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因生态位的高度重叠,森林更新早期草本植物同更新幼苗间存在着激烈的光能、养分及水分竞争,由此显著影响到森林更新过程。以山西省庞泉沟自然保护区蒙古栎更新幼苗为研究对象,设置4种草本竞争模式(无竞争、全竞争、地上竞争、地下竞争),2种土壤养分梯度(4 g/m2、32 g/m2),2种土壤养分分布模式(均质、异质),进行草本竞争盆栽试验。结果表明:1)草本竞争、土壤养分状况对幼苗更新均存在显著影响(P < 0.05)。其中,幼苗各生长指标在无竞争、地下竞争处理间的差异,显著表明地下竞争效应的存在性,地上竞争效应同理。2)基于线性模型,对幼苗苗高、叶片总面积、叶片总生物量、三个细根亚径级根系表面积而言,草本竞争主效应的贡献率分别为80.66%、67.49%、49.39%、40.26%、59.09%、53.26%,同土壤养分浓度相比,草本竞争的森林更新效应更高;在土壤养分异质条件下,二者交互效应甚至显著大于土壤浓度主效应;草本竞争各组分分析结果表明地下竞争效应的贡献率始终处于主导地位。3)基于结构方程模型,揭示草本竞争森林更新效应及其内在组分的具体作用途径。在无竞争与全竞争处理下,幼苗更新潜力对光能吸收及养分吸收的标准化回归系数分别为0.61、0.46,表明草本竞争主要通过光能吸收影响幼苗的更新过程;草本竞争内在组分的群组分析中,地上竞争与地下竞争相应的标准化系数分别为0.31、0.74,表明后者是主要的作用途径。在定量评价草本竞争及其内在组分森林更新效应的基础上,深入探讨其作用机理,加深了人们对其在森林更新早期生态效应的认识,为森林更新实践提供理论指导。 相似文献
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对遭受2008年雪灾破坏的车八岭山地常绿阔叶林进行连续3 a(2008-2010年)的监测,研究在冠层恢复过程中优势树种的林下幼苗动态,旨在了解幼苗灾后的更新规律及其对冠层结构变化(以叶面积指数LAI的变化来表示)的响应。结果表明,12个优势种的林下幼苗对冠层恢复有明显的响应。非参数的多元方差分析(perMANOVA)显示,优势种幼苗的组成和分布存在着极显著的年际差异(P<0.001);其中2008年与2009年及2010年的差异均极显著(P<0.001);2009年与2010年的差异不显著。这与冠层LAI的变化情况相应:2008年LAI最低,2009年LAI值迅速增加;2010与2009年相比LAI增长缓慢,并逐渐趋于稳定。不同的优势树种幼苗对样方中LAI变化的响应不同,阳性树种幼苗的相对多度和频度一般会随林分郁闭度的增加而锐减,阴性及耐阴树种幼苗数量则随冠层恢复而增加。随着冠层恢复,林下指示种截然变化。2008年的林下幼苗指示种为8个喜光的种类,而2010年则仅见较耐阴的香楠Randia canthioides 为指示种。指示种分析从另一个角度反映了幼苗对冠层恢复的响应。 相似文献
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通过研究长江三角洲近500年来的气候历史记录,揭示了这种气候极端事件出现的规律、模式,及其与全球气候变迁的关系。在过去500年中(自公元1500年以来),共出现了16个区域性气候极端事件。所有这些事件都与所报道的埃尔尼诺和南方涛动(ENSO)事件有关。研究表明,本区降雨量大的年际变化都出现在ENSO事件之中或之后。因此长江三角洲这种受人类影响日益增强的系统管理,必须考虑到这种主要气候变化的周期、强度,以及因人口的增长和社会机构的改变对气候造成的影响。 相似文献
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《植物生态学报》2019,(1)
植物幼苗建成阶段是决定种群自然更新的关键生活史阶段。研究林冠环境对常绿阔叶林优势种幼苗建成阶段的影响对该类森林的恢复和管理具有重要意义。2014–2016年,该研究在重庆市缙云山国家级自然保护区的常绿阔叶林的不同林冠环境(大林窗:150 m~2,中林窗:100–150 m~2,小林窗:50–100 m~2,对照:林下)下进行栲(Castanopsis fargesii)种子野外播种实验,并对栲幼苗命运和生长情况进行了3年的持续监测。结果表明:(1)栲幼苗出土时间从7月持续到12月,出苗时间较长,大林窗对幼苗出土具有延迟作用;(2)栲种子野外平均萌发率为(62.8±2.0)%,第3个生长季(2016年)末幼苗平均存活率为(65.1±2.2)%,枯萎是栲幼苗死亡的主要原因;(3)林冠环境对栲种子萌发率及第1个生长季(2014年)末的幼苗存活率无显著影响,对第2个(2015年)和第3个生长季末的幼苗存活率具有显著影响;(4)林冠环境在第1个生长季对幼苗生长无明显影响,但在第2个和第3个生长季具有显著影响,大、中林窗中幼苗总生物量、株高、基径、根长和叶片数显著高于林下,比叶面积显著低于林下;(5) 3个生长季内, 4类林冠条件下栲幼苗的叶质量比和茎质量比升高,根质量比和根冠比降低,并且从第2个生长季开始大林窗中栲幼苗的叶质量比显著高于林下,根质量比和根冠比显著低于林下。栲幼苗早期的存活和生长依赖种子储存的能量,受林冠条件影响较弱,后期则依赖光合作用,受林冠条件影响较强,从整个幼苗建成过程看,大、中林窗更有利于栲幼苗定居。 相似文献
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植物幼苗建成阶段是决定种群自然更新的关键生活史阶段。研究林冠环境对常绿阔叶林优势种幼苗建成阶段的影响对该类森林的恢复和管理具有重要意义。2014-2016年, 该研究在重庆市缙云山国家级自然保护区的常绿阔叶林的不同林冠环境(大林窗: >150 m 2, 中林窗: 100-150 m 2, 小林窗: 50-100 m 2, 对照: 林下)下进行栲(Castanopsis fargesii)种子野外播种实验, 并对栲幼苗命运和生长情况进行了3年的持续监测。结果表明: (1)栲幼苗出土时间从7月持续到12月, 出苗时间较长, 大林窗对幼苗出土具有延迟作用; (2)栲种子野外平均萌发率为(62.8 ± 2.0)%, 第3个生长季(2016年)末幼苗平均存活率为(65.1 ± 2.2)%, 枯萎是栲幼苗死亡的主要原因; (3)林冠环境对栲种子萌发率及第1个生长季(2014年)末的幼苗存活率无显著影响, 对第2个(2015年)和第3个生长季末的幼苗存活率具有显著影响; (4)林冠环境在第1个生长季对幼苗生长无明显影响, 但在第2个和第3个生长季具有显著影响, 大、中林窗中幼苗总生物量、株高、基径、根长和叶片数显著高于林下, 比叶面积显著低于林下; (5) 3个生长季内, 4类林冠条件下栲幼苗的叶质量比和茎质量比升高, 根质量比和根冠比降低, 并且从第2个生长季开始大林窗中栲幼苗的叶质量比显著高于林下, 根质量比和根冠比显著低于林下。栲幼苗早期的存活和生长依赖种子储存的能量, 受林冠条件影响较弱, 后期则依赖光合作用, 受林冠条件影响较强, 从整个幼苗建成过程看, 大、中林窗更有利于栲幼苗定居。 相似文献
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可溶性有机质(DOM)的生物降解性影响着土壤有机质的存留和释放,对深入认识森林土壤养分循环意义重大。为探究森林更新对土壤DOM降解特征的影响,选取亚热带地区米槠天然林(NF)、米槠次生林(SF)和米槠人工促进天然更新林(AR)土壤DOM溶液为研究对象,进行室内降解(42 d)试验。结果表明: 1)3种林分土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的降解率和易降解DOC的比例均为SF>AR>NF;可溶性有机氮(DON)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)是显著影响易降解DOC比例的因子;2)难降解组分占3种林分土壤DOC的大部分(72.3%~94.6%),其周转时间长,有利于稳定土壤有机质(SOC)的形成;3)土壤DOM最初的腐殖化指数(HIXem)会影响易降解DOC的周转时间。DOM光谱结构随降解过程呈现动态变化,说明DOM中易降解组分被消耗完后,微生物会转而降解芳香类和疏水性物质以获取碳源。综上,米槠天然林更新为次生林和人促林后增加了易降解DOC的比例,提高了土壤DOM生物可降解性,不利于SOC的积累。 相似文献
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赵冲蔡一冰黄晓刘青青朱晨曦于姣妲王正宁刘博 《生态学杂志》2019,30(2):481-488
凋落物可通过物理和化学作用显著影响幼苗出土和早期生长,进而影响天然更新.杉木是中国南方重要的造林树种,但存在着天然更新障碍,其原因可能是林下较厚的凋落物层阻碍了杉木幼苗出土和早期生长.本试验利用覆盖自然和塑料凋落物来研究凋落物对杉木幼苗出土和早期生长的影响,并检验其影响是物理作用还是化学作用.本试验设置2种凋落物类型(自然和塑料凋落物)和4个覆盖厚度(对照,0 g·m-2;浅层,200 g·m-2;中层,400 g·m-2;深层,800 g·m-2).结果表明: 与对照(0 g·m-2)相比,浅层(200 g·m-2)凋落物覆盖对出苗率有促进作用但不显著,深层(800 g·m-2)凋落物覆盖对出苗率和存活率有显著抑制作用.随着凋落物覆盖厚度的增加,幼苗根长不断减小,而茎长逐渐增加.凋落物浅层覆盖下杉木幼苗的根生物量、叶生物量和总生物量均最大,深层覆盖下最小.幼苗的根冠比随着凋落物覆盖厚度的增加而不断减小.与对照相比,凋落物覆盖下幼苗光合与非光合组织生物量比均有所增加.相同覆盖厚度下,自然和塑料凋落物对杉木幼苗出土和早期生长的影响均无显著差异,表明短期内凋落物覆盖对幼苗出土和早期生长的影响主要是物理作用.随着凋落物覆盖厚度的增加,杉木幼苗出土和早期生长表现为先促进后抑制,且杉木幼苗为了穿过厚厚的凋落物层倾向于把资源分配给地上部分.本研究结果为凋落物是影响杉木幼苗建植和天然更新的一个重要生态因子提供了试验证据. 相似文献
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Greater climatic variability and extreme climatic events are currently emerging as two of the most important facets of climate change. Predicting the effects of extreme climatic events, such as heat waves, is a major challenge because they may affect both organisms and trophic interactions, leading to complex responses at the community level. In this study, we set up a simple three‐level food chain composed of a sweet pepper plant, Capsicum annuum; an aphid, Myzus persicae; and a ladybeetle, Coleomegilla maculata, to explore the consequences of simulated heat waves on organism performance, trophic interactions, and population dynamics. We found that (1) heat waves do not affect plant biomass, significantly reduce the abundance and fecundity of aphids, and slightly affect ladybeetle developmental time and biomass, (2) heat waves decrease the impact of ladybeetles on aphid populations but do not modify the effect of aphids on plant biomass, and (3) food chains including predatory ladybeetles are more resistant to heat waves than a simple plant–aphid association, with aphid abundance being less influenced by heat waves in the presence of C. maculata. Our results suggest that more biodiverse ecosystems with predators exerting a strong biotic control are likely to be less influenced by abiotic factors and then more resistant to extreme climatic events than impoverished ecosystems lacking predators. Our study emphasizes the importance of assessing the effects of climatic change on each trophic level as well as on trophic interactions to further our understanding of the stability, resilience, and resistance of ecological communities under climatic forcing. 相似文献
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Jordi Margalef‐Marrase María ngeles Prez‐Navarro Francisco Lloret 《Global Change Biology》2020,26(5):3134-3146
In recent decades, many forest die‐off events have been reported in relation to climate‐change‐induced episodes, such as droughts and heat waves. To understand how these extreme climatic events induce forest die‐off, it is important to find a tool to standardize the climatic conditions experienced by different populations during a specific climatic event, taking into account the historic climatic conditions of the site where these populations live (bioclimatic niche). In this study, we used estimates of climatic suitability calculated from species distribution models (SDMs) for such purpose. We studied forest die‐off across France during the 2003 heatwave that affected Western Europe, using 2,943 forest inventory plots dominated by 14 single tree species. Die‐off severity was estimated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) loss using Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer remote sensor imagery. Climatic suitability at the local level during the historical 1979–2002 period (HCS), the episode time (2003; ECS) and suitability deviance during the historical period (HCS‐SD) were calculated for each species by means of boosted regression tree models using the CHELSA climate database and occurrences extracted from European forest inventories. Low HCS‐SD and high mean annual temperature explained the overall regional pattern of vulnerability to die‐off across different monospecific forests. The combination of high historical and low episode climatic suitability also contributed significantly to overall forest die‐off. Furthermore, we observed different species‐specific relationships between die‐off vulnerability and climatic suitability: Sub‐Mediterranean and Mediterranean species tended to be vulnerable in historically more suitable localities (high HCS), whereas Euro‐Siberian species presented greater vulnerability when the hot drought episode was more intense. We demonstrated that at regional scale, past climatic legacy plays an important role in explaining NDVI loss during the episode. Moreover, we demonstrated that SDMs‐derived indexes, such as HCS, ECS and HCS‐SD, could constitute a tool for standardizing the ways that populations and species experience climatic variability across time and space. 相似文献
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A rapid altitudinal range expansion in the pine processionary moth produced by the 2003 climatic anomaly 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ANDREA BATTISTI MICHAEL STASTNY† EMILIANO BUFFO STIG LARSSON‡ 《Global Change Biology》2006,12(4):662-671
Climatic anomalies may produce, or accelerate, geographic range expansions of species limited by temperature or other climatic variables. Most such expansions are only temporary, before the prevailing climatic conditions drive the founder populations extinct. In contrast, here, we report a recent rapid shift of the range limit during the record hot summer of 2003 in southern Europe that has the potential to be both permanent, and to have important implications on species range dynamics in general. The winter pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), an important pine defoliator whose larvae feed in colonies during the winter, is limited in its distribution by winter temperatures. In the last three decades, warmer winters have led to a gradual but substantial expansion of its range both latitudinally and altitudinally. In the summer of 2003, T. pityocampa underwent an extraordinary expansion to high elevation pine stands in the Italian Alps; its altitudinal range limit increased by one third of the total altitudinal expansion over the previous three decades. In an experiment, we found flight activity of newly emerged females to increase with temperature. By determining a threshold temperature for flight take‐offs under controlled conditions, we calculated that the nights above the threshold temperature were over five times more frequent, and considerably warmer, at the range limit in 2003 than in an average year. We therefore attribute the colonization of extreme, high‐elevation sites to increased nocturnal dispersal of females during the unusually warm night temperatures in June – August 2003. Importantly, the colonies established at extreme sites survived the winter and produced offspring in 2004, although the range did not expand further because of low night temperatures that year. We discuss several life‐history characteristics of T. pityocampa that maximize the likelihood of population persistence at the new range limit. As global warming continues and climatic anomalies are predicted to become more frequent, our results draw attention to the importance of extreme climatic events in the range formation of phytophagous insects. 相似文献
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水培条件下营养元素对枳幼苗根毛发育及根生长的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以柑橘砧木枳实生苗为试材,研究水培条件下N、P、 K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn等7种营养元素分别缺乏对其根系主根长度、侧根数和主、侧根根毛密度、根毛长度及根毛直径等的影响.结果表明: 水培条件下,不同缺素处理枳实生幼苗的根毛均能生长,但根毛主要集中在近根基段,根尖处分布较少;侧根的根毛密度显著大于主根,而其根毛长度显著小于主根.不同缺素处理对根毛的生长发育影响较大,主根根毛密度为55.0~174.3 条·mm-2.与对照相比,缺Ca诱发主根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺P使主根的根基段、中段及侧根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺Fe使主根根尖段根毛密度显著增加,而长度显著降低;缺K使主根、侧根的根毛密度、长度及根毛直径均显著降低;缺Mg使主根根毛长度显著增加.各处理主根的生长较一致;侧根除缺N、Mg处理外,其他处理均出现脱落后再生的现象. 相似文献
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中国北亚热带次生森林植被研究述评 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对我国北亚热带植被的研究,可追溯到本世纪二三十年代对南京森林植物的调查工作\"'和钟山森林之变迁的研究\"'。受战争的影响,约有20年的停动期。50年代后,研究工作得以继续,而且研究内容日益广泛,研究程度日益深入,这些工作大体可分为以下4个方面。1植被特征的研究曲仲湘'-\"利用LUtZ树木结构图解首次对北亚热带的南京灵谷寺、琅郎山、栖霞山森林和林木进行了研究,并依据树种的耐阴程度探讨了其可能的变化过程。文中所用的划分树木生态年龄为5个等级的方法,确立了我国森林树种\"年龄\"划分的标准。虽然,这种划分方法比较简化,但因… 相似文献
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Adrin Bojrquez Juan C. lvarez‐Ypiz Alberto Búrquez Angelina Martínez‐Yrízar 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(11):3817-3828
Extreme climatic and weather events are increasing in frequency and intensity across the world causing episodes of widespread tree mortality in many forested ecosystems. However, we have a limited understanding about which local factors influence tree mortality patterns, restricting our ability to predict tree mortality, especially within topographically complex tropical landscapes with a matrix of mature and secondary forests. We investigated the effects of two major local factors, topography and forest successional type, on climate‐induced tropical tree mortality patterns using an observational and modeling approach. The northernmost Neotropical dry forest endured an unprecedented episode of frost‐induced tree mortality after the historic February 2011 cold wave hit northwestern Mexico. In a moderately hilly landscape covering mature and secondary tropical dry forests, we surveyed 454 sites for the presence or absence of frost‐induced tree mortality. In addition, across forty‐eight 1 ha plots equally split into the two forest types, we examined 6,981 woody plants to estimate a frost‐disturbance severity metric using the density of frost‐killed trees. Elevation is the main factor modulating frost effects regardless of forest type. Higher occurrence probabilities of frost‐induced tree mortality at lowland forests can be explained by the strong influence of elevation on temperature distribution since heavier cold air masses move downhill during advective frosts. Holding elevation constant, the probability of frost‐induced tree mortality in mature forests was twice that of secondary forests but severity showed the opposite pattern, suggesting a cautious use of occurrence probabilities of tree mortality to infer severity of climate‐driven disturbances. Extreme frost events, in addition to altering forest successional pathways and ecosystem services, likely maintain and could ultimately shift latitudinal and altitudinal range margins of Neotropical dry forests. 相似文献
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以阿尔泰山天然林为研究对象,探究不同间伐强度(19%、33%、55%、62%)对林下植被的影响,为该区天然林的经营管理提供理论依据。运用样地调查法,对间伐30 a后的林木进行每木检尺,调查林下植被结构、物种多样性,对测定数据进行单因素方差分析和LSD多重比较检验。结果表明:(1)草本层物种丰富度随间伐强度的增大而增大,62%间伐强度显著大于其他处理;灌木层物种丰富度随间伐强度的增大呈先增后减的趋势,55%间伐强度最大(P>0.05);不同间伐强度处理之间,林下植被的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数均无显著差异(P>0.05),草本植物优势种各间伐强度之间大致相同;(2)适当增加间伐强度可以明显提高灌木层和草本层密度,以55%间伐强度为优(P<0.05),林下植被的盖度随着间伐强度的增大先增后减,间伐显著影响灌木植物盖度,而对草本层盖度则影响不显著(P>0.05)。以上研究表明从恢复林地多样性的角度考虑,间伐强度选取55%更合理。 相似文献
19.
Jielin Ge Gaoming Xiong Zhixian Wang Mi Zhang Changming Zhao Guozhen Shen Wenting Xu Zongqiang Xie 《Ecology and evolution》2015,5(7):1484-1493
Extreme climatic events can trigger gradual or abrupt shifts in forest ecosystems via the reduction or elimination of foundation species. However, the impacts of these events on foundation species' demography and forest dynamics remain poorly understood. Here we quantified dynamics for both evergreen and deciduous broad‐leaved species groups, utilizing a monitoring permanent plot in a subtropical montane mixed forest in central China from 2001 to 2010 with particular relevance to the anomalous 2008 ice storm episode. We found that both species groups showed limited floristic alterations over the study period. For each species group, size distribution of dead individuals approximated a roughly irregular and flat shape prior to the ice storm and resembled an inverse J‐shaped distribution after the ice storm. Furthermore, patterns of mortality and recruitment displayed disequilibrium behaviors with mortality exceeding recruitment for both species groups following the ice storm. Deciduous broad‐leaved species group accelerated overall diameter growth, but the ice storm reduced evergreen small‐sized diameter growth. We concluded that evergreen broad‐leaved species were more susceptible to ice storms than deciduous broad‐leaved species, and ice storm events, which may become more frequent with climate change, might potentially threaten the perpetuity of evergreen‐dominated broad‐leaved forests in this subtropical region in the long term. These results underscore the importance of long‐term monitoring that is indispensible to elucidate causal links between forest dynamics and climatic perturbations. 相似文献
20.
Francisco Lloret Adrian Escudero José María Iriondo Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta Fernando Valladares 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(3):797-805
Current climatic trends involve both increasing temperatures and climatic variability, with extreme events becoming more frequent. Increasing concern on extreme climatic events has triggered research on vegetation shifts. However, evidences of vegetation shifts resulting from these events are still relatively rare. Empirical evidence supports the existence of stabilizing processes minimizing and counteracting the effects of these events, reinforcing community resilience. We propose a demographic framework to understand this inertia to change based on the balance between adult mortality induced by the event and enhanced recruitment or adult survival after the event. The stabilizing processes potentially contributing to this compensation include attenuation of the adult mortality caused by the event, due to site quality variability, to tolerance, phenotypic variability, and plasticity at population level, and to facilitative interactions. Mortality compensation may also occur by increasing future survival due to beneficial effect on growth and survival of the new conditions derived from global warming and increased climatic variability, to lowered competition resulting from reduced density in affected stands, or to antagonistic release when pathogens or predators are vulnerable to the event or the ongoing climatic conditions. Finally, mortality compensation may appear by enhanced recruitment due to release of competition with established vegetation, for instance as a consequence of gap openings after event‐caused mortality, or to the new conditions, which may be more favorable for seedling establishment, or to enhanced mutualistic interactions (pollination, dispersal). There are important challenges imposed by the need of long‐term studies, but a research agenda focused on potentially stabilizing processes is well suited to understand the variety of responses, including lack of sudden changes and community inertia that are frequently observed in vegetation under extreme events. This understanding is crucial for the establishment of sound management strategies and actions addressed to improve ecosystem resilience under climate change scenarios. 相似文献