亚洲热带雨林两种鸟类媒介互利系统的比较

了解植物形态学性状如何影响鸟类传粉者和种子散布者的拜访,有助于阐明植物-鸟类相互关系的进化.本研究选取云南省西双版纳4类不同人类干扰程度的热带森林,比较植物-鸟类在种子散布和传粉基础上所构建的网络系统.结果表明：植物-食果鸟网络系统高度不对称,而植物-鸟类传粉者网络系统未出现类似的不对称现象.两类网络系统的差异主要表现在鸟类丰富度、鸟类活动能力以及适合鸟类拜访的一系列植物性状上.对这两个互利共生系统差异的了解有助于深入理解植物-鸟类互利关系的进化.     

食果鸟类对红楠种子的传播作用

肉质果植物通常依赖食果鸟类等取食果实后经消化道过程传播种子, 以完成种群的更新。红楠(Machilus thunbergii)是亚热带森林的代表性种类, 其果实具有依赖鸟类等动物取食后传播的特点。2012 年、2013 年在梅花山国家级自然保护区,研究了鸟类对红楠果实的取食及种子的传播作用。结果如下: 取食红楠种实的鸟类共计18 种, 其中整吞果实的鸟类12 种,啄取果肉的鸟类5 种, 啄食种子的鸟类1 种。整吞果实鸟类中4 种鹎科和2 种鸦科鸟类访问频次和取食量较大, 是主要的种子传播者。鸟类主要以呕吐方式传播种子。取食后初停栖点与母树距离及地面种子散布地点的分析结果表明, 鸟类可以远距离扩散种子。地面种实可被啮齿动物或蚁类再次捕食或搬运。研究表明, 红楠可以借助鸟类实现种子传播和种群更新。     

黄檗的更新特点及食果实鸟类对其种子的传播

在帽儿山实验林场和哈尔滨实验林场 ,黄檗母树下没有幼苗分布 ,不能进行天然更新 ,需要靠食果实鸟类等将果实和种子传播至远离母树的其他林下。捕食黄檗果实的食果实鸟类有 9种。其中 6种是食果肉鸟类 ,吞入果实后 ,消化果肉 ,而种子完整地随粪便排出而得以传播。其余 3种是食种子鸟类 ,没有传播作用。果实在鸟类消化道内的滞留时间达 2 0～ 30min ,具有很长的潜在传播距离。将鸟类消化后的种子与完整果实和人为去果肉种子进行萌发对比实验 ,消化后种子的累计萌发率与其余二者之间均没有显著性差异 ,说明食果实鸟类的消化 (道 )过程对种子萌发没有明显影响 ,同时证明果肉对种子萌发率没有显著影响 ,果肉中不含萌发抑制物质。黄檗提供多种鸟类以食物 ,而鸟类也同时以多种肉质果植物为食物。因此食果实鸟类和肉质果植物 (包括黄檗 )之间形成了松散的互利共生关系     

西双版纳地区犬蝠和棕果蝠食性的初步研究

犬蝠和棕果蝠是西双版纳地区较为常见的两个果蝠物种,大多数时间内它们同域分布,共同利用当地许多野生果实。从2004年6月至12月,我们采用拾遗法、粪便分析法以及种子萌发鉴定法并结合雾网采样对西双版纳地区这两种果蝠的食性进行了初步研究。结果发现犬蝠利用11科18种植物的果实,2科2种植物的叶片;而棕果蝠利用9科12种植物的果实,1科1种植物的叶片。研究发现雨季(6－10月)两种果蝠食物类型在本地区重叠程度较高,它们共同利用的植物类型占记录植物类型总数的65%。在干旱季节(11－12月),棕果蝠避开与犬蝠在食物方面的竞争而去别的地力开拓食物资源。     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区森林演替对鸟类群落结构的影响

运用固定面积法调查了青林三个主要演替阶段森林(阔叶林、混交林和针叶林)的鸟类群落结构。结果表明,混交林中鸟类物种数、鸟类物种多样性和种团多样性最高,阔叶林最低。方差分析和聚类分析均表明,三种演替阶段森林的鸟类群落组成差异显著。所记录到的35种鸟类中有11种差异显著。其中,山雀科和科在阔叶林中占优势,而柳莺亚科在混交林和针叶林中占优势。食性种团中,阔叶林以食虫鸟和食果食虫鸟为主;混交林和针叶林均以食虫鸟、食果食虫鸟、食谷鸟和食果鸟为主。鉴于阔叶林和混交林有向顶级群落(针叶林)演替的趋势,建议采取人为干扰来维持三种演替阶段森林的面积,以便从景观水平上保护鸟类物种多样性。     

帽儿山地区秋季食果实鸟类的食性与迁徙

野外研究于2002和2003年秋季在帽儿山地区进行。帽儿山地区秋季可供鸟类取食的肉质果植物种类繁多,黄檗(Phellodendronamurense)和山荆子(Malusbaccata)是最主要的两种植物。帽儿山地区迁徙性食果实鸟类共9种,包括夏候鸟和旅鸟5种,冬候鸟4种。主要的食果实鸟类是斑鸫(Turdusnaumanni)、灰背鸫(T.hortulorum)和北朱雀(Carpodacusroseus),前两种为食果肉鸟类,后一种是食种子鸟类。斑鸫主要取食黄檗果实,灰背鸫主要取食山荆子果实,北朱雀主要取食黄檗种子。食果实鸟类在秋季也捕食一些动物性食物。3种主要食果实鸟类的迁徙日期不同。灰背鸫最先迁离,斑鸫稍晚,北朱雀最后到此越冬。果实丰歉年对鸟类的迁徙有一定的影响。     

云南西双版纳桑寄生植物传播与鸟的关系研究

在西双版纳地区桑寄生植物的种子是鸟类传播。传播的鸟类主要是啄花鸟科的纯色啄花鸟,红胸啄花鸟,朱背啄花鸟和黄肛啄花鸟等。桑寄生植物种子的传播方式,一是鸟类蚕食除去外果皮的种子或外果皮果肉相互连着的种子,经消化道消化吸收大部分果肉或外果皮后,将种子排出体外,其次是鸟在觅食中遗漏种子进行传播。     

都江堰林区取食樱桃果实(种子)的鸟类及其种子扩散作用

樱桃(Prunus pseudocerasus)是广泛分布于我国亚热带常绿阔叶林内的一种重要核果植物。为了解食果鸟类在樱桃种群更新中的作用,于2007年和2008年在四川都江堰亚热带常绿阔叶林内研究了取食樱桃果实(种子)的鸟类及其种子扩散作用。研究表明,樱桃成熟果实的下落高峰发生在4月下旬至5月上旬;2007年的种子扩散率为4.0%±1.0%,明显低于2008年(27.7%±5.7%)。在研究地内,发现至少有16种鸟取食樱桃果实或种子,根据其对果实和种子的处理方式分为3个功能群:白头鹎(Pycnontus sinensis)、领雀嘴鹎(Spizixos semitorques)、黑鹎(Hypisipetes leucocephalus)、白颊噪鹛(Garrulax snnio)、红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythorhyncha)等10种鸟吞食樱桃果实,而种子通过消化道末端排出并将种子携至远离母树的地方,是重要的种子扩散者;暗绿绣眼鸟(Alcippe morrisonia)和灰眶雀鹛(Zosterops iaponicus)等4种鸟主要啄食果肉而将种子丢弃在母树下,为啄食果肉者;而普通朱雀(Carpopacus erythrinus)和灰头鸦雀(Paradoxornis gularis)则主要取食种子,为纯粹的种子捕食者。在吞食樱桃果实的食果鸟中,3种鹎科鸟类访问频次所占的比例达55.3%(2007年)和35.3%(2008年),说明鹎科鸟类是都江堰林区樱桃种子的主要扩散者,对樱桃种群的空间格局和自然更新可能有重要影响。     

南京禄口国际机场昆虫月际发生规律及其与鸟类关系

掌握机场鸟类发生与草坪昆虫种类及数量间的关系有助于从食物链角度控制机场鸟类数量,降低鸟击风险。2015年3—11月采用网捕法和陷阱法调查了南京禄口国际机场草坪地上和地表昆虫,通过机场鸟情日常巡视工作记录飞行区内的鸟类种类和数量,通过解剖捕获的机场鸟类标本的嗉囊和胃确定其食物种类。调查共采集和鉴定出昆虫纲13目99科123种,26221头,优势类群为半翅目、膜翅目、双翅目、革翅目和鞘翅目,优势科为网蝽、摇蚊、蚜科和长蝽。地上和地表昆虫群落的密度和物种丰富度的月际变化均为单峰模式,地上昆虫和地表昆虫的发生高峰分别在8月(10头·m~(-2)和59种)和9月(113头·杯~(-1)和36种)。日常巡视共记录鸟类9目21科41种,活动高峰期为7—10月。鸟类素囔和胃检结果表明,昆虫、豆科和禾本科种子是鸟类的主要食物来源。Pearson相关性分析表明,杂食性鸟类月际发生量与昆虫月际发生数量呈显著正相关(P0.05),并且也分别与直翅目、膜翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目昆虫的月际发生量呈显著正相关。广义线性回规模型结果表明,禄口机场3—11月的鸟类月际发生量可通过直翅目昆虫的月际发生数量进行预测。研究表明,禄口机场鸟类发生与草坪昆虫种类和数量密切相关,通过喷撒农药和定期割草等手段来降低禄口机场昆虫尤其是直翅目昆虫数量将有助于机场鸟击防范工作。     

城市绿地中鸟类对海南蒲桃的取食和传播作用

海南蒲桃(Syzygium cumini)是亚热带地区城市绿地中常见的绿化植物, 其果实数量多、果期长, 可为鸟类提供大量食物资源。2020年6月—8月借助 Safari 10×26 变焦双筒望远镜, 采用焦点扫描法对访问海南蒲桃果实(种子)的鸟类行为进行观察, 详细记录鸟类的种类、取食基质、访问频次、取食时间、取食数量和取食方式等信息, 探讨鸟类在海南蒲桃种子传播及种群更新中的生态作用。结果表明: 成熟的海南蒲桃能吸引7种食果鸟类对其种子进行取食,其中白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)、白喉红臀鹎(Pycnonotus aurigaster)和黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus xanthorrhous)4种鸟类以整吞的方式取食海南蒲桃的种子, 属于种子潜在传播者。不同种鸟类对海南蒲桃果实的取食频次间存在显著差异(t=4.310, df=6, P < 0.01), 平均访问只数、平均取食时间和平均取食量间存在极显著差异(P < 0.001)。食果鸟类的形态特征(体长、体重和嘴峰大小)与取食数量间均呈正相关。鸟类主要以呕吐的方式传播海南蒲桃的种子, 观察期间在鸟类取食后停歇的树木下方地面上常散落着较多表面洁净、无果肉包裹的裸露种子, 且有大量的海南蒲桃幼苗成功更新, 说明城市绿地中的植物是可以借助鸟类的取食和传播来实现其种群的更新。     

Diets of fruit-eating birds: what are the causes of interspecific differences?

Differences in fruit choice among the bird species of a Spanish shrubland were related to the size of fruits and to the lipid content of pulp. Lipid-rich fruits were selected by the bird species with slower food passage rates through the digestive tract. These bird species also fed frequently on insects and seeds. Bird species with faster food passage rates fed less on insects and seeds, and ate mainly fruits with pulp poor in lipids (rich in sugars and water). Studies of digestion in birds indicate that lipids require slower food passage rates for efficient digestion and intestinal transport than simple sugars. The available evidence indicates that the European bird species that show stronger preferences for lipid-rich fruits are no better as seed dispersers, from the point of view of the plants, than species choosing lipidpoor fruits. Thus, the degree of frugivory of birds, their fruit choice patterns and their effects on seed dispersal do not seem to be related to each other in the ways expected by the early models of the evolution of fleshy fruits.     

Removal of vertebrate-dispersed fruits in vegetation on fertile and infertile soils

Summary The hypothesis that more plant species with vertebrate-dispersed fruits occur on fertile soils because there is a greater probability of fruit removal from the parent plant was tested at 16 sites around Sydney, Australia. Removal rates from artificial fruit spikes were two and a half times greater on fertile than infertile soil sites, although this was not quite statistically significant. High variability in removal rate between sites was evident irrespective of fertility. Most removal occurred during the day indicating that birds were important consumers, rather than nocturnal mammals. Bird abundance and diversity did not differ between soil types. More frugivorous species were found in plant communities growing on fertile soil. Two models could explain the patterns observed. Firstly, plants with vertebrate-dispersed fruits could be favoured on fertile soils because of a high abundance of frugivorous birds accomplishing seed dispersal. Alternatively, plants with vertebrate-dispersed fruits could be favoured on fertile soil sites for some other reason and frugivorous birds could be attracted to these areas of abundant food. The correlation between soil fertility and the percentage of vertebrate-dispersed fruits was stronger than the correlation between soil fertility and removal rates and suggests that the second model is more likely to be true. Frugivorous birds are unlikely to be responsible for the high percentage of species with vertebrate-dispersed fruits in fertile soil environments.     

Seasonal variation in fleshy fruit use and seed dispersal by the Japanese black bear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ursus thibetanus japonicus</Emphasis>)

Fruit use by the Japanese black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) and seed clumping in bear scat were studied in central Japan using fecal analyses. Between May and November 2003 and 2004, the life form and fruit size of plants consumed by bears and the species composition and intactness of seeds contained in scat were examined in five transects (approximately 10 km × 10 m) in broad-leaved deciduous forests. In 2003, scats with seeds were found only in the autumn, when fruiting trees and shrubs were abundant. In 2004, scats with seeds occurred intermittently from the summer, when fruiting plants were rare, up to the autumn. Yearly and seasonal variation in fruit use reflects the opportunistic foraging behavior of Japanese black bears. Seven of the nine plant species detected in scats had medium-sized fruits (6–15 mm width), whereas the other two species had relatively large fruits (20–100 mm width). In total, 14,492 seeds were detected, of which 97.6% were intact; the remainder were damaged. Intact seeds of one or two species were found in each scat. The number of intact seeds per scat ranged from 1 to 5476. Japanese black bears seldom digest ingested seeds, thereby contributing to the seed dispersal of their food plants, including species with fruits that are too large to be swallowed by frugivorous birds.     

Foraging success in junco flocks and the effects of social hierarchy

The relative advantages of flocking for socially dominant and subordinate dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) were investigated in a laboratory experiment. Success in finding seeds hidden in an artificial tree was determined for all individuals hunting alone. When hunting alone, birds who spread their searching more evenly over the habitat had a greater chance of finding the food source. Flocks of four were housed together and subsequently each flock formed a dominance hierarchy social structure. High-ranking individuals obtained more seeds when in flocks than when hunting as isolates. In numbers of seeds obtained, socially low-ranking birds gained no advantage in comparison to their performance as isolates. In our experiment, the primary advantage of flocking for low-ranking individuals was the reduced chance of obtaining no food at all.     

EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF FRUIT-EATING BY BIRDS

In spite of a considerable literature on fruit-eating, the general evolutionary implications of fruit as a source of food for birds have been neglected. A preliminary attempt is made to explore the evolutionary and ecological consequences of fruit-eating, considered as a mutual interaction between parent plant and dispersal agent. The relationship considered is that obtaining between fleshy fruits and the “legitimate” fruit-eating birds which digest the fleshy part of the fruit and void the seed intact. Evolutionary aspects of seed-eating are also briefly discussed. The “strategies” adopted by fruits for dispersal by birds result in the production of abundant food supplies which are easy of access and exploitable by many species of birds. By contrast, the predation of birds on insects leads to a heterogeneous, sparse and cryptic food supply, to exploit which many different hunting techniques are necessary. Two important evolutionary developments in birds are attributed to these differences in food supply: there tend to be more species in families of insectivorous than of frugivorous birds, and lek behaviour in tropical forest has evolved in predominantly frugivorous birds. The seasonal succession of fruits in temperate latitudes is discussed, and contrasted with the situation in the tropics, using examples from Europe and Trinidad. In general, the succession of ripe fruits in Europe seems to be adapted to the seasonal shifts of the bird populations, and the more nutritious fruits tend to have a more southerly distribution and to ripen later than the more succulent fruits. In the tropics the distinction between nutritious and succulent fruits seems to be largely one of habitat. The constant succession of ripe fruits throughout the year in the tropics probably depends on competition for dispersal by frugivorous birds, which thus ensure the maintenance of their own food supply. This may be regarded as a symbiosis at the level of the ecosystem.     

Frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region

Current knowledge of frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in the Oriental Region is summarized. Some degree of frugivory has been reported for many fish and reptile species, almost half the genera of non-marine mammals and more than 40% of bird genera in the region. Highly frugivorous species, for which fruit dominates the diet for at least part of the year, occur in at least two families of reptiles, 12 families of mammals and 17 families of birds. Predation on seeds in fleshy fruits is much less widespread taxonomically: the major seed predators are colobine monkeys and rodents among the mammals, and parrots, some pigeons, and finches among the birds. Most seeds in the Oriental Region, except near its northern margins, are dispersed by vertebrate families which are endemic to the region or to the Old World. Small fruits and large, soft fruits with many small seeds are consumed by a wide range of potential seed dispersal agents, including species which thrive in small forest fragments and degraded landscapes. Larger, bigger-seeded fruits are consumed by progressively fewer dispersers, and the largest depend on a few species of mammals and birds which are highly vulnerable to hunting, fragmentation and habitat loss.     

鸟类取食中国沙棘果实的方式及其对种子的传播作用

2003年9月～2004年3月,定期观察取食中国沙棘果实的鸟类及其取食方式。共记录取食中国沙棘果实的鸟类18种,其取食果实的方式主要有：1)直接在树冠上吞食果实,有时候在吞食后将种子呕出;2)将果实从树上衔走后,在栖息处吞食或啄食;3)将果实啄落至地面,然后取食果肉和种子,留下果皮;4)啄破果皮,吸食果肉,留下果皮及种子;5)从顶端将果皮啄破后,仅取食里面的种子。不同的取食方式决定了它们对沙棘种子的传播作用不同。收集鸟粪便中的种子与完整的干果实及人工剥离果肉和内果皮的种子做萌发对比实验,结果表明,鸟类消化道过程对种子的萌发有一定影响,但萌发率仍较高。沙棘为多种鸟类提供食物,而鸟类则为沙棘传播种子,它们之间形成一种互利关系。     

Factors affecting seed rain beneath fleshy-fruited plants

We investigated factors affecting seed rain beneath nine fleshy-fruited fruiting plant species growing in a 1-ha plot of planted Pinus thunbergii in central Japan. We tested whether the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped by birds beneath fruiting plants were correlated with the number of fruits removed by birds from the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit removal had significantly high seed rain. Both the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped were significantly, positively correlated with the number of fruits removed across for all fruiting plant species. Therefore, fruit removal predicted the difference among heterospecific fruiting plants in seed rain. We also tested whether the number of fruits removed from fruiting plants by birds was related with fruit crop size, fruit size, and height of the plants, and the numbers of fruits and fruit species of neighboring plants near the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size had significantly high fruit removal. The number of fruits removed was significantly, positively correlated with both the fruit crop size and the number of neighboring fruits across the nine fruiting plant species. However, the effect of the neighboring fruit density on fruit removal was lower remarkably than that of fruit crop size. Therefore, fruit crop size best predicted the differences among heterospecific fruiting plants in fruit removal. We suggest that fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size and high fruit removal contribute to intensive seed rain beneath them. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Forty-five years later: The shifting dynamic of traditional ecological knowledge on Pantelleria Island,Italy

In 1969, Galt and Galt conducted an ethnobotanical survey in the community of Khamma on the volcanic island of Pantelleria, Italy. Since then, a number of botanical studies concerning the local wild flora and cultivation of the zibibbo grape and capers have been conducted, but none have investigated traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) regarding the use of wild plants and fungi. We documented the current TEK and practices concerning wild plants and fungi on the island, focusing on uses related to food and medicine with 42 in-depth interviews in six communities in June 2014. Our aim was to examine shifts in TEK, represented in terms of loss or gain of specific species uses, in comparison to the 1969 study. All interviews were conducted in person in Italian with prior informed consent. We employed two primary means of eliciting responses concerning traditional practices; informants were asked to: 1) free-list the most commonly used plants for wild foods, general medicine, and skin remedies; and 2) view and discuss a booklet composed of photos of species reported in the Galt and Galt study. In total, 86 botanical and 19 fungal species representing 53 families were cited. While many plant-based traditions have disappeared from daily practice, especially those related to traditional fishing and hunting, they remain in the memories of the eldest subset of the population. For example, one of the most pervasive species in the landscape, Opuntia ficus-indica, has current day uses that persist as a food source, but its past applications were much more diverse, and included manipulation into hunting snares for birds. Other predominant flora included a number of Euphorbia spp., whose toxic latex was regularly used as a fish poison. Fungi, on the other hand, nowadays represent an important source of wild food. In conclusion, we documented a decline in knowledge and practice of TEK related to ritual healing, livestock rearing, hunting and fishing practices and an increase in TEK concerning newly introduced edible fungi.