生物发酵法制备木糖醇的研究进展

木糖醇由于其特殊的物理、化学性质在众多领域被广泛应用,全球需求量日益增多。目前,木糖醇的工业生产方法是由纯D-木糖在高温、高压下化学催化法制得的,该方法存在原料要求高、能耗高、条件苛刻、污染重等问题。生物发酵技术可以利用菌株发酵价格低廉的农作物废弃物来制备木糖醇,由于其原料来源广、能耗低、条件温和、环境友好等优点而备受关注,是一种潜在的具有吸引力的化学过程替代品。然而,由于发酵产物木糖醇含量低,微生物发酵法制备木糖醇的路线尚未在工业上得到实践。综述了生物法制备木糖醇过程中影响木糖醇产率的因素以及可能的菌种改造技术,并给出了生物技术生产木糖醇目前面临的挑战,进一步展望了生物法制备木糖醇的研究方向。     

木糖醇大规模发酵生产策略

<正>发酵工艺是木糖醇生产的发展方向,其通过生物选择性催化,大幅度简化了原料预处理步骤和产物分离过程,有效提高从原料到产物的收率。文章对木糖醇大规模发酵生产中的主要技术环节,包括原料选择、水解方法、水解物脱毒与净化、微生物菌种选择、发酵过程与产物分离等问题进行了系统评述,并对这些关键环节的工艺策略选择提出了笔者的观点。     

混菌同步糖化固态发酵丁醇的研究

生物丁醇是一种极具发展潜力的清洁可再生能源燃料。目前工业丁醇生产仍存在能耗高、产量低以及污染严重等问题。固态发酵体系中由于固体物含量较高容易造成传质传热困难、酶解效率低等难题,难以实现丁醇混菌固态发酵。针对以上问题,从混合培养的优势以及固态发酵过程强化角度思考,以期为高效利用木质纤维素原料制备燃料丁醇提供新思路。     

生物法制备甲壳素/壳聚糖的研究进展

甲壳素是继纤维素之后又一天然生物高分子材料,因其具有重要的物理化学性质及优良的生物相容性、安全性、可生物降解性,使其在农业、医药、食品加工、环境保护及生物技术等领域有着重要的应用。由于其强烈的氢键作用,甲壳素很难溶解,这在很大程度上限制了其应用。甲壳素经脱N-乙酰基得到壳聚糖,由于乙酰基的减少,壳聚糖分子间作用力减弱,溶解性在一定程度上得到改善,同时,由于其存在大量游离的氨基,使其在药物缓释、促进伤口愈合等医药方面有着更重要的经济价值。阐述了甲壳素的传统化学制备方法 -酸碱法,该方法虽技术成熟,却仍存在能耗高、成本高、环境污染严重等诸多局限性和缺点;基于此,重点综述了绿色环保的酶法及微生物发酵法,讨论了酶法和微生物发酵方法各自的优缺点,同时归纳了甲壳素的重要衍生物-壳聚糖的生物制备方法,并分析讨论了在目前生物法制备甲壳素/壳聚糖从实验室研究到工业化过程中存在的限制性问题,进一步展望了甲壳素/壳聚糖生物制备方法的研发方向。     

一种经济高效温和的生物质预处理新方法--动态挤压法

目前阻碍木质纤维原料生化转化为能源、材料或高附加值化学品的关键瓶颈问题是缺乏经济高效的生物质预处理及组分分离技术.本研究利用自行设计的动态挤压设备协同廉价化学药剂共作用处理玉米秸秆,通过挤压机对秸秆纤维的剪切、撕裂作用及化学脱木质素行为,解决传统单一物理或化学预处理方法能耗高、效率低及组分分离困难等问题,提高了纤维质生物转化的活性,降低预处理及组分分离过程的成本.与传统预处理工艺相比,整个过程用水量少、条件温和、能耗低,对后续生物转化过程有抑制作用的副产物生成量少,设备简单、易维护、易放大,具有良好的工业化前景.     

代谢改造热带假丝酵母发酵木糖母液生产木糖醇

木糖醇是一种在食品、医药、轻工等领域具有广泛用途的多元醇,目前主要通过酸水解木聚糖获得木糖并进一步化学催化加氢方法制备。提取木糖过程中会产生大量的木糖母液副产物,其中含有一定浓度的葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖等碳源,以及少量的糠醛、四氢呋喃等物质。研究微生物转化木糖母液生产高附加值化学品不仅能够提高木糖母液的利用价值,而且能够减少环境污染。热带假丝酵母不仅能够利用葡萄糖,也具有高效的木糖代谢途径。首先利用代谢工程技术删除了热带假丝酵母菌株的木糖醇脱氢酶基因,获得能够转化木糖积累木糖醇的突变株。在此基础上,评价了突变株在木糖母液培养基中的发酵性能。通过单因素优化实验确定了突变株发酵生产木糖醇较优的发酵工艺:培养基组成为木糖母液300g/L,玉米浆5g/L;最佳发酵条件为:发酵温度35℃,初始p H为5.0,接种量15%,200r/min摇床培养140h。利用优化后的发酵工艺,木糖醇产量达到83.01g/L。初步建立了转化木糖母液生产木糖醇的工艺,为进一步利用木糖母液奠定了基础。     

最新专利文摘

生物转化玉米芯生产木糖醇的工艺方法 本发明提供了一种生物转化玉米芯生产木糖醇的工艺方法,属于功能糖生产技术领域。其工艺方法包括如下步骤：玉米芯的预处理、玉米芯的酶解、液体菌种的制备、木糖醇的发酵生产、发酵液的分离与提纯。采用生物转化玉米芯的工艺生产木糖醇,工序简单、无环境污染,符合环保要求;工艺过程条件温和,常压下操作,易于安全生产;生产收率高,降低了运行成本,提高了产品的市场竞争力,促进了行业的可持续发展。     

生物强化技术在生物质沼气制备过程中的应用及研究进展

生物强化技术通过为特定的生物过程"设计"微生物,进而作为一种提升反应系统活力和性能的手段被应用于生物质沼气制备过程,以便加快发酵系统启动时间、增加原料利用率、缩短酸败系统的恢复时间、降低高有机负荷的抑制作用等。本文针对以木质纤维素为原料的沼气制备中的生物强化技术,从生物强化菌剂的构建及标准、生物强化作用的影响因素、生物强化作用机制的探究等几个方面来阐述目前国内外生物强化技术在生物质沼气制备过程中的应用与研究进展,以及存在的问题和解决方案。     

半纤维素水解物生物转化生产木糖醇

木糖醇在食品、医药及化工行业中有着广泛的用途而深受关注。但是,传统的化学法生产木糖醇需要一系列复杂的分离纯化步骤,过高的生产成本限制了木糖醇的使用范围。发酵工艺生产木糖醇无需木糖的纯化步骤,是取代化学合成法的一条可行工艺路线。本文着重介绍产木糖醇的微生物,酵母对木糖的同化途径,半纤维素水解物的脱毒方法,影响木糖醇发酵的工艺条件等。     

超临界流体技术制备生物柴油进展及前景

超临界流体技术制备生物柴油不使用催化剂,生产过程清洁环保,是极具发展潜力的绿色可再生能源生产技术。本文首先简述超临界流体的特点及其用于生物柴油制备的物理、化学基础;其次详细分析超临界流体技术制备生物柴油的过程中反应温度、反应压力、醇油摩尔比、低碳醇种类、水、脂肪酸、反应器及反应形式等工艺控制条件对反应的影响和原因,并介绍超临界流体制备生物柴油中的过程强化方法和技术经济性。尽管超临界流体制备生物柴油具有原料适应性好、投资和运行成本低、生产过程清洁等优点,但存在反应条件苛刻、甲醇用量高等问题,从工业化角度指出使用廉价废弃油脂原料降成本、调节原料酸值降低反应苛刻度、连续化和大型化是超临界流体制备生物柴油技术的重点提升方向。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.