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叙述了东方纯属建立的历史和暗纹东方纯的命名历史。阿部宗明在1952年建议成立东方纯属并以“Fugu”命名时,已于1949年先行在圆纯属（Sphoeroides）下建立了6个亚属。基于亚属与属具有同等有效的地位,根据国际动物命名法规中优先律的原则,应该以1949年建立的亚属之一融缸舭作为东方纯属的学名,而不用“Fugu”这个名称。早在1844年,McCHand根据采自浙江宁波、舟山一带的标本命名了暗纹东方纯,按照国际动物命名法规中优先律的原则,分布于我国长江中下游和近海的暗纹东方纯学名应该恢复为：Takfugu fasciatus（McClland,1844）。纯鱼类已经被列入人类基因组学研究的模式动物,而且一些纯鱼类的国内外贸易量日益增加,有关东方纯属和暗纹东方纯的学名问题应及时正本清源,使其更符合科学研究历史的本来面貌,有利于学术交流。 相似文献
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暗纹东方(Takifu guobscurus Abe)俗称江河豚,隶属于统形目、纯科,是一种海江洞游性鱼类。其内脏器官含剧毒,宰杀烹调不慎可致食者于死地,但肉味极为腴美,故民间素有“拼死吃河豚”之说。国外较早开展了东方纯属鱼类的养殖,在从苗种到成鱼的各个生长阶段中,河纯,特别是苗种阶段的同类相残较严重,成为苗种生产的主要限制因素。为探讨河纯同类相残的原因并采取有效防范措施,作者于1995年4月30日至6月20日,在人工培育暗纹东方统苗种期间,对其同类相残的现象进行了观察研究,现将研究结果作如下总结。 相似文献
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以暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu fasciatus)肝的线粒体DNA为模板,参照红鳍东方鲀(T.rubripes)等近源鱼类的线粒体基因组DNA序列,设计合成14对特异引物,进行PCR扩增并测序,首次获得了暗纹东方鲀线粒体基因组全序列。结果表明,暗纹东方鲀线粒体基因组序列全长16 444 bp(GenBank登录号为GQ409967),A+T含量为55.8%,其mtDNA结构与其他脊椎动物相似,由22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因、13个蛋白质编码基因和1段819 bp非编码的控制区(D-loop)所组成。蛋白质基因除COⅠ和ND6的起始密码子为GTG、CCT以外,均为典型的起始密码子ATG。ND1、ATPase8、COⅢ、ND4L、ND5、Cyt b使用典型的终止密码子TAA,其他的使用不完全终止密码子。除ND6和tRNAGln、tRNAAla、tRNAAsn、tRNACys、tRNATyr、tRNASer、tRNAGlu、tRNAPro在L-链上编码之外,其余基因均在H-链编码。基因排列顺序与已测定的鲀类一致,这显示了鲀类线粒体基因排列顺序上的保守性。tRNA基因核苷酸长度为64～73nt,预测了22个tRNA基因的二级结构,均呈较为典型的三叶草状。基于19种鲀类mtDNA全序列构建的进化树表明,暗纹东方鲀与红鳍东方鲀、中华东方鲀(T.chinensis)聚成一个姊妹群。结果还支持东方鲀属鱼类为一单系类群。 相似文献
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暗纹东方鲀线粒体COI及其侧翼tRNA基因的克隆与序列分析 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
以暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu fasciatus)肝脏的线粒体DNA为模板,按照红鳍东方鲀线粒体DNA序列设计合成特异引物进行PCR扩增,克隆并测定了线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I亚基（COI）及其侧翼tRNA基因的全序列,结果显示,克隆了暗纹东方鲀COI基因1546bp及其5′端上游的tRNATyr基因和3′端下游的tRNASer基因序列共1766bp。用DNA分析软件对暗纹东方鲀与GenBank中10个目13种鱼类的COI序列进行比较分析,显示暗纹东方鲀与这些鱼类的COI基因具有较高的同源性,与同属红鳍东方鲀的同源性最高为97.6%,与同目不同科的矛尾翻车鲀和翻车鲀的同源性为76.5%和75.4%。根据暗纹东方鲀与其他13种鱼的COI基因序列同源性所建立的进化树,与传统的分类地位基本吻合。推定的这二种tRNA的二级结构都具有典型的三叶草型结构。 相似文献
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该文以四齿鲀科(Tetraodontidae)的暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)为对象,采用形态学解剖、X光透视和骨骼神经染色等方法,对其胀气行为的功能形态学进行研究。其结果发现,暗纹东方鲀腹部受到刺激后,口腔小幅高频将水或空气吞咽进入由食道腹壁特化成的气囊里,气囊与消化道的前后结合处由括约肌控制,腹壁肌呈束状,与此同时,高弹性的皮肤、脊柱和神经都会发生相应的位移变化,以保证胀气行为的快速完成。通过对暗纹东方鲀胀气行为及其吸、排水机制的深入了解,为进一步研究胀气行为的神经机理奠定基础,也将会丰富动物警戒逃避行为的理论。 相似文献
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利用相关序列扩增多态性SRAP(Sequence-related amplified polymorphism)分子标记首次对4个暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)群体(1个长江捕捞群体、1个放流群体和2个养殖群体)进行了遗传多样性分析。从49对引物组合中筛选出18对扩增条带清晰、稳定的引物组合对4个群体进行扩增,共获得231个位点,其中多态位点数为156个,总多态位点百分率为67.53%。4个群体内多态位点比例为54.98%—58.87%,群体的Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.1992—0.2005,群体Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.2953—0.3016,群体间基因流(Nm)为4.1291。长江捕捞群体的多态位点比例、基因多样性指数、Shannon多样性指数均略高于其他三个群体。采用UPGMA法对4个群体进行聚类分析显示,上海养殖群体单独聚为一类,其余3个群体聚为另一类。AMOVA结果表明遗传变异主要来源于群体内,占总遗传变异的87.40%。以上结果表明,4个暗纹东方鲀群体具有较高的遗传多样性,群体间相似性较大,并且存在一定的基因交流。 相似文献
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为了解雌激素在鱼类雌性性别分化中的作用,在克隆暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)性腺CYP19A和DMRT1基因部分序列基础上,采用不同浓度芳香化酶抑制剂来曲唑(letrozole,LE)(0、25、125、625、3 125 μg/L)处理暗纹东方鲀初孵仔鱼,每个平行组各20尾鱼,观察CYP19A和DMRT1基因的表达情况和组织学变化.RT-PCR结果显示:25 μg/L LE实验组中样本CYP19A和DMRT1表达水平与对照组相比无显著差异;LE 125 μg/L以上各浓度组中约30％的样本同时表达CYP19A和DMRT1基因,且随着LE浓度增加,CYP19A表达量下调,而DMR T1表达量上调;组织学研究表明,125 μg/L LE以上各实验组样本中可见由雌性向雄性转变的间性体性腺.孵化后56 d,125 μg/L LE实验组样本中约有20％显示雌性;625μg/L LE实验组样本显示表型雄性和间性体,未见雌性;最高浓度3125 μg/L LE组中所有样本均显示表型雄性,CYP19A和DMRT1基因表达与对照组雄性相同.上述结果说明,抑制内源雌激素合成可使暗纹东方鲀仔稚鱼CYP19A基因表达下调,同时DMRT1基因表达上调,并发生雄性化性逆转. 相似文献
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为了解小管枪乌贼（Loligo oshimai）肌肉营养价值,采用常规生化分析方法对其肌肉的营养成分进行了测定和分析。结果显示,小管枪乌贼肌肉鲜样样品中的水分、粗蛋白质、脂肪、灰分含量分别为（75.50±2.35）%、（19.29±0.98）%、（0.94±0.11）%和（1.80±0.09）%。肌肉中氨基酸含量丰富,共检测出18种氨基酸,含量占干样品的64.32%,4种呈味氨基酸含量为25.16%;必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为69.77,接近氨基酸标准模式;检测出26种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸（SFA）8种,单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）6种,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）12种,含量分别为42.65%、6.48%和41.55%,不饱和脂肪酸中的二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）占脂肪总量的40.47%;肌肉中矿物元素含量丰富,其中钾（19 420 mg/kg）、锌（43.07 mg/kg）和硒（1.043 mg/kg）含量较高;此外检测的5维生素中VB6（127.87 mg/kg）和VB3（91.93 mg/kg）含量丰富。因此,小管枪乌贼肌肉中蛋白质含量丰富、脂肪酸组成比例适宜、矿物元素和维生素含量较高,是一种营养价值全面、味道鲜美、具有较高保健价值的水产品。 相似文献
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墨脱四须鲃肉味鲜美、营养丰富,是雅鲁藏布江下游较大型鱼类。参照国标用常规方法分析墨脱四须鲃肌肉,结果发现：肌肉中粗蛋白含量占18.6%,粗脂肪占0.65%,水分占79.1%,灰分占1.4%;检测出16种氨基酸,其氨基酸评分(AAS)77.142,化学评分(CS)47.368,氨基酸指数(EAAI)86.157,第一限制氨基酸为甲硫氨酸（Met）+半胱氨酸（Cys）,氨基酸支/芳值（BCAA/AAA）2.434。检测出22种脂肪酸,必需脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的38.4%,其致动脉粥样硬化指数（IA）及血栓形成指数（IT）值分别为0.352和0.230。因此,墨脱四须鲃的肌肉是一种极佳的蛋白质及脂肪源,墨脱四须鲃具有养殖及推广的潜力。 相似文献
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通过对高原鼢鼠（Myospalax baileyi）肉质进行营养成分的分析,评价其营养价值。测定了高原鼢鼠肉的水分、灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、微量元素、脂肪酸、氨基酸与维生素的含量。结果表明,高原鼢鼠肉中含丰富的蛋白质（18．7％）、氨基酸种类齐全（含17种氨基酸,8种人体必需氨基酸俱全）、脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主（占总脂肪酸的64．14％）、VE含量高,并含有一般动物肉中没有的VC,含有多种微量元素,微量元素含量具有明显的高K低Na等特点,符合现代营养保健趋势,可作为低钠营养保健品资源开发。 相似文献
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Christelle Tougard Sophie Montuire Vitaly Volobouev Evgenia Markova Julien Contet Vladimir Aniskin Jean‐Pierre Quere 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2013,108(2):434-452
Natural hybridization between species is not a rare event. In arvicoline rodents, hybridization is known to occur in the wild and/or in captivity. In the Microtus arvalis group, cytogenetic studies revealed that there were two distinct chromosomal forms (2n = 46 but a different fundamental number of autosomes). These forms have been attributed to two cryptic species: the common (arvalis) and Altai (obscurus) voles. Recently, individuals with intermediate karyotypes (F1 and backcrosses) were discovered in central European Russia, and, for this reason, other studies have regarded obscurus and arvalis as conspecific. In the present study, to address the question of the species limits in the Altai vole and to infer its evolutionary history, a phylogeographical analysis combined with multivariate morphometric methods and original chromosome data was performed. Two obscurus lineages were identified: the Sino‐Russian and South Caucasian lineages. Both lineages are characterized by low genetic diversity, resulting, in the former, from a past bottleneck event caused by encroaching periglacial areas and, in the latter, from recent rapid population divergence. Introgressive hybridization between the Altai and common voles appears to be the result of a secondary contact following the Last Glacial Maximum in central European Russia. Despite the fact that speciation is an ongoing process in most arvicoline species, the common and Altai voles are genetically divergent, morphologically and karyologically distinct, and exhibit contrasting evolutionary histories. For all these reasons, they should be ranked as species: M. arvalis and M. obscurus. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London 相似文献
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Triacylglycerols (TAG) were the dominant lipids in liver tissue of both sexes of the viviparous yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus during the spring and summer when greatest feeding occurred. Significant declines in liver TAG during the winter corresponded to increased concentrations of polar lipids (PL), the main component of cell membranes. Elevated PL in female livers relative to those of males preceded the period of ovarian enlargement and may be attributed to the production of vitellogenin. During late vitellogenesis and gestation, ovaries contained significantly elevated concentrations of PL, TAG, and cholesterol. Since yellowtail rockfish are highly fecund and viviparous, large quantities of ovarian PL are required for proliferation of the cell membranes in developing larval tissues. TAG accumulated in ovaries in lower concentrations than PL and were likely metabolized as the main source of energy during gestation. This pattern of ovarian PL concentrations exceeding those of TAG and the presence of oil globules, may be unique to highly fecund, viviparous teleosts and signify an alternative profile to those previously documented for oviparous species. Testes at maximum I G were only 7% of maximum ovarian size, composed of mainly PL, and lacked a defined lipid dynamic pattern across the reproductive cycle. 相似文献
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Matthew Hayes Michael Chustek ZiMian Wang Dympna Gallagher Stanley Heshka Ann Spungen William Bauman Steven B. Heymsfield M.D. 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2002,10(10):969-977
Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that tissue-organ components can be derived from DXA measurements, and in turn, resting energy expenditure (REE) can be calculated from the summed heat productions of DXA-estimated brain, skeletal muscle mass (SM), adipose tissue, bone, and residual mass (RM). Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were divided into five groups of adults <50 years of age. The specific metabolic rate of RM was developed in 13 Group I healthy subjects and a DXA-brain mass prediction formula in 52 Group II subjects. SM, adipose tissue, and bone models were developed based on earlier reports. The composite REE prediction model (REEp) was tested in 154 Group III subjects in whom REEp was compared with measured REE (REEm). Features of the developed model were determined in 94 normal-weight men and women (Group IV) and seven spinal cord injury patients and healthy matched controls (Group V). Results: REEp and REEm in Group III were highly correlated (y = 0.85x + 233; r = 0.82, p < 0.001), and no bias was detected. Both REEm (mean ± SD, 1579 ± 324 kcal/d) and REEp (1585 ± 316 kcal/d) were also highly correlated (r values = 0.85 to 0.98; p values < 0.001) and provided similar group values to REE estimated by the Harris-Benedict equations (1597 ± 279 kcal/d) and Wang's composite fat-free mass–based REE equation (1547 ± 248 kcal/d). New insights into the sources and distribution of REE were provided by analysis of the demonstration groups. Discussion: This approach offers a new practical and educational opportunity to examine REE in subject groups using modeling strategies that reveal the magnitude and distribution of fundamental somatic heat-producing units. 相似文献
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Urquiza-Haas T Serio-Silva JC Hernández-Salazar LT 《American journal of primatology》2008,70(5):432-438
There continue to remain uncertainty concerning the nutritional importance of figs (Ficus spp.) in the primate diet. Although studies have been performed on the nutritional analysis of fig pulp and seed fractions separately, there has not been an attempt to quantify the contribution of animal matter within figs. Here we report nutritional values of figs (Ficus perforata) (Urostigma) consumed by a troop of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana). Separate nutritional assays were performed on the pulp, seed, and animal fraction. Whole-fig analyses significantly exaggerate the concentrations of all nutrients (lipids especially) as seeds, which represent a large proportion of the fig (45%), cannot be digested. Animal matter only represents 1% of the fig, and augments fig protein and lipid content by 0.44 and 0.30%, respectively. This represents the 11 and 9% of the fraction available for digestion. Differences in fig consumption were observed between age and sex classes (P=0.04) and periods of the day (P=0.001); females consumed more figs than males and the highest consumption of figs was observed in the afternoon. F. perforata figs may be an important component of the howler monkeys diet owing to their high content of water and calcium. 相似文献
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Nucleic acid hybridization and cell wall composition studies of pyogenic streptococci 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Abstract DNA-rRNA and DNA-DNA hybridization studies indicate that the classical pyogenic streptococci can be divided into five homology clusters. Based on these studies the term pyogenic streptococci should be confined to the first cluster consisting of serological groups A, A-variant, C, G ('large' colony, type II) and L.
Streptococci of serological groups B and M form the second cluster. The third cluster is composed of streptococci of serological groups R and S and serological groups U, V and P are found in the fourth cluster. The fifth cluster comprises strains of Streptococcus anginosus S. intermedius, Streptococcus MG and serological groups G ('minute' colony, type I) and F (type I). Most of the test strains contain the peptidoglycan type Lys-Ala1–3 . Only streptococci of serogroups R and S reveal a directly cross-linked peptidoglycan. Rhamnose was found as characteristic component of all cell wall polysaccharides. The impact of our results on the systematics of classical pyogenic streptococci will be discussed. 相似文献
Streptococci of serological groups B and M form the second cluster. The third cluster is composed of streptococci of serological groups R and S and serological groups U, V and P are found in the fourth cluster. The fifth cluster comprises strains of Streptococcus anginosus S. intermedius, Streptococcus MG and serological groups G ('minute' colony, type I) and F (type I). Most of the test strains contain the peptidoglycan type Lys-Ala