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1.
方晰  田大伦   《广西植物》2006,26(5):516-522
对湖南会同10年生、14年生杉木人工林C库和C吸存的动态研究结果表明,杉木人工林生态系统的C库主要由植被层、死地被物层、土壤层组成的,按其C库大小顺序排列为土壤层>植被层>死地被物层。10年生、14年生杉木林生态系统的C库分别为120.52和171.40t.hm-2,具有一定的年龄阶段和地带性特点。随着杉木林年龄的增长,乔木层C贮量的优势逐渐加强,从10年生的30.38t.hm-2增加到14年生的61.24t.hm-2,分别占总C库的25.21%和38.50%,树干C贮量占林分C贮量的比例最大,可达47.17%以上,并随杉木林年龄的增长而明显增强,分布在枝、叶、皮和根中的C贮量占48.11%以上,地上部分的C贮量占总C贮量的84.73%以上。10年生和14年生林地土壤层(0~60cm)的C库分别为88.21和108.20t.hm-2,占生态系统总C库的63.13%以上,土壤表层(0~15cm)的C储量分别占土壤总C库的36.57%和34.26%,土壤0~30cm层中的C储量分别占土壤总C库的63.44%和61.05%。地上部分C贮量与地下部分C贮量之比为10年生时为1∶3.53,14年生时为1∶2.22。10年生和14年生杉木人工林生态系统的年净固定C量分别为5.488和9.285t.hm-2.a-1。湖南省现有杉木林植被C库为0.1916×108t,潜在C库为1.4710×108t,C吸存潜力为1.2794×108t,湖南省现有杉木林植被的C库仅为其潜在C库的13.03%,低于全国水平26.46%。  相似文献   

2.
格氏栲和杉木人工林地下碳分配   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
通过对福建三明36年生的格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林林木地下C分配(TBCA)进行研究,结果表明,由分室累加法直接测定的格氏栲和杉木人工林的TBCA分别为8.426和4.040 t C.hm-2.-a 1。在格氏栲和杉木人工林TBCA组成中,根系净生产量和根系呼吸各约占50%;在根系年净生产量中,细根年净生产量和粗根年净生产量各约占75%和25%。而格氏栲和杉木人工林的细根年C归还量则均约占各自TBCA的1/3(分别为33%和36%)。在假设地下C库处于稳定状态时,由C平衡法计算的格氏栲和杉木人工林的TBCA(分别为6.039t C.hm-2.-a 1和2.987 t C.hm-2.-a 1)低于分室累加法,这与两种人工林地下C库尚未达到稳定状态有关。利用R a ich and N ade lhoffer全球模式方程推算的格氏栲和杉木人工林的TBCA(分别为9.771t C.hm-2.a-1和5.344 t C.hm-2.-a 1)则高于分室累加法,这与全球模式方程只是一种全球尺度规律有关。  相似文献   

3.
阔叶和杉木人工林对土壤碳氮库的影响比较   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过比较我国亚热带地区19年生阔叶人工林和杉木人工林土壤碳氮储量,探讨树种对土壤碳氮库的影响.结果表明:阔叶人工林0 ~40 cm土层碳储量平均为99.41Mg·hm-2,比杉木人工林增加33.1%;土壤氮储量为6.18 Mg·hm-2,比杉木人工林增加22.6%.阔叶人工林林地枯枝落叶层现存量、碳和氮储量分别是杉木人工林的1.60、1.49和1.52倍,两个树种的枯落叶生物量、碳和氮储量均有显著差异.枯枝落叶层碳氮比值与土壤碳、氮储量之间呈显著负相关.阔叶人工林细根生物量(0~80 cm)是杉木林的1.28倍,其中0~10 cm土壤层细根生物量占48.2%;阔叶人工林细根碳、氮储量均高于杉木人工林.在0~10 cm土层,细根碳储量与土壤碳储量具有显著正相关关系.阔叶树种比杉木的土壤有机碳储存能力更大.  相似文献   

4.
格氏栲天然林与人工林土壤非保护性有机C含量及分配   总被引:38,自引:5,他引:33  
通过对福建三明格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的 33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林土壤非保护性有机 C含量及分配的研究 ,结果表明 ,格氏栲天然林 0~ 10 0 cm土层内土壤有机 C贮量分别是格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林的 1.17倍和1.35倍 ,轻组有机 C贮量分别是后两者的 1.6 4倍和 2 .16倍 ,而颗粒有机 C贮量则分别是后两者的 1.6 0倍和 3.4 3倍 ,其土壤轻组有机 C和颗粒有机 C的分配比例亦显著高于后两者。不同林分间差异均以 0~ 10 cm土层为最大 ,该层格氏栲天然林土壤有机 C含量分别是格氏栲和杉木人工林的 1.5 2倍和 1.6 3倍 ,轻组有机 C含量分别是后两者的 1.70倍和 2 .14倍 ,而颗粒有机C含量则分别是后两者的 2 .18倍和 4 .85倍。这种差异与经营人工林时进行皆伐、炼山、整地等对林地干扰强度较大、幼林郁闭前产生水土流失及凋落物、枯死细根归还量减少等有关。土壤轻组有机 C和颗粒有机 C可作为土壤有机 C库变化的较为敏感指标 ,同时亦可指示土壤肥力演变。  相似文献   

5.
中亚热带四种森林凋落物及碳氮贮量比较   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
路翔  项文化  任辉  彭长辉 《生态学杂志》2012,31(9):2234-2240
在湖南省长沙县大山冲省级森林公园内,选择立地条件基本一致的4种森林类型为研究对象,于2011年12月(凋落物高峰期)对森林凋落物现存量及其碳、氮贮量进行调查.结果表明:4种森林凋落物现存量大小依次为青冈-石栎林(12.04±3.60)t·hm-2>马尾松-石栎林(11.65±2.15) t·hm-2>南酸枣林(9.12±2.30)t·hm-2>杉木林(8.92±1.80)t·hm-2;凋落叶在凋落物未分解层中所占比例最高,凋落果在4种林分中比例最小(<5%),凋落物各分解亚层现存量规律性不明显;4种森林凋落物C含量的变化范围为177.90 ~ 581.34 g·kg-1,N含量的变化范围为5.18~15.48 g· kg-1,C含量变化随凋落物分解程度的加深而下降,且变化极显著( P<0.0001);凋落物半分解层和已分解层现存量在总凋落物现存量中所占比例与C/N呈负相关;4种森林凋落物C贮量为3.37 ~ 5.69t·hm-2,N贮量为81.52 ~152.18 kg·hm-2;马尾松-石栎针阔叶混交林由于凋落物分解较慢,凋落物现存量较大,林下凋落物层C、N贮量最高.  相似文献   

6.
格氏栲天然林与人工林细根生物量、季节动态及净生产力   总被引:73,自引:14,他引:59  
通过对福建三明格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林细根分布、季节动态与净生产力进行的为期3a(1999~2001)的研究,结果表明,格氏栲天然林、格氏栲和杉木人工林活细根生物量分别为4.944t/hm2、3.198t/hm2和1.485t/hm2,死细根生物量分别为3.563t/hm2、2.749t/hm2和1.287t/hm2;死细根生物量占总细根生物量的比例分别为41.9%、46.2%和46.4%;<0.5mm细根生物量占总细根生物量的比例分别为31.2%、29.4%和69.9%。3种林分活细根生物量和死细根生物量季节间差异显著(P<0.05),但年份间差异则不显著(P>0.05);活细根生物量最大值均出现在3月份,最小值一般出现在5~7月份或11~翌年1月份间。0~10cm表土层格氏栲天然林活细根生物量高达295.65g/m2,分别是格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林的2.4倍和8.1倍;该层格氏栲天然林活细根生物量占全部活细根生物量的59.8%,均高于格氏栲人工林(39.07%)和杉木人工林(24.51%)。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林细根分解1a后的干重损失率分别为68.34%~80.13%、63.51%~77.95%和47.69%~60.78%;年均分解量分别为8.747、5.143和2.503t/hm2;死亡量分别为8.632、5.148和2.492t/hm2;年均净生产量分别为8.797、5.425和2.513t/hm2,年周转速率分别为1.78、1  相似文献   

7.
通过对中亚热带格氏栲天然林(natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii。约150年生)、格氏挎和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of C.kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33年生)凋落物数量与季节动态、养分归还及凋落叶分解与其质量的关系为期3a的研究表明。林分年均凋落量及叶所占比例分别为:格氏栲天然林11.01t/hm^1。59.70t/hm^2;格氏栲人工林9.54%。71.98%;杉木人工林5.47t/hm^2。58.29%。格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落量每年只出现1次峰值(4月份)。而杉木林的则出现3次(4或5月份、8月份和11月份)。除杉木林的Ca和格氏栲人工林的Mg年归还量最大外。N、P、K及养分总归还量均以格氏栲天然林的为最大。杉木人工林的最小。分解la后格氏栲天然林中格氏栲叶的干重损失最大(98.16%)。杉木叶的最小(60.78%)。C/N及木质素/N比值与凋落叶分解速率呈显著负相关。而N、水溶性化合物初始浓度与分解速率呈显著正相关。与针叶树人工林相比,天然林的凋落物数量大、养分归还量高、分解快。具有良好自我培肥地力的能力。因此。保护和扩大常绿阔叶林资源已成为南方林区实现森林可持续经营的重要措施之一。  相似文献   

8.
格氏栲天然林与人工林根系呼吸季节动态及影响因素   总被引:37,自引:5,他引:32  
通过用挖壕沟 静态碱吸收法对福建三明格氏栲天然林及33年生格氏栲和杉木人工林的根系呼吸进行为期2a定位研究。不同森林根系呼吸速率季节变化均呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在春末或夏初,最小值出现在冬季。1年中格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林根系呼吸速率变化范围分别在157.76~480.40mgCO2/(m2·h)、53.03~339.45mgCO2/(m2·h)和16.66~228.02mgCO2/(m2·h)之间。在近似正常气候状况的2002年,不同森林根系呼吸主要受土壤温度影响(R2=0.52~0.72);而土壤温度和土壤湿度共同则可解释根系呼吸速率季节变化的81%~90%。在极端干旱的2003年,根系呼吸受土壤温度或湿度的影响较小,土壤温度和土壤湿度共同仅能解释根系呼吸变化的24%~60%,这与根系在持续干旱期间长期处于近休眠状态有关。根系呼吸对土壤温度和土壤湿度的敏感性大小顺序均为杉木人工林>格氏栲人工林>格氏栲天然林。格氏栲天然林根系呼吸占土壤呼吸比例(47.6%)均高于格氏栲和杉木人工林的(42.5%和40.2%),不同森林根系呼吸占土壤呼吸比例均以冬季最低,而以5月或6月最高。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林根系呼吸年通量分别为6.537、4.013和1.828tC/(m2·h)。  相似文献   

9.
对福建德化葛坑国有林场1996年种植的秃杉Taiwania flousiana人工林植被碳库和氮库分配格局进行调查。结果表明,秃杉人工林各器官碳含量在442.86~488.72 g·kg-1之间,而各器官氮含量在2.26~8.93 g·kg-1之间。20年生秃杉人工林单株碳库和氮库分别为96.10 kg和0.679 kg。各器官碳库大小顺序为树干(64.56 kg)树根(16.11 kg)树叶(8.18 kg)树枝(7.25 kg)。各器官中氮库大小顺序为树干(0.379 kg)树叶(0.157 kg)树根(0.085 kg)树枝(0.058 kg)。乔木层的碳库和氮库主要集中在树干,分别占67.18%和55.82%。20年生秃杉人工林林分植被碳储量和氮储量分别为84.29 t·hm-2和0.60 t·hm-2。  相似文献   

10.
选取广西大青山3个13年生马尾松、杉木混交林样区,研究其生态系统的碳素积累和分配特征。结果表明,混交林中两个树种的碳素含量各异。马尾松干、根、枝的碳素含量较高,分别为58·6%、56·3%、51·2%,叶和皮含量较低,变化幅度为46·8%~56·3%。各器官中按碳素含量的高低排列顺序为:干>根>枝>皮>叶;杉木皮、叶、干的碳素含量较高,分别为52·2%、51·8%、50·2%,碳素含量从高到低依次为:皮>叶>干>根>枝。从两个树种各器官碳总含量来看,马尾松要高于杉木。灌木层、草本层及地表凋落物层碳素平均含量分别为44·1%、33·0%及48·3%。土壤3个层次(60cm深)碳素含量为1·45%~1·84%,各层次碳素含量分布不均,表层(0~20cm)土壤碳素含量较高。针叶混交林乔木层生物量(t·hm-2)为85·35~101·35,平均为93·83,且均以马尾松生物量居多(占75·7%~82·6%)。混交林生态系统碳库的空间分布序列为土壤层>植被层>凋落物层。植被层的碳贮量平均为51·91t·hm-2,占整个生态系统碳总贮量的29·03%;乔木层碳贮量占整个生态系统的23·90%,占植被层碳贮量的97·7%。乔木层碳贮量中,马尾松占的比例较大,为65·39%。碳贮量在两个树种各器官中的分配,基本与各自的生物量成正比例关系,树干的碳贮量均最高,马尾松、杉木的树干碳贮量分别占各自碳贮量的53·23%、55·57%,树干的碳总贮量占乔木层碳总贮量的54%。其次,两个树种根也占较大比例,树根碳总贮量占乔木层碳总贮量的19·22%。马尾松、杉木枝、皮在各自碳的贮量中分配不同,马尾松枝占的比例要大于皮,而杉木则相反;凋落物层碳贮量平均为3·25t·hm-2,仅占1·82%;林地土壤层(0~60cm)碳贮量是相当可观的,平均为123·43t·hm-2,占69·02%。马尾松、杉木混交林年净生产力为11·46t·hm-2·a-1,有机碳年净固定量为5·96t·hm-2·a-1,折合成CO2的量为21·88t·hm-2·a-1。  相似文献   

11.
林火作为森林非连续的生态因子,引起森林生态系统碳库碳储量与碳分配的变化,影响森林演替进程及固碳能力。以桉树林不同林火干扰强度的火烧迹地为对象,采用相邻样地比较法,以野外调查采样与室内试验分析相结合为主要手段,研究不同林火干扰强度对森林生态系统各碳库及生态系统碳密度变化和空间分布格局的影响,探讨林火干扰对生态系统碳密度与碳分布格局的影响机制。结果表明:林火干扰降低了植被碳密度(P<0.05),轻度、中度和重度林火干扰样地植被碳密度依次为67.88、35.68和15.50 t·hm^-2,相比对照分别下降了15.86%、55.78%和80.79%;在轻度、中度和重度林火干扰样地中,凋落物碳密度分别为1.43、0.94和0.81 t·hm^-2,相比对照分别降低了28.14%、52.76%和59.30%;不同林火干扰强度样地土壤有机碳密度均低于对照,且减少幅度随土壤剖面深度增加而逐渐变小,轻度、中度和重度林火干扰样地土壤有机碳密度分别为103.30、84.33和70.04 t·hm^-2,相比对照分别下降了11.67%、27.89%和40.11%;轻度、中度和重度林火干扰后桉树林生态系统碳密度分别为172.61、120.95和86.35 t·hm^-2,相比对照依次下降了13.53%、39.41%和56.74%;林火干扰降低了桉树林的碳密度,表现为随林火干扰强度增加,碳密度呈递减的规律;与对照相比,轻度林火干扰强度对桉树林碳密度的影响不显著(P>0.05),而中度和重度林火干扰强度对桉树林碳密度的影响差异显著(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

12.
Forestry management worldwide has become increasingly effective at obtaining high timber yields from productive forests. In New Zealand, a focus on improving an increasingly successful and largely Pinus radiata plantation forestry model over the last 150 years has resulted in some of the most productive timber forests in the temperate zone. In contrast to this success, the full range of forested landscapes across New Zealand, including native forests, are impacted by an array of pressures from introduced pests, diseases, and a changing climate, presenting a collective risk of losses in biological, social and economic value. As the national government policies incentivise reforestation and afforestation, the social acceptability of some forms of newly planted forests is also being challenged. Here, we review relevant literature in the area of integrated forest landscape management to optimise forests as nature-based solutions, presenting ‘transitional forestry’ as a model design and management paradigm appropriate to a range of forest types, where forest purpose is placed at the heart of decision making. We use New Zealand as a case study region, describing how this purpose-led transitional forestry model can benefit a cross section of forest types, from industrialised forest plantations to dedicated conservation forests and a range of multiple-purpose forests in between. Transitional forestry is an ongoing multi-decade process of change from current ‘business-as-usual’ forest management to future systems of forest management, embedded across a continuum of forest types. This holistic framework incorporates elements to enhance efficiencies of timber production, improve overall forest landscape resilience, and reduce some potential negative environmental impacts of commercial plantation forestry, while allowing the ecosystem functioning of commercial and non-commercial forests to be maximised, with increased public and biodiversity conservation value. Implementation of transitional forestry addresses tensions that arise between meeting climate mitigation targets and improving biodiversity criteria through afforestation, alongside increasing demand for forest biomass feedstocks to meet the demands of near-term bioenergy and bioeconomy goals. As ambitious government international targets are set for reforestation and afforestation using both native and exotic species, there is an increasing opportunity to make such transitions via integrated thinking that optimises forest values across a continuum of forest types, while embracing the diversity of ways in which such targets can be reached.  相似文献   

13.
The riverine forests of the northern city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada display strong resilience to disturbance and are similar in species composition to southern boreal mixedwood forest types. This study addressed questions such as, how easily do exotic species become established in urban boreal forests (species invasiveness) and do urban boreal forest structural characteristics such as, native species richness, abundance, and vertical vegetation layers, confer resistance to exotic species establishment and spread (community invasibility)? Eighty-four forest stands were sampled and species composition and mean percent cover analyzed using ordination methods. Results showed that exotic tree/shrub types were of the most concern for invasion to urban boreal forests and that exotic species type, native habitat and propagule supply may be good indicators of invasive potential. Native forest structure appeared to confer a level of resistance to exotic species and medium to high disturbance intensity was associated with exotic species growth and spread without a corresponding loss in native species richness. Results provided large-scale evidence that diverse communities are less vulnerable to exotic species invasion, and that intermediate disturbance intensity supports species coexistence. From a management perspective, the retention of native species and native forest structure in urban forests is favored to minimize the impact of exotic species introductions, protect natural succession patterns, and minimize the spread of exotic species.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract Coarse woody debris (CWD) is the standing and fallen dead wood in a forest and serves an important role in ecosystem functioning. There have been several studies that include estimates of CWD in Australian forests but little synthesis of these results. This paper presents findings from a literature review of CWD and fine litter quantities. Estimates of forest‐floor CWD, snags and litter from the literature are presented for woodland, rainforest, open forest and tall open forest, pine plantation and native hardwood plantation. Mean mass of forest floor CWD in Australian native forests ranged from 19 t ha?1 in woodland to 134 t ha?1 in tall open forest. These values were generally within the range of those observed for similar ecosystems in other parts of the world. Quantities in tall open forests were found to be considerably higher than those observed for hardwood forests in North America, and more similar to the amounts reported for coniferous forests with large sized trees on the west coast of the USA and Canada. Mean proportion of total above‐ground biomass as forest floor CWD was approximately 18% in open forests, 16% in tall open forests, 13% in rainforests, and 4% in eucalypt plantations. CWD can be high in exotic pine plantations when there are considerable quantities of residue from previous native forest stands. Mean snag biomass in Australian forests was generally lower than the US mean for snags in conifer forests and higher than hardwood forest. These results are of value for studies of carbon and nutrient stocks and dynamics, habitat values and fire hazards.  相似文献   

15.
次生林经营基础研究进展   总被引:53,自引:6,他引:47  
朱教君 《应用生态学报》2002,13(12):1689-1694
次生林是中国森林的主体,在结构组成,林木生长,生产力,林分环境等诸多方面与原始林和人工林有着显著的不同,因此,经营好次生林对中国天然林保护等林业工程实施及国家生态安全建设具有重大意义。本文在广泛收集国内外有关次生林研究结果的基础上,探讨了次生林领域中基础研究所涉内容,揭示出次生林经营研究中所关注的基础问题,提出了次生林经营基础研究的主要内容与方向,对今后次生林经营研究和中国天然林保护等林业工程建设具有参考价值。  相似文献   

16.
China’s forests are characterized by young forest age, low carbon density and a large area of planted forests, and thus have high potential to act as carbon sinks in the future. Using China’s national forest inventory data during 1994–1998 and 1999–2003, and direct field measurements, we investigated the relationships between forest biomass density and forest age for 36 major forest types. Statistical approaches and the predicted future forest area from the national forestry development plan were applied to estimate the potential of forest biomass carbon storage in China during 2000–2050. Under an assumption of continuous natural forest growth, China’s existing forest biomass carbon (C) stock would increase from 5.86 Pg C (1 Pg=1015 g) in 1999–2003 to 10.23 Pg C in 2050, resulting in a total increase of 4.37 Pg C. Newly planted forests through afforestation and reforestation will sequestrate an additional 2.86 Pg C in biomass. Overall, China’s forests will potentially act as a carbon sink for 7.23 Pg C during the period 2000–2050, with an average carbon sink of 0.14 Pg C yr−1. This suggests that China’s forests will be a significant carbon sink in the next 50 years.  相似文献   

17.
In cold or alpine areas of northern China, birch forests and larch forests are the two primary forest types. These forests are also characteristic of a south branch of boreal forests in Asia. Some ecologists argue that larch forests can replace birch forests, but this still remains a question due to fragmentary or short observations. The ecotone between a larch forest patch and a birch forest patch is the arena in which the two species interplay and compete with each other, and studies of these areas are meaningful to understanding forest succession. In the alpine area of the Baihuashan Reserve, northern China, we sampled a larch-birch forest ecotone with eight plots in four transects and then analyzed population structures of larches and birches. The results show that the edges of the larch forest patch are composed of many larch saplings or young trees, but the edges of the birch forest patch are mainly composed of old birches. Across the ecotone, the larches, on average, are taller than the birches. These facts suggest that larch saplings can permeate into birch forest patches, probably by seed dispersal, germination, success-ful competition and growth, but birch saplings cannot permeate into larch forest patches. Therefore, on the ecotone, larch forest patches can steadily expand by unceasing permeation into birch forest patches, whereas birch forest patches progressively recede due to ultimate death of the old and poor recruitment of the young. Larch forest patches replace birch forest patches in a stepwise manner, causing succession from birch forests to larch forests. This study not only confirms that larch forests can naturally replace birch forests, but also introduces a simple and reliable method, employing spatial hints, to study forest succession. Additionally, the findings are of benefit to cultivation or development of larch forests in cold or alpine areas of the North Temperate Zone, which can be a huge carbon sink.  相似文献   

18.
次生林概念与生态干扰度   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
朱教君  刘世荣 《生态学杂志》2007,26(7):1085-1093
近一个世纪强烈的人为干扰使世界范围内的原始林面积锐减,次生林已成为中国乃至世界森林资源的主体.虽然在文献与现实中"次生林(Secondary forest)"被广泛使用,但次生林的概念在各个国家,甚至同一国家或地区以及各种不同文献中存在相互矛盾的情况,这给次生林研究与经营实践带来诸多不便;而不准确的次生林定义也为与各个层次的决策制定者及公众之间的交流带来了障碍.本文在查阅大量国内外关于次生林概念文献的基础上,结合近年来关于次生林生态与经营研究实践,综合分析了次生林概念的不确定性,同意以往次生林定义中的基本内涵,并认为:次生林是由于人为破坏性干扰或异常自然干扰使原始林固有的林分结构、物种组成或基本功能发生了显著变化,经过天然更新或人工诱导天然更新恢复形成的林分.但该定义中仍存在着很多不确定性, 如:怎样的干扰为"人为破坏性干扰"和"异常自然干扰";"林分结构、物种组成或基本功能"发生了怎样的变化为"显著变化";"人工诱导天然更新"中"人工"参与的成分比例如何等.次生林概念是在20世纪初由植物演替学家提出,当时未考虑干扰的持续性;而实际上,无论是次生林还是原始林,均是森林生态系统演替过程中的某一状态,在现代森林生态系统研究中,应重新规范"次生林"的概念.考虑到"次生林"定义的不确定性或困难性,建议使用"森林自然度"或"森林生态系统成熟度"或"森林干扰度"来表达现实森林所处的状态,但该方面的研究与实践尚需加强.  相似文献   

19.
In Canada it is generally accepted that most indigenous earthworms did not survive glaciation, and that the majority of the earthworms now inhabiting Canadian soils are relatively recent introductions of European origin. Although these exotic earthworms are generally considered to be beneficial in agricultural soils, their effects can be less benign in forested ecosystems. Studies have shown that invading earthworms can significantly alter the forest floor, affecting the distribution of carbon, nitrogen and other chemicals, roots, microbes and other elements of the soil fauna, and even understory vegetation. This paper summarizes the current distribution of exotic and native earthworm species in Canadian forests and draws on the results of studies of invasion patterns and environmental impacts in northern forests in North America and Europe to discuss potential outcomes for forests in Canada. The potential for variables such as temperature, pH, litter palatability and dispersal, to limit or promote the invasion of exotic earthworms in Canadian forests is discussed, and areas for future research are proposed. The same earthworm species that are invading forests in northern Europe and the US are also invading Canadian forests. Several species of exotic earthworms are already established in a wide range of deciduous and coniferous forest types, including the boreal. Evidence is presented to suggest that further expansion into Canadian forests is likely.  相似文献   

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