低浓度NaHSO3促进田间水稻的光合磷酸化和光合作用

用1～2 mmol/L NaHSO3喷施于水稻(Oryza sativa L.)叶面可以提高叶片的光合速率,并能持续3 d以上.在此条件下,光下叶片中的ATP含量明显增高,叶片的叶绿素毫秒延迟荧光加强,反映与光合磷酸化活力有关的跨类囊体膜质子梯度增加.乳熟期喷施2次1 mmol/L NaHSO3后,水稻产量提高约10%.研究表明NaHSO3的主要作用和PMS(phenazine methosulfate)促进光合速率的原因可能类似,都是增加了ATP的供应.与此同时,观察到低浓度NaHSO3可促进水稻中反映循环电子传递的叶绿素荧光在作用光关闭后的短时上升.以上现象表明低浓度NaHSO3的促进作用很可能是通过促进围绕PSⅠ的循环电子传递及其耦联的光合磷酸化而促进水稻光合作用的.     

低浓度NaHSO3处理对温室黄瓜光合作用的影响

为探讨低浓度亚硫酸盐对于黄瓜光合作用的影响及其机制,在温室栽培条件下,以黄瓜品种Deltastar 为试材,采用低浓度的NaHSO3溶液喷施处理不同生育期的黄瓜叶片.结果表明:低浓度NaHSO3可以提高温室黄瓜叶片的光合速率.温室黄瓜NaHSO3处理的适宜浓度为2.0 mmol/L左右,在黄瓜苗期和开花结瓜期喷施低浓度NaHSO3溶液均可提高黄瓜叶片的光合速率,并能持续作用3 d左右.与对照(喷水)相比,2.0 mmoL/L NaHSO3处理提高黄瓜功能叶片光合速率20%左右,且与已知的促进循环光合磷酸化的辅助因子PMS的作用类似,其增加了ATP的供应,而并非影响叶片叶绿素PSⅡ的光化学效率.文章还对设施内光照不足情况下NaHSO3的应用进行了讨论.     

光合放氢与氢气能源

光合作用所吸收的日光能,首先贮存于ATP和NADPH_2两种称为同化力之中,然后除了用于CO_2还原外,在某些光合生物中还可用于还原H_2O或有机物分子中,并以分子态氢的形式释放出来,后者就是某些植物(主要是藻类)和细菌的光合放氢作用。现在已知,几乎所有的光合细菌都可以放氢,50%以上的藻类在一定条件下也可以放氢。如蓝绿藻既能进行光合固氮,又能进行光合放氢。这不仅说明了光     

光合细菌利用太阳能产氢——解决能源危机的新途径

光合细菌是水生的革兰氏阴性的微生物,广泛分布于海洋、河川、湖泊、小溪和水塘中。因它含有细菌叶绿素和类胡萝卜素等光合色素,因此可以利用光能通过光合作用而生长繁殖。光合细菌在进行光合作用的同时,还能够行使固氮功能。光合作用形成的高还原物质和高能量物质,除了供给固氮酶的固氮需要外,也用于支持固氮酶的产氢反应,氢气的吸收则由氢酶执行。大量的研究工作表明,通过捕获光能产生氢气,从而将太阳能转化为稳定的化学能,是光合细菌的一个普遍特征。     

Amperometry氢电极及其在光合细菌放氢中的应用

近年来,在光合作用,生物固氮研究领域中,人们愈来愈多地开展光合、固氮、放氢机制的研究,它不仅可以提高光合效率,使农作物达到更高的产量,而且可以探索光合生物利用太阳能光解水,获得新的二次能源——氢气的可能。在生物固氮体系中,固氮酶的氢释放,是细胞能量(以ATP或还原剂的形式)的损失,导致固氮效率的降低。因此,研究固氮生物内的氢代谢,减少放氢,提高固氮效率这个问题,引起了许多研究者的兴趣。测定氢的手段有多种,例如;质谱、气相色谱、同位素技术、微量呼吸器和Amperometry氢电极     

低浓度硫酸甲酯吩嗪（PMS）对叶片光合放氧的促进作用

外加低浓度循环光合磷酸化电子递体硫酸甲酯吩嗪(PMS)对菠菜、大豆、水稻和小麦叶片光合放氧有促进作用,与此同时叶片ATP含量也得到增加。PMS对经8 mmol L~(-1)NH_4Cl处理过的菠菜叶片的光合放氧也有促进,最适促进浓度比未经NH_4Gl处理的叶片高,促进的幅度也大。幼龄叶与成长叶相比,幼龄叶的光合磷酸化活性和P/O比值低于成长叶片,其光合放氧速率受PMS促进的幅度大于成长叶片。因此光合磷酸化也可以成为光合作用的一个重要限制因素。     

完整叶绿体中的NADP及NADPH测定

NADP是植物体内重要的氢递体,叶绿体通过光合电子传递和偶联光合磷酸化反应形成NADPH和ATP,再利用它们去同化CO_2。因此对光合器官内NADP及NADPH的含量分析,在光合作用研究中显得十分重要。一般测定NADPH形成的非循环光合电子传递活性时,是在无被膜的离体叶绿体反应系统中加入外源NADP及铁氧还蛋白,光还原形成的NADPH的量直接由波长340     

第十七讲 高等植物的离子运转(续)

六、细胞膜与离子运转细胞膜最基本的性质是它对物质透过的障碍,而且具有选择性,由于这些性质,它能控制什么物质透过它,透过多少。控制离子的运转对于生理过程的稳定非常重要,因为离子的运转直接影响到细胞的pH、细胞的渗透压和各种代谢功能;膜还参与在ATP的产生、光合作用的能量转换;这些过程也都和离子通过膜的运转有关。     

细菌的光合器与光合色素

大部分细菌无叶绿素,不能进行光合作用,但也有相当一部分细菌能够利用光作为能源、利用CO2作为碳源、以无机物作为供红体还原CO2合成生活所需的有机物质,这些细菌称之为光合细菌。光合细菌又根据它们在光合作用过程中的供氢体是无机物还是有机物而分为两类光合营养型。以无机物为供氢体的光合细菌称为光能自养型;以有机物为供氢体的光合细菌称为光合异养型。属于光能自养型的细菌例如绿硫细菌,其光合作用过程同高等绿色植物的光合作用过程相似,所不同的是高等绿色植物光合作用是以水作为CO。的还原剂,同时放出O。;而在绿硫细菌光…     

根环境供氧状况对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗光合及离子吸收的影响

以溶液培养的棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)幼苗为材料,测定了不同盐胁迫程度和不同根环境供氧状况条件下棉花幼苗的叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和植株的Na~+、K~+离子含量等的变化,以探索根环境供氧状况对盐胁迫下棉花光合作用和离子吸收的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫和根环境供氧不足均导致净光合速率下降。在处理后的前期,盐胁迫对棉花叶片光合作用的不利影响大于供氧不足(不通气)的影响,而后期根环境供氧不足的不利影响快速增大,并逐渐超过盐胁迫的影响。在低浓度盐胁迫和根环境不通气处理的初期,棉花叶片光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔因素(气孔关闭或部分关闭引起的CO_2供应不足);随着盐胁迫程度的增大和胁迫持续时间的延长,光合速率下降的原因逐渐转变为非气孔因素(光合系统损伤引起的光合能力下降)。相同程度盐胁迫下,根环境通气处理的棉花叶片的净光合速率和PSⅡ最大光化学效率等均显著高于根环境不通气处理的,说明根环境供氧不足加重了盐胁迫对光合作用的不利影响。对棉花植株各器官离子积累量的测定、分析发现,盐胁迫导致了棉花根系拒Na~+、吸K~+的能力和选择性运输K~+的能力降低,使棉花根系和叶片的Na~+含量增多、K~+含量减少、[Na~+]/[K~+]比值升高;而根环境通气则可显著提高盐胁迫下根系的拒Na~+、吸K~+能力和根系向叶片选择性运输K~+的能力,降低根系和叶片的[Na~+]/[K~+]比值。试验还发现,根系K~+、Na~+含量受盐胁迫的影响较大,而叶片K~+、Na~+含量受根环境通气状况的影响更大一些。综合分析可见,盐胁迫和根环境供氧不足均可导致棉花叶片光合速率下降、光合机构损伤以及离子平衡失调,而根环境通气可以缓解盐胁迫对棉花叶片光合作用的不利影响、增加根系和叶片对K~+的选择吸收和积累、降低[Na~+]/[K~+]比值,从而增强棉花植株对盐胁迫的适应性和抵抗力。     

Different Pathways are Involved in the Enhancement of Photosynthetic Rate by Sodium Bisulfite and Benzyladenine, a Case Study with Strawberry (Fragaria×Ananassa Duch) Plants

In order to understand the pathway involved in the chemical enhancement of photosynthetic rate, sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃) and benzyladenine (BA), a growth regulator, were applied to strawberry plants. The influence of these compounds on gas exchange and millisecond delayed light emission (ms-DLE) was investigated using 2-month-old plants. Results showed the net photosynthetic rate (A) in leaves was promoted by both NaHSO₃ and BA. Stomatal conductance (g) and transpiration rate (E) were significantly increased only by BA, while intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) was significantly decreased by NaHSO₃. The enhancement of A by NaHSO₃ and BA was only a short-term effect, lasting approximately 5 days for NaHSO₃ and 30 h for BA. Plants treated with NaHSO₃, BA or NaHSO₃ + BA, showed no significant fluctuations in carboxylation efficiency (CE), photorespiration (R_P) or dark respiration (R_D). These results suggest that the influences of NaHSO₃ and BA on gas exchange particularly A, could be via different mechanisms: the enhancement of A by the application of low concentrations of NaHSO₃ appears to be associated with increased cyclic electron flow, while BA enhancement of A is at least partially due to increased g and/or E.     

两种基因型小麦光合作用对NaHSO3响应的差别

两种不同基因型小麦京411(J411,北京地区高产小麦品种)和小偃54(X54,一种远源杂交品种)的光合作用对低浓度NaHS03处理的响应不同。NaHS031mmol／L处理能够提高京411在CO2浓度为350和900μL／L的空气中的净光合速率;而对小偃54,在这两种情况下的净光合速率均无明显影响。以往的研究表明NaHS03促进光合作用的原因类似于PMS(Phenazine methosulfate),都是增加了ATP的合成。此文再次证明并发现经过NaHS031mmol／L处理后,京411叶片作用光关闭后叶绿素荧光瞬时上升的幅度提高,远红光后P700^ (reaction center cholorophyll of PSI)再还原的半时间缩短,表明NaHS03可以促进小麦京411中围绕PSI循环电子传递及其耦联的磷酸化。然而,NaHS03对小偃54的作用光关闭后叶绿素荧光瞬时上升的幅度及远红光后P700^ 再还原的半时间均无明显影响。与小麦京411相比较,小偃54的作用光停止后叶绿素荧光瞬时上升的幅度增大,而且其在远红光后P700^ 再还原的半时间更短,表明小偃54的循环电子传递的能力远高于京411的。两种不同基因型小麦对NaHS03的响应不同很可能是由于二者在循环电子传递能力上有很大的差别。     

The impact of high CO2 concentrations on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus and the role of polyamines

Here we examined the influence of high CO2 concentrations on the structure and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus in the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Presented in this work are: chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence induction kinetics, measurements of photosynthetic and respiration rates, estimation of Chl a/Chl b ratios, isolation and quantitative assessment of the photosynthetic subcomplexes, quantitative analyses of thylakoid bound polyamines, and experiments with exogenously supplied polyamines with cultures grown in low- and high-CO2 concentrations. Together, they indicated that high-CO2 concentrations affect polyamines and, more specifically, increase the thylakoid bound putrescine (PUT) level that leads to an increase of the active reaction center density combined with a decrease in the LHCII-size and the ratio of LHCII-oligomeres/LHCII-monomeres. This reorganization of the photosynthetic apparatus leads to enhanced photosynthetic rates, which in combination with the high-CO2 concentrations, leads to an immense increase of biomass (800%). Further incubation for longer time periods under the same conditions produces, due to an increase in cell density, a self-shading effect and photoadaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to low light conditions and therefore also results in reduction of the high-CO2 effect. The photoadaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to high-light conditions (Kotzabasis et al. 1999) and the acclimation to high-CO2 concentrations (present work) lead to the same changes in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. These changes could be induced or inhibited through the manipulation of intracellular polyamines, especially through the putrescine/spermine ratio. The possibility that polyamines influence the photoadaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus and its acclimation to high-CO2 concentrations through a common mechanism is discussed.     

亚硫酸氢钠在低光强下对叶绿体循环光合磷酸化的促进作用

我们在70年代曾发现喷洒低浓度的亚硫酸氢钠能提高多种作物叶片的光合作用速率(沈允钢等1980)。近年来,谭实和沈允钢(1987)观察到喷洒低浓度的亚硫酸氢钠不但能增加作物叶片的光合作用速率,而且同时增加其呼吸作用速率,并初     

Low concentration of bisulfite enhances photosynthesis in tea tree by promoting carboxylation efficiency in leaves

Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) canopy was sprayed with low concentration of NaHSO₃ or mixture of NaHSO₃+ KH₂PO₄. The treatments significantly enhanced net photosynthetic rate (P _N), carboxylation efficiency (CE), and the maximum response of P _N to intercellular CO₂ concentration. The enhancement of P _N by foliar application of low concentrations of bisulfite was due to increasing CE relevant to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase activity and regeneration rate of RuBP depending on ATP formation.     

Influence of energy flux and quality of light on the molecular organization of the photosynthetic apparatus in Scenedesmus

The photosynthetic apparatus of the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus obliquus adapts to different levels and qualities of light as documented by the fluence-rate curves of photosynthetic oxygen evolution. Cultures adapted to low fluence rates of white light (5W·m^-2) have more chlorophyll (Chl) per cell mass, a higher chlorophyll to carotenoid ratio and a doubling of the chlorophyll to cytochrome f ratio compared with cells adapted to high fluence rates of white light (20W·m^-2). Only small differences can be observed in the halfrise time of fluorescence induction, the electrophoretic profile of the pigment-protein complexes and the Chl a/Chl b-ratio. Scenedesmus cells adapted to blue light of high spectral purity demonstrate, in comparison with those adapted to red light, a higher chlorophyll content, a higher ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid and a much higher ratio of chlorophyll to cytochrome f. Regarding these parameters and the fluence-rate curves of photosynthesis, the blue light causes the same effects as low levels of white light. In contrast, the action of red light resembles rather that of high levels of white light. Blue-light-adapted Scenedesmus cells have a smaller Chl a to Chl b ratio, a faster half-rise time of fluorescence induction and more chlorophyll in the light-harvesting system than red-light-adapted cells, as shown in the electrophoretic profile of the pigment-protein complexes. Based on these results we propose a model for the adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of Scenedesmus to different levels and qualities of light. In this model low as compared with high levels of white light result in an increase in the number of photosystems per electron-transport chain, but not in an increase in the size of these photosystems. The same result is obtained by adaptation to blue light. The lack of sufficient Chl b formation in red-light-adapted cells results in a decrease in the light harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes and a photosynthetic response like that found in cells adapted to high light levels. The findings reported here confirm our earlier results in comparing blue-and red-light adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus with adaptation to low and high levels of white light, respectively.Abbreviations Chl chlorophyll - CP chlorophyll-protein complex - DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethyl-urea - LHCP light harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex - LiDS lithium dodecyl sulfate - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - PS photosystem     

Effect of low water potential on photosynthesis in intact lichens and their liberated algal components

Earlier experiments (T.D. Brock 1975, Planta124, 13–23) addressed the question whether the fungus of the lichen thallus might enable the algal component to function when moisture stress is such that the algal component would be unable to function under free-living conditions. It was concluded that the liberated phycobiont in ground lichen thalli could not photosynthesize at water potentials as low as those at which the same alga could when it was present within the thallus. However, our experience with lichen photosynthesis has not substantiated this finding. Using instrumentation developed since the mid-1970's to measure photosynthesis and control humidity, we repeated Brock's experiments. When applying “matric” water stress (equilibrium with air of constant relative humidity) we were unable to confirm the earlier results for three lichen species including one of the species,Letharia vulpina, had also been used by Brock. We found no difference between the effects of low water potential on intact lichens and their liberated algal components (ground thallus material and isolated algae) and no indication that the fungal component of the lichen symbiosis protects the phycobiont from the adverse effects of desiccation once equilibrium conditions are reached. The photosynthetic apparatus of the phycobiont alone proved to be highly adapted to water stress as it possesses not only the capability of functioning under extremely low degrees of hydration but also of becoming reactivated solely by water vapor uptake.     

Respiration in energy-transducing membranes of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus: I. Relation of the respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport

The thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus was grown at different CO₂ concentrations and temperatures. Respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport in isolated membranes were measured and their activities were compared. Cells grown at low CO₂ concentration showed respiratory electron transport, whereas Photosystem-II-dependent transport was optimal in cells grown at high CO₂ concentrations. The respiratory electron transport from NADH and succinate were KCN-sensitive, whereas NADPH-dependent O₂ uptake was not. It could be shown that NADH and succinate donate electrons in the photosynthetic electron pathway via Photosystem I. In cytochrome-c-553-depleted membranes added cytochrome c-553 could stimulate photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport. A common electron transport pathway between the quinone and cytochrome c is postulated.     

Differential photosynthetic performance of three Mediterranean shrubs under grazing by domestic goats

The impact of grazing by domestic goats, Capra hircus, on the photochemical apparatus of three co-ocurring Mediterranean shrubs, Erica scoparia, Halimium halimifolium, and Myrtus communis was evaluated. Seasonal course of gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment concentrations were measured in the field in grazed and ungrazed plants. Net photosynthetic rate was higher in grazed plants of E. scoparia and H. halimifolium in May, while there were not significant differences in M. communis. Photosynthetic enhancement in grazed plants of E. scoparia could be explained largely by higher stomatal conductance. On the other hand, the lack of differences in stomatal conductance between grazed and ungrazed plants of H. halimifolium could indicate that carboxylation efficiency, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration may have been enhanced by grazing. Overall grazing has little effect on the photochemical (PSII) apparatus, however grazed plants of M. communis showed chronic photoinhibition in the short term. Finally, seasonal variations recorded on photosynthesis, photochemical efficiency and pigment concentrations may be a physiological consequence of environmental factors, such as summer drought and competition for light, rather than an adaptation to grazing.     

Light-dependent induction of strongly increased microalgal growth by methanol

Low methanol concentrations (about 0.5% v/v) induce biomass production in cultures of the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus obliquus by more than 300%, compared to controls without this solvent. This effect on the microalgal growth was found to be dependent on the solvent concentration, the packed cell volume (PCV), light intensity and light quality. It could be shown that methanol addition leads to a decrease in size of the light harvesting complex (LHC) on the basis of chlorophylls and proteins, and thus to changes in structure and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus. These alterations lead to enhanced photosynthesis and respiration rates. The action of methanol on the photosynthetic apparatus is thus comparable to the effect of enhanced CO(2) concentrations. These findings support the previously proposed pathway for methanol metabolization with CO(2) as the final product. We conclude that the subsequent assimilation of the increased CO(2) amounts by the Calvin-Benson cycle is a possible explanation for the methanol-mediated increase in biomass production in terms of PCV. The methanol effect is observed only in the light and in the presence of a functioning photosynthetic apparatus. Preliminary action spectra suggest that the primary photoreceptor is a chlorophyll-protein complex with two absorption maxima at 680 and 430 nm, which may possibly be attributed to the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII).