黄土高原半干旱和半湿润地区刺槐林地生物量与土壤干燥化效应的模拟

 黄土高原人工刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林地深层土壤干燥化现象普遍发生, 日益严峻地威胁着人工植被建设成效。分析和比较半干旱和半湿润地区刺槐林地生物量演变趋势、深层土壤干燥化发生规律和区域分布特征差异, 能够为黄土高原因地制宜地营造刺槐林提供科学依据。在WinEPIC模型气象、土壤和作物参数数据库组建与模拟精度验证的基础上, 应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了1957–2001年黄土高原半湿润地区洛川和长武、半干旱地区延安和固原等地1–45年生刺槐林地生物量演变规律和深层土壤干燥化效应。结果表明: 洛川、长武、延安和固原的刺槐林地连年净生产力模拟值在5–8年生时达到最大值后, 随着降水量年际波动呈现出明显的波动性降低趋势, 其平均值分别为5.33 × 10³、4.56 × 10³、4.03 × 10³和3.35 ×10³ kg·hm^–2·a^–1; 1–7年生刺槐林地年耗水量高于同期年降水量, 导致林地0–10 m土层土壤强烈干燥化, 洛川、长武、延安和固原刺槐林地年均土壤干燥化速率分别为164.3、165.7、187.1和190.0 mm·a^–1, 8–45年生刺槐林地有效含水量在0–250 mm的较低水平上随降水量变化而波动; 1–9年生刺槐林地0–10 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布变化剧烈, 土壤湿度逐年降低且土壤干层逐年加厚, 7–9年生时土壤干层厚度已经超过10 m, 8–45年生刺槐林地2–10 m土层土壤湿度保持相对稳定的干燥化状态; 洛川和长武刺槐林地水分生产力较高且相对稳定, 刺槐林地生长期可以超过45年; 而延安和固原刺槐林地水分生产力较低且稳定性差, 刺槐林稳定生长期不超过40年。     

黄土高原半干旱区不同密度山地苹果园水分生产力模拟

采用修订WinEPIC模型,模拟研究了陕西延安和甘肃静宁1965-2009年7种不同密度处理山地苹果园产量和深层土壤水分效应.结果表明：各密度处理4～45年生果园产量均呈现初期快速增加,达到最大值后又逐年波动性降低趋势;果园密度越高,初期产量增加越快,后期产量随降水量年际波动越剧烈.各密度处理果园遭受干旱胁迫规律基本一致,即生长前期无干旱胁迫,随种植年限延长干旱胁迫波动性加剧,生长后期干旱胁迫日数与年降水量波动趋势相反.生长初期,各密度处理果园0～15 m土层逐年土壤有效含水量均呈现波动性强烈降低趋势,延安和静宁分别在17～22年生和13～20年生之后土壤有效含水量维持在0～600 mm的较低水平.各密度处理果园0～15 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布特征相似：均经历了土壤湿度逐年降低和土壤干层逐年加厚的干燥化过程,土壤稳定干层深度可达12 m.基于0～15 m土壤有效水分含量和4～45年果园产量模拟结果确定,延安和静宁果园适宜种植密度分别为650～800和550～700 株·hm^-2.
     

黄土高原不同降水类型区旱作玉米田土壤干燥化效应与土壤水分承载力模拟研究

在模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了黄土高原不同降水类型区1960～2000年期间不同肥力水平下连作春玉米的产量变化和土壤水分效应.模拟结果表明:(1)洛川、延安、寿阳、榆林连作春玉米产量地区间差异显著,其年平均值分别为4.40、3.75、 2.50、 1.75 t/hm2.施肥增产率和水分利用效率地区间差异均显著,均表现为洛川>延安>寿阳>榆林;同一地区水分利用效率随施肥量的增加而提高,不同地区施肥增产率最大值范围不同.(2)0～7m土层逐月土壤有效含水量地区间差异显著,洛川>延安>寿阳>榆林;同一地区内肥力水平越高,春玉米耗水量越大,逐月土壤有效含水量平均值越低.在春玉米生育期内0～7m土层年度土壤有效水分增减量地区间差异显著,洛川<延安<寿阳<榆林;不同肥力处理间的差异在模拟前期为显著,在模拟后期为不显著.(3)所有地区的春玉米在连作期间0～7m土层土壤湿度剖面分布,在经历了土壤湿度逐年降低、土壤干层逐年加厚的干燥化过程后,均出现了稳定的土壤干层.土壤干燥化速度地区间差异显著,洛川<延安<寿阳<榆林;不同肥力处理间随着施肥水平的提高土壤干燥化速度加快.(4)洛川、延安、寿阳、榆林连作春玉米的适宜产量水平分别为5.25～5.54、4.26～4.58、2.34～2.74、1.37～1.62 t/hm2,相应的施肥水平分别为N240(N 240 kg/hm2,P 120 kg/hm2)～N300(N 300 kg/hm2,P 150kg/hm2)、N180(N 180 kg/hm2,P 90kg/hm2)～N240(N 240 kg/hm2,P 120 kg/hm2)、N120(N 120 kg/hm2,P 60kg/hm2)～N180(N 180 kg/hm2,P 90kg/hm2)、N60(N 60 kg/hm2,P 30kg/hm2)～N120(N 120 kg/hm2,P 60kg/hm2).     

陕北刺槐林木生长及林下植被与土壤水分对种植密度的响应特征

以陕西省安塞县2000年左右退耕栽植的5种不同密度(830~3 330株/hm~2)刺槐林地为研究对象,分析不同栽植密度对刺槐林木生长、林下植被及土壤水分的影响,为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区刺槐人工林合理栽植密度的确定以及可持续经营提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)阳坡中不同密度间刺槐林木的胸径、树高、冠幅均差异显著;阴坡中2 500株/hm~2的刺槐林木平均胸径、树高与两个低密度林的差异显著,且平均冠幅与1 670株/hm~2差异显著,与2 000株/hm~2差异不显著。(2)当栽植密度为1 670株/hm~2时,刺槐林地水分含量相对较高,林下植被平均盖度及物种多样性也较高。(3)各栽植密度刺槐林地0~500cm土壤含水量均低于该地区土壤稳定湿度(12%)。(4)阳坡中3 330株/hm~2的林地0~500cm土层含水量仅为4.5%,土壤干旱化严重,而830株/hm~2的刺槐林地土壤水分为7.8%;阴坡中栽植密度为1 670~2 000株/hm~2的刺槐林地土壤含水量较高,为7.5%~8.2%。研究表明,在陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,刺槐初始造林密度不宜超过1 670株/hm~2(株行距2m×3m),在进入刺槐生长高峰期后,应采取间伐管理以调整林分密度,使其维持刺槐人工林林地的稳定性与可持续性。     

黄土高原刺槐人工林幼林生态系统碳吸存

为了解黄土高原生态林的固碳作用,以刺槐人工林幼林（8年生）和对照荒地为研究对象,比较了两种土地利用方式下,土壤、凋落物和植物各部分的有机碳密度(OCD)和生态系统碳吸存的变化.结果表明:刺槐人工林林地土壤OCD比荒地减少0.26 kg·m^-2,其中0～10 cm层土壤OCD显著提高,10～30 cm土层降低,而在30～80 cm层土壤中则变化不明显.与荒地相比,刺槐人工林林地凋落物、植物根系和植物地上部分的OCD分别增加了121.1%、202.0%和656.7%,每年总有机碳吸存率增加3.3%,说明黄土高原营造刺槐人工林具有明显的碳吸存效应.     

黄土高原不同植被类型区人工林地深层土壤干燥化效应

人工林地土壤干燥化正在日益严重的威胁着黄土高原人工植被建设成效.在黄土高原3个植被类型区广泛观测苹果、刺槐、油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺、沙棘和柠条等23种不同立地和树龄林地深层土壤湿度基础上,比较和分析了各类林地土壤含水量、土壤湿度剖面分布和土壤干燥化强度,定量评价了各类林地深层土壤干燥化效应.研究结果表明:(1)23种林地0～1000 cm土层土壤湿度、土壤贮水量和土壤有效含水量平均值依次为10.84%、1409.8 mm和446.6 mm,明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和当地土壤稳定湿度值,各类林地平均土壤水分过耗量超过500 mm,每年多消耗土壤水分36.8 mm.林地土壤水分过耗量和耗水速度以中部半干旱森林草原区最高,南部半湿润森林区相对较低.林地土壤干燥化速度为:柠条和狼牙刺林地＞油松林地＞刺槐和沙棘林地＞苹果园地和辽东栎林地;(2)除林龄较短的苹果、沙棘和柠条林地外,各类林地在300 cm以下深层土壤湿度明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和土壤稳定湿度值,林地深层土壤湿度表现为阳坡低于阴坡、坡地低于平地,最大耗水深度接近或超过1000 cm.随林龄增长,林地深层土壤湿度逐渐降低,土壤干层逐渐加深和加厚;(3)23种林地土壤干燥化指数平均值为51.6%,达到中度(偏重)干燥化强度,林地土壤干层厚度达到或超过800 cm,随着降水量从半湿润区向半干旱偏旱区趋势性减少,林地土壤干燥化强度趋于强化,土壤干层厚度趋于增加.土壤干燥化强度和土壤干层厚度表现为:油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺和柠条林地＞刺槐林地＞苹果和沙棘林地.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

对典型黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域5年生刺槐、沙棘和杏树人工林及5、15和25年生刺槐人工林土壤进行比较研究,以揭示不同植被及恢复年限对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响.结果表明： 在5年生的3种人工林中,以沙棘林土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量最高;刺槐林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量显著高于其他两种林地,分别为99.56和28.81 mg·kg^-1,其中MBC含量依次为：刺槐林>沙棘林>杏树林,MBN含量依次为：刺槐林>杏树林>沙棘林;土壤MBC/SOC依次为：刺槐林>沙棘林>杏树林,而MBN/TN为：刺槐林>杏树林>沙棘林,且差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05).随植被恢复年限增长,3种林龄刺槐林的土壤pH值下降,SOC、TN含量、电导率(EC)、MBC和MBN均呈增加趋势.在黄土丘陵沟壑区,种植刺槐比沙棘和杏树更有利于MBC和MBN含量的提高;随着刺槐种植年限的增长,MBC、MBN以及SOC和TN含量均呈增加趋势.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

对典型黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域5年生刺槐、沙棘和杏树人工林及5、15和25年生刺槐人工林土壤进行比较研究,以揭示不同植被及恢复年限对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响.结果表明： 在5年生的3种人工林中,以沙棘林土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量最高;刺槐林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量显著高于其他两种林地,分别为99.56和28.81 mg·kg^-1,其中MBC含量依次为：刺槐林>沙棘林>杏树林,MBN含量依次为：刺槐林>杏树林>沙棘林;土壤MBC/SOC依次为：刺槐林>沙棘林>杏树林,而MBN/TN为：刺槐林>杏树林>沙棘林,且差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05).随植被恢复年限增长,3种林龄刺槐林的土壤pH值下降,SOC、TN含量、电导率(EC)、MBC和MBN均呈增加趋势.在黄土丘陵沟壑区,种植刺槐比沙棘和杏树更有利于MBC和MBN含量的提高;随着刺槐种植年限的增长,MBC、MBN以及SOC和TN含量均呈增加趋势.     

黄土高原半湿润区刺槐树干液流对人工截留降雨输入及环境因子的响应

随着全球气候变化加剧, 局部地区温度上升和降水量改变将对区域植被的分布与生长产生重要影响。在黄土高原半湿润及半干旱地区植被恢复中, 刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)是大面积种植的人工林树种。为探究该树种蒸腾耗水特征对降水量改变及水分条件差异的响应, 于2015年4月起, 在地处黄土高原半湿润区的陕西省永寿县槐平林场, 于35年生刺槐人工林样地中布设了人工截留降雨试验, 减少了47.5%的降雨输入。处理当年生长季内, 截留降雨处理区0-100 cm土层的平均土壤含水量相对于对照区(23.76%)有明显降低(22.59%)。采用Granier热扩散探针对截留降雨处理区和对照区的样树树干液流动态进行连续监测, 并同步监测主要气象环境因子(太阳辐射、空气温度和湿度)和林地土壤含水量, 分析了截留降雨处理区与对照区树干液流通量密度动态特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 截留降雨输入处理降低了刺槐树干液流通量密度, 截留降雨处理期间典型天气的平均液流通量密度(1.64 mL·m ^-2·s ^-1)不仅低于同组样树在处理前一年同期的水平(2.42 mL·m ^-2·s ^-1), 而且远低于试验期间对照区样树的平均水平(3.38 mL·m ^-2·s ^-1); 同时, 截留降雨处理还降低了刺槐液流通量密度对气象因子变化的敏感性, 截留降雨处理区样树液流通量密度响应空气水汽压亏缺的拟合方程参数值与对照区样树差异显著。分析可知, 降水量水平不仅影响土壤水分状况, 而且影响刺槐对气象环境因子响应的敏感性, 降水量减少导致的土壤含水量整体降低会使得该区域刺槐蒸腾耗水量下降, 显示其对环境因子的适应性, 但最终会导致生产力的大幅度降低。     

黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林密度对土壤水分和柠条生长的影响

研究密度对土壤水分和植物生长的影响对森林植被恢复和生态建设具有重要的意义。以黄土丘陵半干旱区人工柠条为研究对象,对相同立地条件下不同密度柠条林生长与林地土壤水分进行了长期定位观测和分析。研究表明,1—5年生柠条不同密度林地土壤水资源量差异显著,从第3年开始,土壤水资源量随着密度增加而增加;10—12年生柠条密度越低土壤水资源量越高(Treatment4除外,T4),不同密度之间水资源量差异不显著。1—3年生柠条密度越高会促进其株高生长;从第四年开始,柠条密度过高会抑制其株高生长;1—5年生柠条密度越高基径生长越快,不同密度生长差异不显著;10—12年生密度过高(Treatment1,T1)或过低(T4)均会抑制柠条株高与基径生长。在柠条播种后第5年,高密度试验小区(T1和Treatment2,T2)柠条林地最大入渗深度土壤水资源量降到水资源利用限度,此时需要依据土壤水分植被承载力通过平茬来降低林分密度,以达到减少土壤水分消耗和可持续利用土壤水资源之目的。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.