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1.
Methods developed to isolate intact cells from both unripe and ripe tomato fruit pericarp parenchyma have allowed the cell biological analysis of polysaccharide epitopes at the surface of separated cells. The LM7 pectic homogalacturonan epitope is a marker of the junctions of adhesion planes and intercellular spaces in parenchyma systems. The LM7 epitope persistently marked the former edge of adhesion planes at the surface of cells separated from unripe and ripened tomato fruit and also from fruits with the Cnr mutation. The LM 11 xylan epitope was associated, in sections, with cell walls lining intercellular space but the epitope was not detected at the surface of isolated cells, being lost during cell isolation. The LM15 xyloglucan epitope was present at the surface of cells isolated from unripe fruit in a pattern reflecting the former edge of cell adhesion planes/intercellular space but with gaps and apparent breaks. An equivalent pattern of LM15 epitope occurrence was revealed at the surface of cells isolated by pectate lyase action but was not present in cells isolated from ripe fruit or from Cnr fruit. In contrast to wild-type cells, the LM5 galactan and LM21 mannan epitopes occurred predominantly in positions reflecting intercellular space in Cnr, suggesting a concerted alteration in cell wall microstructure in response to this mutation. Galactanase and mannanase, along with pectic homogalacturonan-degrading enzymes, were capable of releasing cells from unripe fruit parenchyma. These observations indicate that hemicellulose polymers are present in architectural contexts reflecting cell adhesion and that several cell wall polysaccharide classes are likely to contribute to cell adhesion/cell separation in tomato fruit pericarp parenchyma.  相似文献   

2.
Zuili plum (Prunus salicina L.) trees usually set fruit poorly, although they produce high quality fruit. To elucidate the causes of the poor fruit set, pollen tube growth into pistils and fruit set percentage were investigated after cross-, self- and open-pollination. Ovule development in Zuili pistils was also investigated. Pollen tube penetration into the ovules via the obturator and micropyle was best when Zuili pistils were pollinated by cv. Black Amber (P. domestica) pollen grains, although cross-pollinations with Hongxinli and Miili (P. salicina) pollen were more effective than self- and open-pollination. The fruit set percentage was also highest in pistils pollinated with Black Amber pollen grains. Morphological observation of Zuili pistils revealed that the trees produce "double pistils", developing two ovaries from a basal pistil, at a rate as high as 28%. In such abnormal pistils, most ovules were lacking an embryo sac or were entirely degenerated. The percentage of normally developed ovules was 24.3% and 8.9% in normal and double pistils, respectively. From these results, we conclude that the main causes of poor fruit set of Zuili plums are a lack of effective cross-pollination and the production of high percentages of double pistils in which normally developed ovules are scarcely formed.  相似文献   

3.
对“接穗郁李影响杏砧变异的实验”的解释   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
刘用生 《遗传》2000,22(6):401-402
本文认为“接穗郁李影响杏砧变异的实验”为嫁接杂交研究提供了新的证据,并根据近年来植物分子生物学的有关研究成果,对蘖生郁李产生的原因进行了解释。 Abstract:The paper considers that the experiment of affect scion of Prunus japonica Thunb on stock of Prunus armeniaca L. furnish fresh evidence for graft hybridization,and proposes the possible mechnism for production of tillering Prunus japoniaca Thunb according to recent achievements in plant molecular biology.  相似文献   

4.
李德华  贺立源  刘武定 《遗传》2004,26(4):491-494
以两个耐铝性不同的玉米自交系及它们的杂交和回交世代为材料,采用营养液培养方法,对玉米的耐铝性进行了遗传分析。结果表明,根系相对生物量具有较高的的遗传变异,其广义遗传率高达78.6%。但其狭义遗传率仅为15.4%,说明其遗传方式以显性效应为主。相反,地上部相对生物量具有相对较高的狭义遗传率(43.1%),其遗传方式以加性效应为主。在0.1m mol/L Al3+ 胁迫条件下,根系总的和活跃的吸收比表面遗传率较低,说明此根系活力性状受环境影响较大。Abstract: The heredity of Al-tolerance was studied in different Al-tolerance of two inbred lines of maize and their F1, F2, B1 and B2 generations by the means of nutritional cultivation. The results indicated that the relative biomass(Al/CK) of root had high hereditary variance, the broad-sense heredity reached 78.6 %, but narrow-sense heredity only had 15.4 %. Its hereditary pattern mainly was dominant effects. On contrast, the relative biomass of shoot had high narrow-sense heredity (43.1%), it means that the hereditary pattern of relative biomass of shoot mainly was additive effects. On the hereditary ground of 0.1 mmol/L Al3+, the broad-sense heredity of total absorbing surface to volume ratio and active absorbing surface to volume ratio were 17.9 % and 36.4 %, and narrow-sense heredity of them were 10.0 % and 18.4 %. It means that the characters of root activity were obviously affected by environment.  相似文献   

5.
福建省果树寒(冻)害短期精细预报预警技术   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
根据福建省68个气象站1963-2008年冬季气候资料,利用数理统计和GIS方法,对福建省果树寒(冻)害短期精细预报预警技术进行了研究.结果表明:福建省果树寒(冻)害预警期为12月上旬-翌年2月中旬,预警关键期为12月中旬-翌年1月中旬;利用逐步回归建立的福州、厦门和邵武3个探空站日最低气温短期预报模型,经差值法移植后,可以用于全省各气象台站日最低气温短期预报;建立各气象台站日最低气温与经度、纬度、海拔高度的地理关系推算模型,利用GIS制作日最低气温预报分布图,可以开展日最低气温空间精细预报;结合荔枝、龙眼、香蕉等南亚热带果树寒(冻)害指标,对果树寒(冻)害的发生、发展和范围进行短期预报预警;2009年利用差值移植法开展各气象站最低气温(t_d)的短期预报:≤1℃的预报准确率为58.3%,≤1.5℃的预报准确率为83.3%,≤2℃的预报准确率为91.7%;短期预报模型具有一定的预报能力,能作为冬季低温定量预报方法.
Abstract:
Based on the 1963-2008 meteorological data from 68 weather stations in Fujian Province,and by using mathematic statistics and GIS technique,the short-term subtle forecast and early warming methods for cold (freezing) damage of fruit trees in the province were approached.The forecast period for cold (freezing) damage of fruit trees was from early December to next early February,and the key period for warning low temperature was from mid December to next mid January.The short-term forecast equations for the minimum daytime temperature in Fuzhou,Xiamen,and Shaowu were established by stepwise regression analysis,which could be used for the forecast of short-term minimum temperature by all of the meteorological observation stations in Fujian Province by means of differential algorithms.Based on the data of longitude,latitude,and altitude,the geographical relational prediction model of the minimum daytime temperature was established,and the distribution map of forecasted low temperature was drawn with GIS technology,which could subtly forecast the minimum daytime temperature of whole Fujian Province.In combining with the cold (freezing) damage indices of fruit trees such as litchi,longan,and banana in southern subtropical monsoon climate zone,the forecast information of warning cold (freezing) damage of fruit trees were popularized,and the occurrence,development,and range of cold (freezing) damage for fruit trees were forecasted in short-term.By means of differential algorithms,the short-term minimum temperature was forecasted by all weather stations in the Province in 2009,and the forecast accuracy of ≤1 ℃,≤1.5 ℃,and ≤2 ℃was 58.3%,83.3%,and 91.7%,respectively.It could be seen that our short-term forecast model possessed a certain forecast capability,and could be used for the quantificational forecasting of low temperature in winter.  相似文献   

6.
Restenosis is one of clinical limitations for vein graft in coron- ary bypass graft. It has been proved that signal pathway IGF-1 and its receptor (IGF-1R) activated by hemodynamic mechanical stretch are responsible for the vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation in vein graft neointima formation. Unfortunately, there is no routinely successful method to resolve this problem. Gene delivering to vein graft possesses great therapeutic potential to prevent neointima formation. Polymer is one kind of nanoparticles, which can activate the process of endocytosis of cells. In this study, we evaluated the transfeetion efficiency and therapeutic potential of polymer- based transfection of plasmids expressing GFP and shRNAs targeting IGF-1R (pGFPshlGF-1Rs) to smooth muscle cells and rabbit external jugular vein graft. Results showed that polymer-based transfection provided high efficiency of trans- gene expression in smooth muscle cells in vitro. In vitro, IGF- 1R-specific shRNA transfected by polymer inhibited IGF-1R protein expression by 52 ±3.6%, when compared with mock transfected cells. In vivo delivering efficiency of pGFPshlGF-IR plasmid into the rabbit external jugular vein graft was significantly high in the polymer-based trans- fection group, when compared with negative control group. In vivo, polymer-based transfection IGF-1R-specific shRNA efficiently inhibited the expression of IGF-1R protein by 77 ± 3.6%, 65.6 ± 4.9%, and 76.7 ± 4.3% at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, when compared with negative control group. Our findings indicated that polymer-based transfec- tion may be a promising technique that allows the targeting of gene therapy for vein graft restenosis.  相似文献   

7.
The characteristics of the particulate mouse centromere enriched fraction from isolated nuclei obtained in our laboratory were investigated by indirect immunofiuorescence, test of the activity of microtubule organizing center(MTOC), SDS-PAGE, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Most of the particles of the fraction are complexes of DNA and kinetochore proteins and show MTOC activity. The DNA isolated from the fraction can hybridize with DNA in the regions of the primary constrictions of all chromosomes of ascites cells. The kinetochore proteins isolated from the fraction are mainly those with molecular weight of 55 KD and 59 KD. Results suggested that the fraction obtained is a centromere enriched nuclear fraction as indicated in our previous report.  相似文献   

8.
正How a genome with linear length over meters is compacted into the micrometer-sized nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells,and how this compaction affects and is affected by the genome functionalities have puzzled biologists for decades.There are mainly two classes of technologies that are dedicated to the probing of genome spatial organization.Image-based analyses of three-dimensional(3D)fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)[1]have been widely used in genome spatial research.  相似文献   

9.
Starch degradation in cells is closely associated with cereal seed germination, photosynthesis in leaves, carbohydrate storage in tuberous roots, and fleshy fruit development. Based on previously reported in vitro assays, β-amylase is considered one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch breakdown, but up to date its role in starch breakdown in living cells remains unclear because the enzyme was shown often extrachloroplastic in living cells. The present experiment showed that β-amylase activity was progressively increasing concomitantly with decreasing starch concentrations during apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Starkrimson) fruit development. The apparent amount of β-amylase assessed by Western blotting also increased during the fruit development, which is consistent with the seasonal changes in the enzyme activity. The subcellular-localization studies via immunogold electron-microscopy technique showed that β-amylase visualized by gold particles was predominantly located in plastids especially at periphery of starch granules, but the gold particles were scarcely found in other subcellular compartments. These data proved for the first time that the enzyme is compartmented in its functional sites in plant living cells. The predominantly plastid-distributed pattern of β-amylase in cells was shown unchanged throughout the fruit development. The density of gold particles (β-amylase) in plastids was increasing during the fruit development, which is consistent with the results of Western blotting. So it is considered that β-amylase is involved in starch hydrolysis in plastids of the fruit cells.  相似文献   

10.
NIZUMEI  NINGYI 《Cell research》1993,3(2):165-171
The characteristics of the particulate mouse centromere enriched fraction from isolated nuclei obtained in our laboratory were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence,test of the activity of microtubule organizing center(MTOC),SDS-PAGE,and fluorescence in situ hybridization.Most of the particles of the fraction are complexes of DNA and kinetochore proteins and show MTOC activity.The DNA isolated from the fraction can hybridize with DNA in the regions of the primary constrictions of all chromosomes of ascions of the primary constrictions of all chromosomes of ascites cells.The kinetochore proteins isolated from the fraction are mainly those with molecular weight of 55 KD and 59 KD.Results suggested that the fraction obtained is a centromere enriched nuclear fraction as indicated in our previous report.  相似文献   

11.
本研究是在我区银杏主产区兴安进行的80多亩,3000多株的示范栽培试验。其综合技术措施是选用良种嫁接苗、适当密植、配置雄株、整形修剪、合理施肥、防治病虫害及促花早实等。种后5—6年取得速生、早实、高产的良好效果。  相似文献   

12.
Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), like many fruit trees, cannot be propagated clonally from seed and is instead propagated by the grafting onto rootstocks. Rootstocks affect the growth of scions, but it is not known why. The circulation of some mRNAs throughout the phloem has recently been shown. To clarify whether RNAs are transported long distance through the graft union of apple trees, we analyzed cDNAs derived from shoot phloem cells by laser capture microdissection. We detected several mRNAs that have already been reported as phloem-transported RNAs in other plants. One of them, MpSLR/IAA14, was probed to transport a long distance through the graft union in grafted apple plant. These results suggest that a phloem RNA transport system may be involved in the effects of rootstocks on scion growth and cropping.  相似文献   

13.
Darwin's pangenesis, a developmental theory of heredity, has been largely thought to be wrong for more than a century. In this paper, further evidence for the inheritance of acquired characters and graft hybridization is provided. A striking similarity between mRNA and Darwin's so-called gemmule has been found by comparing their nature and function. I propose that once the term gemmule has been replaced by mRNA, Darwin's pangenesis will revive, indicating an important step in biology.  相似文献   

14.
Darwin’s contributions to evolutionary biology are well known, but his contributions to genetics are much less known. His main contribution was the collection of a tremendous amount of genetic data, and an attempt to provide a theoretical framework for its interpretation. Darwin clearly described almost all genetic phenomena of fundamental importance, such as prepotency (Mendelian inheritance), bud variation (mutation), heterosis, reversion (atavism), graft hybridization (Michurinian inheritance), sex-limited inheritance, the direct action of the male element on the female (xenia and telegony), the effect of use and disuse, the inheritance of acquired characters (Lamarckian inheritance), and many other observations pertaining to variation, heredity and development. To explain all these observations, Darwin formulated a developmental theory of heredity — Pangenesis — which not only greatly influenced many subsequent theories, but also is supported by recent evidence.  相似文献   

15.
16.
This is a large-scale molecular study based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of the diversification process in chestnut cultivars from Portugal and Spain, from the northern Iberian Peninsula to the Canary Islands and the Azores. A total of 593 grafted chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) were analysed with 10 SSRs: 292 from Portugal and 301 from Spain. Some of the trees studied were more than 300 years old. Accessions were analysed using a model-based Bayesian procedure to assess the geographical structure and to assign individuals to reconstructed populations based on the SSR genotypes. We found 356 different genotypes with a mean value of clonality of 33% owing to grafting. Mutations accounted for 6%, with hybridization being the main diversification process that can explain the great diversity found. Ten main cultivar groups were detected: four in northern Spain, five in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and one in southern Spain related to the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. This work demonstrated that cultivar origin and the diversification process was a combination of clonal propagation of selected seedlings, hybridization, and mutations, which allowed high levels of diversity to be maintained with respect to selected clones for fruit production. Furthermore, seedlings and graft sticks facilitated the transport to new destinations in the colonization process, transporting sometimes more than 3000 km if we consider the Azores and the Canary Islands.  相似文献   

17.
本文就云南、四川两省采用尖叶木樨榄(Olea ferrugineaRoyle.)作砧木嫁接油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)二十余年的试验观察,报道尖叶木樨榄在我国的分布及其生物学特性,系统总结尖叶木樨榄作砧木对油橄榄生长发育及开花结实的影响。试验结果表明:尖叶木樨榄作砧木具有种子出苗率高,嫁接繁殖容易,提早油橄榄开花结实年龄,增强油橄榄对酸性红壤的适应性,增强油橄榄对干旱环境和对某些病害的抗性等优点。此砧木已在我国西南部油橄榄适生区应用于生产性栽培。  相似文献   

18.
19.
Covering apple fruits with double layer waterproof bags to enhance fruit quality and evenness of blush colour is typical on many cultivars in Korea and Japan. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) applied to unbagged apple fruits at 3–4 weeks before commercial harvest reduces ethylene production in the fruit, delays fruit ripening and reduces pre-harvest fruit drop. Spray application of AVG to trees of bagged apples should have no effect on apple ripening as there is␣no direct contact with the fruit and the translocation of AVG in apple trees is regarded as negligible. However, preliminary experiments suggested that AVG applied to trees of bagged apples reduced pre-harvest fruit drop in “Kotgetsu” apples. This study investigated the effect of spray treatments of 125 ppm of AVG on fruit drop, fruit ripening (firmness, starch conversion and soluble solids) and ethylene production to whole trees with bagged or unbagged “Kogetsu” fruit, as well as sprays of only the bagged or unbagged fruit on trees on two orchards. AVG applied to whole trees with unbagged apples reduced fruit drop from an average of 58.9% to 10.4%, delayed starch conversion and decreased ethylene production. AVG applied to whole trees with bagged fruit was equally effective in reducing pre-harvest drop, delaying fruit ripening and reducing ethylene production. Application of AVG to unbagged fruit only was nearly as effective as application to whole trees with unbagged fruit but application to bagged fruit only had no effect on fruit ripening or ethylene production. Application of AVG to bagged fruit only did reduce fruit drop to an average of 42.5% but this was not as effective as spraying unbagged fruit only or whole trees with bagged fruit. Possible mechanisms for this effect are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
RICHARDS, A. J., 1990. Studies in Garcinia, dioecious tropical fruit trees: the origin of the mangosteen (G. mangostana L.). Mangosteen does not grow in the wild state. Plants are said to be invariable, and almost all are female. Mangosteen (2n=?88–90), an obligate agamosperm, has only two close relatives, G. hombroniana (2n= 48) and G. malaccensis (2n=?42) which are facultative agamosperms. For the 13 main characters by which they differ, mangosteen takes an intermediate morphological position for five characters, and resembles each of the other species for four of the remainder. It is suggested that mangosteen is an allopolypoid derivative of these species which arose as a female from a single hybridization event in cultivation, and which has since reproduced asexually. To overcome difficulties in propagation and establishment that mangosteen presents, attempts should be made to graft and hybridize mangosteen with its presumptive parents.  相似文献   

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