广西云南玉米霜霉病病原菌订正

在我国文献中广西云南玉米霜霉病菌名称为Ｐｅｒｏｎｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｐｏｒａ ｍａｙｄｉｓ（Ｒａｃｉｂ．）Ｃ．Ｇ．Ｓｈａｗ。但是我们观测病菌孢子囊为长椭球形;在１３℃－２８℃产孢温度范围内,随温度升高孢子囊长度增加而宽度基本不变,表明它不是Ｐ．ｍａｙｄｉｓ,而是Ｐ．ｓａｃｃｈａｒｉ（Ｔ．Ｍｉｙａｋｅ）Ｓｈｉｒａｉ ＆ Ｋ．Ｈａｒａ,或Ｐ．ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｗｅｓｔｏｎ）Ｃ．Ｇ．Ｓｈａｗ。以     

野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌Ⅱ*

本文主要报道了野生植物根围Glomus属的17个种,聚球囊霉G.aggregatumSchenck＆Smith,苏格兰球囊霉G.caledonium（Nicol.＆Gerd.）Trappe＆Gerd,近明球囊霉G．claroideumSchenck＆Smith,明球囊霉G．clarumNicolson＆Schenck,缩球囊霉G．constrictumTrappe,透光球囊霉G．diaphanumMorton,幼套球囊霉G．etunicatumBecker＆Gerdemann,集球囊霉G．Fasciculatum（Thaxter）Gerd．＆Trappe,何氏球囊霉G．hoiBerch＆Trappe,地球囊霉G.geosporum（Nicol．＆Derd.）Warker,根内球囊霉G．intraradicesSchenck＆Smith,摩西球囊霉G．Mosseae（Nicol．＆Gerd.）Gerd.＆Trappe,隐球囊霉G.occultumWalker,网状球囊霉G.reticulatumBhattcharjee＆Mukerji,地表球囊霉G.versiforme（Karsten）Berch,台湾球囊霉G…     

中国单轴霉分类的研究III．寄生在菊科植物上的新种、新组合和新记录种

本文报道在我国菊科植物上寄生的5种单轴霉。其中采自云南的辣子草(Galinsoga parviflora Car．)上的云南单轴霉(Plasmopara yunnanensis sp. Nov.)为一新种。 稀莶单轴霉 (Plasmoparu siegesbeckiac comb．Nov．)和蜡菊单轴霉(Plasmopara helichrysi comb.nov.)为二 个新组合。对新种作了汉文及拉丁文描述,并附有形态图,还讨论了新种、新组合与近似种之间的区别。     

我国东南沿海的VA菌根真菌II．球囊霉属四个种

从我国东南沿海广东、广西、福建、浙江、山东等省的栽培及野生植物根际分离出VA真菌球囊霉属的四个种：聚丛球囊霉Glomus aggregatum Schenck ＆ Smith emend．Koske,微丛球囊霉G．Microaggregatum Koske,Gemma ＆ Olexia,小果球囊霉G．Micrcarpum Tul．＆ Tul.,台湾球囊霉G．Formosanum Wu ＆ Chen。其中微丛球囊霉为我国新记录种,台湾球囊霉为我国大陆新记录种。本文除种的形态描述外,还列表介绍了其生态分布及土壤环境条件。     

赤霉烯酮的微生物还原

用Rhodtorula sp.Saccharomyces sp.Arthorbacter sp.和Candida sp．四属20株菌对由Fusarium graminearum 产生的类雌激素——赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)的还原转化进行了研究。实验结果证明,Rhodotorula sp和 Arthrobacter sp．的还原产物主要是α-赤霉烯醇(α-Zearalenol,经HPLC鉴定含量分别为96％和84％)。Saccharomyces sp．和Candidasp.的主要还原产物是β-赤霉烯醇(β-Zearalenol,经HPLC鉴定含量分别为91％和92％)。产物均经HPLC、13C—NMR和MS鉴定确证。     

中国链格孢属的研究I．

本文报道链格孢属的2个新种：寄生在苦术科(Simaroubaceae)臭椿[Ailanthus altissima(Mill)Swingle]上的臭椿链格孢(Alternaria ailanthi sp nov),寄生在桦术科(Betulaceae)黑桦(Betuladahurica Pall)上的桦术链格孢(A. betulae sp nov.),2个新组合：豆链格孢[A．Azulaae (Hara)comb．Nov],蔷薇生链格孢[A. rosicola(Rao) comb. Nov]和1个新名称红花链格孢(A．Carthami-tinctoriinom nov．)。文中为新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述和图。模式标本保藏在山东农业大学植物病理标本室(HSAUP)．     

玉米赤霉烯酮产生菌在我国的分布及其特性*

从全国29个省、自治区和直辖市分离到的镰刀菌中,随机抽取335株分别接种到大米培养基上,进行变温培养。用薄层扫描法定量检测培养物在不同温度阶段的玉米赤霉烯酮含 量。检测结果表明,50.7％的受检菌株具有产生玉米赤霉烯酮的能力,分布广泛,产量范围为0.3—5143.8mg/kg大米．玉米赤霉烯酮产置与低温无必然相关性。 125株菌株(占产生菌的73.5％)在常温下即可产生玉米赤霉烯酮。经低温处理后,它们之中仅有41.6％的菌株显著增加了产量。产生菌分属7个种：禾谷镰刀菌(F．Grammearum)大刀镰刀菌(F．Culmorum),燕麦镰刀菌(F．Avenaceum),半裸镰刀菌(F．Semitectum),木贼镰刀菌(F. equiseti),紧密 镰刀菌(F．Compactum)和克地镰刀菌(F. crookwellense)。其中,禾谷镰刀菌占85.3％。     

中国单轴霉分类的研究*II.寄生在伞形科上的新种和已知种

本文报道在我国伞形科植物上寄生的4种单轴霉(Plasmopara)。其中寄生于鸭儿芹(Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk)上的鸭儿芹单轴霉(Plasmopara cyptotaeniae sp nov．)和寄生于水芹[Oenanthe iavanica(BI．)DC．]及卵叶水芹(O．Rosthornii Diels)上的水芹单轴霉(Pl-asmopara oenanlheae sp．nov．)是2个新种。寄生于变豆菜(Sanicttla chinensis Bunge)上的变豆菜单轴霉(Plasmopara saniculae Traian et O．Savulescu)是亚洲的新记录种。     

盘霜霉一新种——岩参盘霜霉

本文报道了采自我国新疆天山西部寄生于菊科(Compositae)植物兰花岩参(Cicerbitaazurea (Ldb.) Beauv．)上的盘霜霉菌新种——岩参盘霜霉(Bremia cicerbitae C. J. Li et ZQ．Yuan sp. Nov．)。对该种的形态作了拉丁文和汉文描述,并附有特征图。模式标本保存于新疆农业大学真菌标本室(HMAAC 001154)。     

我国东南沿海地区的AM真菌IV．四个我国新记录种

本文报道了采自我国山东、福建、广西和海南四省土壤中的四种AM真菌新记录种：1．两型球囊霉Glomus dimorphicum Boyetehko ＆ Tewari;2．多产球囊霉Glomus fecundisporum Schenck ＆ Smith;3亮色盾巨孢囊霉Scutellospora fulgida Koske & Walker;4．网纹盾巨孢囊霉Scutellospora reticulata (Koske,Miller ＆ Walker)Walker ＆ Sanders。文中详细描述了其形态特征和生境状况。     

Evaluation of uncomposted botanical-based soil amendments for organic management of downy mildew of Sorghum

Uncomposted dried, powdered biomass of 38 selected botanicals was evaluated as soil amendments in a pot experiment for their potential to suppress downy mildew of sorghum caused by soil-borne oosporic inoculum of Perenosclerospora sorghi. A negative control showed 11.1% disease incidence. Six botanicals proved effective in form of dry biomass powder at 0.5% (w/w) amendment rate to control infection by oospores (Allium cepa 0%, Lantana camara 1.6%, Polyalthia longofolia 0%, Hyptis suaveolens 1.5%, Eucalyptus globulus 0% and Nerium oleander 1.6% of disease incidence). Dry powders are not only effective in disease suppression but confer additional benefits over composts like reduced bulk, increased shelf-life, consistent composition and results.     

Comparative evaluation of composts and dried powdered biomass of botanicals for organic management of downy mildew of sorghum

The biomass of 10 selected botanicals was evaluated as soil amendments, in the form of composts and dry powder biomass, to compare their potential to suppress downy mildew disease caused by oosporic inoculum of Perenosclerospora sorghi. Eight botanicals (Allium cepa, Lantana camara, Polyalthia longifolia, Hyptis suaveolens, Azadirachta indica, Nerium oleander Eucalyptus globulus and Tamarindus indica) proved effectively in the form of dry biomass powder at 4% (w/w) rate to control infection by oospores, while two (Croton sparsiflorus and Tagetes erecta) promoted it. In the form of composts (2% rate), the efficacy of botanicals was generally found reduced with the appearance of more disease than negative control in case of all botanicals except one (A. cepa). At the 4% compost rate, only four botanicals namely, A. cepa, P. longifolia, H. suaveolens and L. camara were found to suppress the disease. At higher amendment rates of 6, 8 and 10%, six botanicals suppressed the disease. Dry powders are not only superior in disease suppression but confer additional benefits like reduced bulk, increased shelf life, consistent composition and results.     

An efficient technique to obtain conidial inoculum of Peronosclerospora sorghi causing downy mildew of sorghum

An effective and simple technique to obtain conidial inoculum of Peronosclerospora sorghi has been devised, which confers many advantages over the conventional method. Systemically infected sorghum leaves were packed into folds of paper-towel. The end of folded paper-towel containing cut-ends of leaves was dipped in 3?cm deep water in a container. The container was exposed to moist field conditions at night and sporulated leaves were harvested with chilled distilled water in the morning to obtain the inoculum. Advantages of the technique include lower cost and effort, rapid harvesting and daily production of inoculum for up to seven consecutive days from same leaves. Though conventional method of plating leaf pieces in Petri plates proves superior in terms of the amount of sporulation, paper-towel method has the edge under working conditions.     

Inheritance pattern of downy mildew resistance in advanced generations of sorghum*

In a project aimed to incorporate downy mildew resistance into sorghum hybrid seed parents, we screened F₄ and F₅ families for resistance to the ICRISAT Centre isolate of the pathogen using a greenhouse seedling screening technique. The families originated from a cross of 296B (susceptible) and IS 18757 [(QL-3) resistant]. The F₄s were obtained from agronomic selection in F₂s and F₃s, and the F₅ families from advancing plants identified as resistant in segregating F₄ families. The resistant plants were more than double the number of susceptible plants in the F₄ and almost so in the F₅ suggesting that resistance to downy mildew was dominant. Of the four genetic models examined (a single-locus model and three two-locus models with complementary, inhibitory, and a combination of complementary and inhibitory interactions), the two-locus model with independent segregation and a combination of complementary and inhibitory inter-allelic interaction appeared to be most appropriate in explaining the segregation patterns within and among F₄ and F₅ families. Accordingly, for resistance to P. sorghi, the suggested genotypes for IS 18757 is Pl_aPl_aPl_bPl_b and for 296B is Pl_aPl_aPl_bPl_b.     

太湖贡湖湾食物网特征研究

应用稳定性同位素技术(13C和15N)研究了太湖贡湖湾食物网特征, 结果显示由于食物来源变化多样性影响, 导致贡湖的食物网结构和营养级关系变化较为复杂, 贡湖主要生物类群13C、15N值表现出较大的种间差异。消费者13C值从摇蚊幼虫的-32.3到锯齿米虾的-22.1, 其值大小与营养级的关系没有规律性。消费者平均15N值从褶纹冠蚌的10.3到位于顶端间下鳙的19.0, 随营养级位置而升高。群落中所有种类的15N、13C值之间没有相关性(r=0.1835, P0.05), 表明该食物网是非线性食物网。研究结果验证了杂食性生物有机体普遍存在于富营养化的贡湖水域生态系统中, 且13C结果表明, 浮游植物、固着藻类以及沉水植物为贡湖食物网中大多数生物有机体的主要碳源。贡湖食物链长度为4.44营养级。     

THE ORIGIN OF THE ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASED FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CORTEX

—The specific radioactivity of acetylcholine liberated from the surface of the rabbit occipital cortex has been compared with that of the underlying cortical synaptosomal and vesicular acetylcholine at varying times after the administration of [N-Me-³H]choline. Choline was administered by diffusion from solutions placed in cups formed by Perspex cylinders applied to the surface of the cortex. Acetylcholine was collected by diffusion into these cups. The specific radioactivity of the acetylcholine declined progressively. The effect of stimulation of afferent cholinergic pathways was to cause a fall in the specific radioactivity of the released acetylcholine. However this was always higher than that of the synaptosomal or vesicular acetylcholine as represented by fractions P₂ and D of the authors’fractionation scheme. It is concluded that acetylcholine released from the cortex must come from a store or stores more recently synthesized than the endogenous acetylcholine of these subcellular fractions.