黄土丘陵区不同类型生物结皮下的土壤生态化学计量特征

生物结皮在土壤养分累积和循环中起着重要作用.本研究以黄土丘陵区浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮、藻藓混合结皮、藓结皮、地衣结皮和普通念珠藻结皮6类典型生物结皮为对象,分析不同类型生物结皮土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量学特征,研究不同类型生物结皮对土壤养分的影响.结果表明:不同类型生物结皮土壤C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P差异显著;生物结皮层C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P均显著高于0~10 cm土层土壤.6类生物结皮土壤C、N含量均随土层加深而下降,P含量受土层深度影响较小.对于生物结皮层,藓结皮C、N、P含量分别为27.07、2.42、0.67 g·kg^-1,显著高于其他类型生物结皮.念珠藻结皮的0~2 cm土层土壤C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P显著高于其他类型生物结皮.     

生物土壤结皮演替对土壤生态化学计量特征的影响

生物土壤结皮(生物结皮)是干旱半干旱地区重要的地表覆被物,能够固定碳氮,影响养分循环,从而可能引起土壤化学计量特征的变化。以黄土丘陵区不同演替阶段生物结皮为研究对象,研究该区生态恢复初期生物结皮演替对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:(1)生物结皮显著增加了生物结皮层C、N、P含量,后期藓结皮较初期藻结皮C、N、P含量分别增加了161%、127%和9%,均显著高于其下0—10 cm土壤;(2)土壤C/N随着生物结皮演替变化较小,范围为10.0—11.8,C/P和N/P在演替后期分别是初期的2.4倍和2.1倍,均显著高于其下0—10 cm土壤;(3)生物结皮土壤C/N、C/P与N/P受坡向影响较大,并与藓生物量显著正相关,与土壤容重显著负相关;(4)生物结皮显著影响土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征,使生物结皮层显著不同于其下层土壤及裸地;(5)生物结皮演替加速表层土壤养分恢复,影响程度可至其下2 cm土层。研究初次从土壤化学计量特征的角度揭示生物结皮对土壤养分循环的贡献,对干旱半干旱地区生态修复和管理具有指导意义。     

生物结皮-土壤呼吸对冬季低温及模拟增温的响应

以腾格里沙漠东南缘天然植被区藓类结皮和藻-地衣结皮-土壤为研究对象,利用开顶式生长室(OTC),采用Li-8150系统连续测定了冬季(2015年11月—2016年1月)低温环境下两类结皮-土壤呼吸的变化,分析了低温及模拟增温对两类结皮-土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明: 观测期内,藓类结皮、藻-地衣结皮-土壤呼吸速率分别为-0.052～0.418、-0.032～0.493 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,且藓类结皮显著高于藻-地衣结皮-土壤系统.不同类型结皮-土壤呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度和土壤体积含水量均呈显著线性正相关,增温主要是通过加速土壤水分蒸散而抑制生物结皮-土壤呼吸速率.在整个观测期,藓类结皮-土壤系统累计排放9.90 g C·m^-2,显著高于藻-地衣结皮-土壤系统的7.00 g C·m^-2.研究区生物结皮-土壤系统冬季累计排放7.40 g C·m^-2,是该荒漠生态系统全年碳收支的重要组成部分.     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对土壤氮库垂直分布特征的影响

生物土壤结皮在干旱区氮素地球化学循环中具有重要作用,研究不同生物土壤结皮下不同形态氮素含量的变化,解析生物土壤结皮对土壤养分影响过程和范围,有助于进一步理解生物土壤结皮的生态功能。本研究以古尔班通古特沙漠藻-地衣混生结皮和藓类结皮两种生物土壤结皮为研究对象,以裸沙为对照,测定生物土壤结皮层和0—100 cm内8个土层全氮、无机氮、可溶性有机氮、游离态氨基酸氮、微生物生物量氮等氮库含量,和土壤脲酶、硝酸盐还原态酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶等土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明：1)结皮层各形态氮素含量和各土壤酶活性显著高于其下层土壤,结皮层和结皮下各层土壤氮库整体上表现为藓类结皮>藻-地衣混生结皮>裸沙;土壤氮库各形态氮素含量和土壤酶活性在垂直分布上均呈现先显著下降(0—20 cm)后稳定(20—100 cm)的趋势;在20—30 cm土层,除裸沙的无机氮、铵态氮以及藻-地衣混生结皮的硝态氮外,其余速效氮(无机氮、硝态氮、铵态氮)含量具有增加的特点。2)土壤各氮库含量与全磷、有机碳、电导率、土壤脲酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性呈正相关,与pH、土壤含水率呈负相关。3)利用氮循环相关指标建立土壤氮循环多功能...     

亚热带苔藓结皮对土壤-微生物-胞外酶化学计量特征的影响

生物结皮的形成和发育显著影响土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)循环及其化学计量特征,土壤微生物如何适应环境资源的化学计量变化仍不明确。本研究以三峡库区苔藓结皮为对象,分析结皮盖度(0、1%～20%、20%～40%、40%～60%、60%～80%和80%～100%)对土壤理化性质(0～5和5～10 cm土层)、微生物生物量和胞外酶活性[(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)]的影响,探索土壤-微生物-胞外酶C∶N∶P化学计量特征间的协变性。结果表明: 生物结皮发育显著提高了土壤黏粒、水稳性团聚体和土壤C、N、P含量,显著降低了土壤容重和砂粒含量;微生物生物量C、N、P和胞外酶活性均随结皮盖度的增大而显著增加;土层深度对土壤理化性质及C∶N∶P均无显著影响,但显著影响微生物生物量、胞外酶活性及BG∶AP和NAG∶AP。相关分析显示,土壤C、N、P含量与微生物生物量和胞外酶活性呈显著正相关,与BG∶NAG呈显著负相关,与NAG∶AP呈显著正相关,但与微生物生物量C∶N∶P无显著相关性;土壤-微生物、微生物-胞外酶C∶N∶P相关性均不显著,BG∶NAG∶AP随着微生物与土壤间C∶N∶P化学计量不平衡性的增加而逐渐降低。表明微生物养分代谢同时受N和P的限制,且P的限制较强烈,微生物可以通过调整自身生物量以及胞外酶C∶N∶P适应生物结皮发育驱动的土壤化学计量变化,从而维持内稳态。     

混合生物结皮对土壤养分的影响与群落结构之关联——以黄土丘陵区的生物结皮为例

自然条件下生物结皮是藻、藓及地衣等结皮类型以不同比例组成的混合群落，显著影响土壤养分含量，目前混合生物结皮对土壤养分的影响与其群落结构的关系尚不清楚，限制了混合生物结皮土壤养分的评估。为此，研究通过测定单一组成的藻结皮、藓结皮以及80%藻+20%藓、60%藻+40%藓、40%藻+60%藓和20%藻+80%藓4个不同藻藓比例的混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量，研究了混合生物结皮土壤养分与其群落结构之间的关联。结果显示：(1)藓结皮层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量显著高于藻结皮，分别高出166.4%、77.2%、55.1%、56.2%和42.2%。(2)藻藓混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和铵态氮含量与组成和盖度等结构特征有关，可以通过单一类型生物结皮土壤养分含量与盖度加权预测混合生物结皮土壤养分储量。(3)混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和铵态氮储量实测值(x)与预测值(y)拟合的线性函数分别为y=0.97x、y=0.96x、y=1.18x和y=0.92x。(4)混合生物结皮对全磷和硝态氮含量的影响与群落结构无关。生物结皮对下层0—5 ...     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮群落组成与水分入渗的关系

黄土丘陵区坡面尺度生物结皮多是由藻、藓和地衣等以不同比例、不同方式组合的一个复杂群落结构,显著影响水分入渗,但目前混合生物结皮水分入渗与其群落结构之间的关系仍不清楚,妨碍了对坡面尺度生物结皮土壤渗透性的评估。本研究测定了藻结皮、藓结皮及藓结皮盖度分别为<15%、15%～30%、30%～45%、45%～60%、＞60% 5个不同藻藓比例的混合生物结皮的稳定入渗速率,采用主成分分析和通径分析揭示混合生物结皮水分稳定入渗速率的影响因素,明确混合生物结皮水分稳定入渗速率与群落结构之间的关系。结果表明: 藻结皮和藓结皮土壤饱和导水率分别为0.66和2.40 mm·min^-1。藓结皮盖度从<15%到>60%的混合生物结皮的稳定入渗速率为0.80～2.30 mm·min^-1。混合生物结皮水分稳定入渗速率主要与藓结皮盖度和藓结皮改善的土壤孔隙结构密切相关,相关系数分别为0.636(P=0.011)和0.835(P=0.000)。通过藻结皮和藓结皮土壤饱和导水率与盖度加权预测的混合生物结皮水分入渗量(y)与混合生物结皮实测水分入渗量(x)具有极显著相关关系(r=0.945),二者拟合的线性函数为y=0.85x(R²=0.98,P<0.05)。本研究明确了混合生物结皮水分入渗与单一组成生物结皮水分入渗之间的关系,为准确评估该区生物结皮水文过程提供了科学依据。     

生物结皮对铜尾矿废弃地土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响

生物结皮是铜尾矿废弃地自然原生演替的最初阶段.本研究以铜陵杨山冲铜尾矿库和铜官山新铜尾矿库为对象,采用熏蒸浸提和化学分析法研究了两尾矿库不同类型生物结皮下土壤微生物量C、N及脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性.结果表明：铜尾矿废弃地上的生物结皮能够显著提高表层尾矿中的微生物量和土壤酶活性,其中藻类结皮对土壤微生物量C、N的影响高于藓-藻混合结皮,藓类结皮的影响最小;随着土壤生物结皮类型的变化,土壤微生物区系也随之变化;各类生物结皮下表层尾矿中土壤酶活性无显著差异.相关分析表明,碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤微生物量、脱氢酶和脲酶活性呈显著正相关,但与土壤pH呈显著负相关.此外,藓类植物假根能够显著提高藓类结皮假根层的微生物量和酶活性.     

东北黑土区农田生物结皮的特征及其对表层土壤崩解的影响

于作物生长季对东北黑土区典型农田中生物结皮的发育特征(类型、物种、厚度、覆盖度、生物量)进行分析,并使用数显推拉力计测定比较了无结皮土壤与不同生物量(以叶绿素含量表征,分别为5～15、15～25、25～35、35～50 mg·g^-1)生物结皮层中土壤的崩解差异。结果表明: 1)东北黑土区农田中发育有藻和藓两类生物结皮,其中,毛枝藻和细叶真藓最为多见;藻结皮的厚度和生物量显著小于藓结皮,并总体上呈现由藻结皮逐渐向藓结皮演替的趋势。2)农田生物结皮的覆盖度、厚度和生物量与耕作扰动的频率和强度呈负相关,传统耕作农田中其平均覆盖度、厚度和叶绿素含量仅为27.8%、1.52 mm和6.49 mg·g^-1,但在免耕地中可增加至83.5%、2.74 mm和34.16 mg·g^-1。3)生物结皮显著削弱了土壤崩解作用,与无结皮土壤相比,4种生物量下生物结皮的土壤崩解速率分别显著降低了43.1%、50.1%、55.5%和59.8%,土壤最大崩解率分别显著降低了11.4%、17.7%、33.2%和36.6%。4)土壤崩解速率和最大崩解率均与生物结皮的厚度和生物量呈显著负相关,即生物结皮对土壤崩解的影响主要缘于其在发育过程中自身特性的改善及其覆盖后对表层土壤物理性质的改变。综上,随着保护性耕作技术推广后耕作扰动的减少,生物结皮在东北黑土区农田中有较高的发育潜力,它们发育后能削弱表层土壤崩解、提高土壤抗冲性,对农田土壤侵蚀防治具有积极意义。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮的地表粗糙度特征及其影响因素

增加地表粗糙度是生物结皮影响干旱和半干旱地区地表水文与土壤侵蚀过程的重要途径。本文针对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型小流域,使用链条法测定了裸沙、物理结皮以及不同发育阶段生物结皮(藻、藻-藓混生、藓)的地表粗糙度,比较了不同地形(坡度和坡向)和土壤条件(土壤类型和含水量)下生物结皮地表粗糙度的差异,分析了生物结皮对地表粗糙度特征的影响及其与地形因素和土壤属性的相关关系。结果表明:与裸沙相比,随着物理结皮、藻结皮以及藻-藓混生结皮的相继发育,地表粗糙度由0.67持续增加至16.76(F=194.31,P0.01);各发育阶段中,藻-藓混生结皮的地表粗糙度最高,为无结皮土壤的25倍,但由藻-藓混生结皮发育至藓结皮后地表粗糙度骤减了52.7%(仍大于裸沙和物理结皮);生物结皮的地表粗糙度在10°～30°坡度范围内差异不显著,但在30°～40°坡度下其地表粗糙度显著增加(F=10.05,P0.01),增加幅度达25.5%;且阳坡藓结皮的地表粗糙度显著高于阴坡(t=-5.70,P0.01),为阴坡的1.3倍;生物结皮的地表粗糙度随含水量变化波动较为剧烈,任意含水量下黄绵土上发育的藓结皮的地表粗糙度均高于风沙土上发育的藓结皮(F=187.16,P0.01),前者平均为后者的2.1倍;黄绵土上藓结皮的地表粗糙度与有机质含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.998,P=0.04),而与其他土壤属性的相关性不显著。综上,黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮的发育显著增加了地表粗糙度,其关键影响因素是生物结皮的发育阶段以及坡度和坡向。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.