperate steppe in northern China. After 3 years of treatments, annual burning significantly increased soil extractable phosphorus (P) concentration but showed no effects on soil inorganic N concentration, whereas N fertilization caused a significant increase in inorganic N concentration but not of extractable P. Species differed substantially with respect to all nutritional and stoichiometric variables. Both annual burning and N fertilization caused significant increases in foliar N and P concentrations and thus decreases in carbon (C):N and C:P ratios. While annual burning showed no effects on N:P ratios, N fertilization produced higher N:P ratios. However, species responded idiosyncratically to both fire and N fertilization in terms of foliar N concentration, C:N and N:P ratio. In addition, there was no interaction between fire and N fertilization that affected all variables. This study suggests that both annual burning and N fertilization have direct impacts on plant elemental composition and that fire- and N addition-induced changes of community composition may have important consequences for plant-mediated biogeochemical cycling pathways in temperate steppe ecosystem.     

盐碱地马蔺光合生理特性的研究

研究了盐碱地生长的马蔺叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和水分利用效率（WUE）以及环境因素的日变化。结果表明,马蔺叶片Pn和Tr均呈现双峰曲线,具有光合午休现象。这种现象出现的原因是由于较高的太阳辐射引起叶片温度的升高,叶片的羧化效率(CE)和表观量子产额(AQY)的下降造成的。     

Persistence of tree related patterns in soil nutrients following slash-and-burn disturbance in the tropics

Individual trees are known to influence soil chemical properties, creating spatial patterns that vary with distance from the stem. The influence of trees on soil chemical properties is commonly viewed as the agronomic basis for low-input agroforestry and shifting cultivation practices, and as an important source of spatial heterogeneity in forest soils. Few studies, however, have examined the persistence of the effects of trees on soil after the pathways responsible for the effects are removed. Here, we present evidence from a Mexican dry forest indicating that stem-related patterns of soil nutrients do persist following slash-and-burn removal of trees and two years of cropping. Pre-disturbance concentrations of resin extractable phosphorus (P), bicarbonate extractable P, NaOH extractable P, total P, total nitrogen (N) and carbon (C), KCl extractable nitrate (NO₃ ^-), and net N mineralization and nitrification rates were higher in stem than dripline soils under two canopy dominant species of large-stemmed trees with contrasting morphologies and phenologies (Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth. and Forchhammeria pallida Liebm.). These stem effects persisted through slash burning and a first growing season for labile inorganic and organic P, NaOH inorganic P, and plant-available P, and through a second growing season for labile organic P, NaOH organic P, and plant-available P. While stem effects for extractable NO₃ ^-, net nitrification rates, total N and C disappeared after felling and slash burning, these stem effects returned after the first growing season. These results support the view that tree-influenced patterns of soil nutrients do persist after tree death, and that trees contribute to the long-term spatial heterogeneity of forest soils. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

新疆乌拉泊库区沙枣与胡杨光合特性比较

用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪,于2009年6~9月测定了新疆乌拉泊库区沙枣和胡杨2种荒漠树种的光合作用日变化,比较了它们光合与水分生理特性的季节动态变化.结果表明:(1)沙枣净光合速率(Pn)的日变化在6月份为典型双峰曲线,在8月和9月份也有微弱的双峰变化,7月份则表现为单峰曲线;胡杨的Pn日变化在6和9月份为双峰曲线,7和8月份为单峰曲线.(2)沙枣各月蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均呈双峰曲线,胡杨的Tr日变化于6和7月份呈双峰曲线,在8和9月份呈单峰曲线.(3)沙枣水分利用效率(WUE)日变化规律不明显,胡杨各月WUE日变化表现为双峰曲线.(4)沙枣叶片的气孔导度(Gs)的日变化与其Pn的变化基本一致,而胡杨则没有这种现象.(5)气孔因素是引起沙枣光合午睡"的一个原因,但不是引起胡杨Pn降低的主要因素;叶片大气水汽压亏缺(VPD)和气温(Ta)是共同影响沙枣和胡杨Pn的主要生态因子;沙枣平均Pn和Tr明显低于胡杨,而WUE则相反.     

Winter climate change affects growing‐season soil microbial biomass and activity in northern hardwood forests

Understanding the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to global change remains a major challenge of ecological research. We exploited a natural elevation gradient in a northern hardwood forest to determine how reductions in snow accumulation, expected with climate change, directly affect dynamics of soil winter frost, and indirectly soil microbial biomass and activity during the growing season. Soils from lower elevation plots, which accumulated less snow and experienced more soil temperature variability during the winter (and likely more freeze/thaw events), had less extractable inorganic nitrogen (N), lower rates of microbial N production via potential net N mineralization and nitrification, and higher potential microbial respiration during the growing season. Potential nitrate production rates during the growing season were particularly sensitive to changes in winter snow pack accumulation and winter soil temperature variability, especially in spring. Effects of elevation and winter conditions on N transformation rates differed from those on potential microbial respiration, suggesting that N‐related processes might respond differently to winter climate change in northern hardwood forests than C‐related processes.     

塔里木荒漠优势树种气体交换特性与环境因子的关系研究

在自然条件下对塔里木荒漠区优势树种--胡杨、灰叶胡杨的气体交换特性及其与环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明:(1)在6～9月生长季,胡杨和灰叶胡杨的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr,除8月)日进程均为单峰曲线,胞间CO2浓度(GI)呈"V"字型曲线,Pn的峰值出现在12:00,Tr峰值明显滞后于Pn.生长季内胡杨各月份的Pn、水分利用率(WUE)、光能利用率(LUE)均高于灰叶胡杨,而Tr低于灰叶胡杨,气孔导度(Gs)相近.(2)气体交换与环境因子的统计分析表明,光量子通量密度(PPFD)是决定胡杨和灰叶胡杨Pn和Tr的主要环境因子,其次为气温(Tair).(3)灰叶胡杨对PPFD、Tair,、空气相对湿度(RH)的敏感性强于胡杨,通过高蒸腾耗水、低WUE来减轻高温干旱的伤害;胡杨通过主动调节Gs来控制蒸腾失水、提高光合效率,以较高的WUE和LUE适应日益干旱的荒漠环境,表现出较强的生态适应性.     

山杏叶片光合生理参数对土壤水分和光照强度的阈值效应

以半干旱黄土丘陵区主要灌木树种山杏(Prunus sibirica)为试验材料, 应用CIRAS-2型光合作用仪测定不同土壤质量含水量(W_m)下山杏叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)及水分利用效率(WUE)的光响应过程, 探讨山杏光合特性对土壤水分和光照条件的适应性。结果表明: P_n、T_r及WUE对W_m和光照强度的变化有明显的阈值响应。随着W_m (6.5%-18.6%)的递增, 光补偿点降低, 光饱和点、表观量子效率和最大净光合速率均升高; 在W_m为18.6%时, 山杏利用弱光和强光的能力最强, 光照生态幅最宽。随着W_m (9.2%-18.6%)的递增, P_n、T_r有明显升高的趋势, 水分过高或过低, 两者均呈现下降趋势; 山杏对光照环境的适应性较强, 在光合有效辐射为800-1 200 µmol∙m^-2∙s^-1时, P_n和WUE都具有较高水平, 饱和光强在983-1 365 µmol∙m ^-2∙s^-1之间。以光合生理参数为指标对山杏土壤水分有效性及生产力进行分级与评价, 确定W_m < 9.2%或W_m > 22.3%时为“低产中效水”; W_m在20.5%-22.3%和9.2%-12.9%时, 分别为“中产低效水”和“中产中效水”; W_m在12.9%-20.5%时为“高产高效水”。其中W_m为18.6%时为“最佳产效水”, 对应光强为1 365 µmol∙m^-2∙s^-1。     

土壤水分对不同季节番茄叶片水和二氧化碳交换特性的影响

以番茄品种“L402”为试材,研究了土壤水分对不同季节番茄光合及蒸腾特性的影响.结果表明:全生育期内春番茄光合速率（P_n）和蒸腾速率（T_r）均以土壤相对含水量80％处理最高,65％处理次之,50％处理最低;土壤水分降低,显著改变了番茄P_n和T_r的日变化动态,导致光合午休加重;叶片水分利用效率（WUE）以65％处理最高.冬番茄在全生育期内P_n和T_r以50％处理最低,但65％和80％处理无显著差异,且均无光合午休;WUE则以50％处理最高,80％处理最低,说明不同季节番茄对土壤水分的反应存在显著差异.春番茄与冬番茄的P_n及T_r日变化规律显著不同,且在相同土壤水分条件下,春番茄P_n及T_r显著高于冬番茄.     

水肥空间组合对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,用分层土柱试验法研究了不同土层水分、氮、磷空间组合对冬小麦不同生育时期光合特性及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:与0～90cm土层整体湿润相比,上干下湿(0～30cm土层干旱胁迫,30～90cm土层湿润)水分处理显著降低了小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)和籽粒产量.2种水分条件下,氮磷配施处理对叶片SPAD、Pn和小麦籽粒产量的影响最为显著,其次是施磷处理,而施氮处理影响不显著.不同土层施氮在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势相同,均表现为0～90cm土层施氮小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量显著高于0～30、30～60和60～90cm土层施氮.不同土层施磷在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势也相同,表现为0～90cm土层施磷小麦叶片SPAD、Pn和籽粒产量与0～30cm土层施磷间差异不显著.不同土层氮磷配施在2种水分处理下表现不同:整体湿润条件下0～90cm土层施肥处理的小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量最高,与0～30cm土层差异不显著,但二者均显著高于30～60和60～90cm土层处理;上干下湿条件下各土层施肥处理间小麦叶片SPAD差异不显著,0～90cm土层施肥处理小麦叶片Pn和籽粒产量显著高于30～60cm土层施肥处理,30～60cm土层施肥处理显著高于60～90cm土层施肥处理和不施肥处理.表明在2种土壤水分条件下,氮磷配施时仍应施入0～30cm土层.     

羊草草原群落6种植物叶片功能特性对氮素添加的响应

 该文比较了羊草草原群落中包括建群种和优势种在内的6种植物,羊草（Leymus chinensis）、西伯利亚羽茅（Achnatherum sibiricum）、大 针茅（Stipa grandis）、 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）和黄囊苔草（Carex korshinskyi）的比叶 面积(Specific leaf area, SLA)、叶片含氮量和叶绿素含量等叶片功能特性( Leaf functional trait)对氮素添加的响应,旨在探讨草原生态 系统中,不同物种对氮素可利用性改变的响应和适应对策。结果表明：随着氮素添加量的增加,物种对光资源的竞争增强,不同物种在光资源 的竞争策略和竞争力间存在着显著的差异。羊草通过提高SLA、单位质量叶片的叶绿素含量和含氮量,使单位面积叶片含氮量和叶绿素含量均呈 线性提高,进而增强了其对光的竞争力。西伯利亚羽茅主要通过提高SLA增加光合总面积,来增强自身的光竞争力。冰草在SLA和单位质量叶片 的叶绿素和氮含量均有一定的可塑性,但对光的竞争力明显弱于羊草和西伯利亚羽茅。大针茅和黄囊苔草对SLA的调节能力较低,加之大针茅 SLA较低,而黄囊苔草处于群落的下层,这两种植物的光竞争力较弱。糙隐子草具有较高的SLA,对单位质量叶片叶绿素和氮含量的调节能力相 对较强,其光竞争力高于黄囊苔草。同时,糙隐子草叶片叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值沿氮素添加梯度显著降低,进一步证实氮素添加改变了群落 的光环境。     

Studies on Characteristics of Photosynthetic Ecology in Leymus chinensis

This paper deals with light-photosynthesis curve, temperature-photosynthesis curve, diurnal changes of photosynthesis, and effects of water content and nitrogen in soil on photosynthetic characteristics of leaves of Leymus chinensis. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Light-photosynthesis curve of Leymus chinensis approximates to a hyperbola below light saturation point, and the influence of light intensity on photosynthesis is expressed by light intensity coefficient of photosynthesis. When Leymus chinensis was grown in a good water condition, its light intensity coefficient was 1.33 mg CO2· dm-2· h-1 · klx-1 at 5 klx light intensity, and light saturation point was 50 klx, and net photosynthetic rate at light saturation condition was about 31 mgCO2 · dm-2 · h-1. Temperature-photosynthesis curve of Leymus chinensis was a parabola, and optimum temperature of photosynthesis was 26–29 ℃. CO2 compensation point of Leymus chinensis was about 35 ppm. According to aforesaid characteristics of photosynthetic ecology, Leymus chinensis is a sun plant of C3 type. 2. The curve of diurnal changes of photosyn thesis in Leymus chinensis shows as a two-peak type in typical steppe, when water content of soil is about 14%. Major ecological factor which caused midday depressing photosynthesis in Leymus chinensis is atmospheric humidity. 3. The photosynthetic characteristics of Leymus chinensis, especially the leaf area and aerial biomass are closely related with water and nitrogen in soil. Irrigation has greater influence on photosynthetic production as compared with fertilization. The efficiency of increasing production is more notable, combining the measures of irrigation with fertilization. Leymus chinensis may be regarded as a eurytopic xerophyte according to the relationship between some photosynthetic characteristics and soil water. 4. Compared photosynthetic rate with leaf area in Leymus chinensis, the influence of the leaf area change on photosynthetic production is greater and is more remarkable during arid conditions. Therefore, irrigation and fertilization during dry season are effective measures to develop photosynthetic organ and to raise aerial biomass of Leymus chinensis rapidly.     

不同土壤水分条件下紫藤叶片生理参数的光响应

测定了不同土壤湿度下2年生紫藤叶片光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）及水分利用效率（WUE）等生理参数的光响应过程,探讨了紫藤正常生长发育所需的土壤水分和光照条件.结果表明:紫藤叶片的P_n、T_r及WUE对土壤湿度和光照强度的变化具有明显的阈值响应.维持紫藤正常生长（同时具有较高P_n和WUE）的土壤湿度范围为:体积含水量（W_v）15.3%～26.5%、相对含水量（W_r）46.4%～80.3%,最佳土壤湿度约为W_v 23.3%、W_r 70.6%.紫藤叶片对光照环境的适应性较强,在光合有效辐射强度（PAR）为600～1 600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,P_n和WUE具有较高水平,饱和光强在PAR为800～1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.紫藤叶片光合作用非气孔限制的发生与土壤湿度与光照强度密切相关,W_v为18.4%～26.5%、W_r为55.8%～80.3%时,光合作用主要受气孔限制,光照强度的影响较小;超出此范围后,其受光照强度的影响较大,出现由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制的PAR临界值.紫藤正常生长允许的最低土壤湿度约为W_v 11.9%、W_r 36.1%,允许最高PAR约为1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,是紫藤叶片光合机构受到破坏的临界点.     

田间不同水肥管理下小粒咖啡的生长和光合特性

通过云南5年生田间小粒咖啡(Coffea arabica)进行2种施肥(低肥和高肥)和在干季秸秆覆盖、滴灌、秸秆覆盖+滴灌、对照4种水分处理对植株生长和叶片光合特性影响的测定研究．结果表明,小粒咖啡一年生长周期中最高峰期在雨季始期,次高峰期在雨季中期．水分处理对生长高峰期株高和分枝长度的相对生长率没有显著作用,高施肥量则加大了其相对生长率．干季水分处理提高了叶片的Pn、gs、Tr和WUE,而叶绿素的荧光特征没有受到影响．在湿季,高施肥量使叶片含氮量Pn增加,对gs和Tr的影响较小,从而导致WUE提高,高施肥量显著减小日间光抑制程度,加大了光合机构的实际光化学效率和热耗散能力,提高了对强光环境的适应性,研究表明,小粒咖啡需要高养分的投入和良好的水分管理,湿季是小粒咖啡进行光合和生长的最优季节,干季田间秸秆覆盖+滴灌的效果较好,滴灌和秸秆覆盖的效果相近。     

不同施肥处理对木棉叶片光合特性和幼苗生长的影响

采用L25(53)正交实验设计设置不同氮、磷和钾肥施用量及配比﹝单株施用量分别为CO(NH2)22.0、4.0、6.0、8.0和10.0 g,Ca(H2PO4)24.0、6.0、8.0、10.0和12.0 g,KCl 0.6、1.2、1.8、2.4和3.0 g﹞,并设置不同复合肥施用量(单株施用量分别为10、20、30、40和50 g),比较了施肥后第1至第3个月木棉( Bombax ceiba Linn.)幼苗叶片光合指标﹝包括净光合速率( Pn)、水分利用效率( WUE)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm )和叶绿素相对含量( SPAD)﹞和幼苗生长指标(包括株高增长量、地径增长量和叶面积增长量)的变化。结果表明：总体来看,不同施肥处理组木棉幼苗叶片的Pn和WUE值升高,幼苗的株高增长量、地径增长量和叶面积增长量增加,但不同施肥处理对叶片Fv/Fm和SPAD值的影响较小;复合肥对叶片光合生理特性和幼苗生长的影响也较小。在施肥后的第1至第3个月,单株施用量氮肥4.0或6.0 g,磷肥4.0或8.0 g,钾肥1.2、1.8或3.0 g处理组幼苗叶片的Pn和WUE值显著高于对照(不施肥)和大多数处理组;单株施用量氮肥4.0或6.0 g、磷肥4.0~12.0 g、钾肥1.2~3.0 g处理组幼苗的株高增长量、地径增长量和叶面积增长量也均较高。综合分析结果显示：氮肥对木棉幼苗光合生理特性及生长的影响最大,钾肥次之,磷肥最小。综合考虑Pn值、WUE值、株高增长量、地径增长量和叶面积增长量,木棉苗期的适宜单株施肥量为N 1.84或2.76 g、P2 O50.72~2.16 g和K2 O 0.72~1.80 g。     

贺兰山10种典型植物光合及水分利用效率特征研究

为了探究贺兰山不同乔灌草的光合生理特性及其对自然环境的适应特性和机制,该研究采用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪测定了贺兰山10种乔灌草气体交换参数及自然环境因子并分析其相关性。结果表明:(1)净光合速率(Pn)日均值从大到小为披针叶黄华>灰榆>山杨>栒子>冰草>油松>小叶忍冬>小檗>青海云杉>苔草,从不同生活型来看表现为乔木>草本>灌木。(2)青海云杉、油松、灰榆、小檗、栒子和小叶忍冬的Pn日变化曲线为单峰型,山杨、披针叶黄华、苔草和冰草的Pn日变化曲线为双峰型,具有明显的光合“午休”现象,山杨和冰草主要为非气孔因素所致,披针叶黄华和苔草主要为气孔因素所致。(3)相比同种生活型的其他植物,青海云杉、油松、小叶忍冬和披针叶黄华具有较高的水分利用效率(WUE)日均值。(4)通径分析表明,乔木和灌木植物的主要决定因子为光照强度(PAR),主要限制因子为叶片温度(T_l)和饱和蒸汽压亏缺(VPD);草本植物的主要限制因子为气温(T_a)和T_l。研究发现,贺兰山东麓不同乔木、灌木、草本植物的光合特性日变化规律不尽相同,相比同种生活型的其他植物,青海云杉、油松、小叶忍冬和披针叶黄华具有较好的抗旱性,能适应较为干旱的气候环境。     

辽东楤木光合和蒸腾作用对光照和土壤水分的响应过程

应用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用系统,测定了不同土壤含水量下辽东楤木光合作用与蒸腾作用的光响应过程,探讨了辽东楤木对光照环境和土壤水分的适应性.结果表明:辽东楤木的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)对光量子通量密度(PFD)的响应过程不同;在强光范围内(PFD 800～1 800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),随着光强增加,辽东楤木的P_n变化较小,而T_r逐渐减小,WUE明显提高.辽东楤木的光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)分别在800和30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1左右,且受土壤含水量变化的影响较小;但其光合量子效率(Ф)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)受土壤含水量变化的影响较大.辽东楤木的P_n和WUE对土壤含水量的变化有明显的阈值响应,其高效用水的土壤相对含水量(RWC)在44％～79％;在此范围内,辽东楤木能同时获得较高的光合速率和水分利用效率.     

不同放牧季节绵羊的食性及食物多样性与草地植物多样性间的关系

在围栏封育４ａ的１ｍｈ＾２放牧样地内,放牧４只内蒙古细毛羊,分别于６、７和９月份用显微技术法进行了绵羊食性的研究。结果表明,在放牧率较低食物资源比较丰富的条件下,绵羊的食性表现为明显的季节性变化。６月份,由于禾草在群落中的相对生物最较小,故在食物中的比例相应较小,为３１％;而在７月份,则上升到４５％,部分替代了冷蒿在食物中的比例;同时,在禾草中,羊草、冰草主要在春季或初夏（７月份以前）被利用,随着