荞麦及其野生种遗传多样性分析

荞麦起源于我国西南地区,该地区分布有大量荞麦地方品种和野生近缘种。本研究利用SSR分子标记,对从我国西南地区收集的81份荞麦及其野生资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示,利用19对SSR引物共检测出84个等位基因,每对SSR引物平均扩增出4.421个等位基因,19对SSR引物的平均Shannon's信息指数为0.985,平均PIC为0.478。81份荞麦及其野生资源的相似系数范围为0.500~1.000,分析发现大粒组荞麦种(甜荞及其近缘种、苦荞及小米荞、金荞)与小粒组硬枝万年荞亲缘关系比较近。通过聚类分析在遗传相似系数为0.732时,可将81份荞麦种质分为4个类群,第Ⅰ类由小粒组齿翅野荞、细柄野荞、小野荞麦、疏穗小野荞麦和硬枝万年荞组成;第Ⅱ类由甜荞和甜荞近缘种组成;第Ⅲ类都是由金荞组成;第Ⅳ类是由苦荞和小米荞组成。在遗传系数为0.920时,小粒组荞麦种可以明显区分出疏穗小野荞麦、硬枝万年荞、齿翅野荞及其细柄野荞。研究表明,19对SSR引物多态性较高,能较好反应荞麦及其野生种质的遗传多样性,本研究的结果为荞麦属种之间的亲缘关系分析和荞麦起源进化研究提供科学依据。     

AlCl3分光光度法测定荞麦种质资源中黄酮的研究

荞麦是黄酮的膳食来源之一。我国是世界保存荞麦种质资源最多的国家,为深入开发利用荞麦种质资源的功能成分,对AlCl3分光光度法测定荞麦种质资源黄酮含量的方法进行了研究,并对新收集的169份荞麦种质资源进行了测定评价。结果表明：①AlCl3分光光度法稳定性好,准确性和精密度高,偏差小,易于操作,适用于荞麦种质资源黄酮鉴定和评价;②苦荞种质资源黄酮含量的平均值、变异幅度、标准偏差分别为2．53％、1．94％～3．11％、0．2436,甜荞种质资源黄酮含量的平均值、变异幅度、标准差分别为0．13％、0．08％～0．21％、0．0273;苦荞种质资源黄酮含量的平均值约为甜荞的20倍。     

烟草种质繁种更新理论与技术

烟草种质资源的繁种更新是烟草中期库保种的重要任务之一。为保持其在保存过程中的遗传完整性,从烟草的遗传特性出发,对繁育过程中可能产生的遗传漂变、遗传漂移以及混杂等诸多因素进行了讨论;较为系统地总结了烟草种质资源长期研究所形成的繁种更新理论与技术,并就进一步研究提出设想。     

烟草种质繁种更新理论与技术

烟草种质资源的繁种更新是烟草中期库保种的重要任务之一。为保持其在保存过程中的遗传完整性,本文从烟草的遗传特性出发,对繁育过程中可能产生的遗传漂变、遗传漂移以及混杂等诸多因素进行了讨论;较为系统地总结了烟草种质资源长期研究所形成的繁种更新理论与技术,并就进一步研究提出设想。     

保护作物多样性 发掘有用新基因——试论我国作物种质资源研究当前的任务

我国作物种质资源研究在收集、保存方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。目前存在的问题是研究利用不够,且更严重的是有些种质潜在着得而复失的危险,当前的任务应是确保库(圃)种质安全,加强对种质资源的深入研究,充分有效地利用种质资源。为此要完善工作体系,加强供种服务。现提出如下建议：首先要发挥各作物负责单位(中期库)的枢纽作用;调整中期库并建立种质资源生态实验站;清查各类种质库、圃保存种质的现状,及时进行繁种更新;瞄准育种目标,积极广泛收集新种质;研究种质资源的遗传多样性,如遗传多样性的地理分布、物种的遗传结构、物种或品种(系)间的遗传距离、指纹图谱、核心种质以及基因型的鉴定和基因定位等,积极向育种和其他利用者提供附有遗传信息的有用种质。     

荞麦种质资源概况

荞麦是一种重要的药食饲多用的作物,中国是全球最大的苦荞生产国和世界荞麦多样性中心,中国西南地区是国际公认的荞麦起源中心。种质资源是农作物生产利用、品种创新和生物技术研究的物质基础,具有十分重要的价值和意义。自20世纪80年代以来,我国学者收集了约有3000余份栽培荞麦种质资源,其中2200余份保存于我国长期库中。这些栽培荞麦经过自然演变、人工培育和传播后,已在全世界范围广泛分布,兼具代表性和多样性。综述了我国甜荞和苦荞的产区分布现状、资源收集和保存概况,以及近40年来对我国荞麦资源的农艺性状和营养品质的鉴定评价情况;并简要介绍了世界上其他国家和组织对于荞麦种质资源的的收集和评价现状,以期为荞麦种质资源保护和合理利用提供参考。同时,对已报道的荞麦属野生种(含变种、亚种)及分布现状进行了归纳,对其主要性状的特征和变异情况进行了总结,并归纳了国内外对于野生荞麦资源的开发利用方面的研究进展,结果表明,我国西南地区野生荞麦资源尤为丰富,除个别种(如金荞麦)以外,均主要集中于滇黔川边界地区。最后,对我国荞麦种质资源利用的不足和展望进行了讨论,提出仍需推进以下工作:(1)全面、系统、量化地建立荞麦的种质资源农艺性状、营养组分、加工品质、食味品质等性状的评价体系,继续完善我国荞麦种质资源评价和品质鉴定工作;(2)大力挖掘荞麦在作物布局和特色经济作物价值潜力,加快推进我国荞麦优异种质的选育和合法引进,推进荞麦产业健康有序快速发展;(3)关注野生荞麦生存环境恶化的问题,特别是岩野野荞、抽葶野荞、皱叶野荞、海螺沟野荞等的生存环境急剧恶劣,其分布区域更加狭隘,急需加大对珍惜野生资源进行抢救性的考察、收集和保护工作;(4)持续推进荞麦全基因组测序和基因组结构注释工作,深入挖掘荞麦关键农艺性状和抗逆遗传位点,并开发系统的分子标记辅助育种平台,并从分子水平进一步解析荞麦品质性状形成遗传机制,如淀粉、氨基酸、维生素E以及黄酮类化合物特别是芦丁的生物合成途径关键基因的分子调控网络。     

首部作物种质资源安全保存专著《作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术》正式出版

作物种质资源的安全保存是其有效利用的前提,安全保存需要确保维持种质高生活力和遗传完整性。国家农作物种质资源种质库圃已经收集保存超过51万份作物种质资源,此外各省、研究机构、育种单位也保存有大量作物种质资源。然而入库圃保存并不是一劳永逸的,种质库保存的资源会面临因活力下降而丧失的风险,种质圃保存的资源易遭受自然灾害和生境恶化等威胁,也存在丧失的风险。     

五种作物基因库种子繁殖更新技术研究

用大白菜、荞麦、多花菜豆、薏苡和芝麻等五种作物,每作物4个品种,各设25、50、100、150、200株不同群体的田间种植试验。采用纱网隔离,人工链式杂交,成对杂交,混合授粉,人工辅助授粉或虫媒(蜜蜂、苍蝇)等不同传粉方法。观察、记栽主要农艺性状。室内考种并测定各繁种方法与原种繁殖前后10种同工酶,计算遗传多样性指数;比较不同种群及原种与不同繁种方法繁殖后代间的差异显著性(遗传相似性)。提出这5种作物基因库种子最佳繁种措施：大白菜种植50～100株,群体内进行人工链式杂交;荞麦在网罩内种50～100株,采用家蝇传粉;多花菜豆在全封闭网棚内种50株以上,放蜜蜂传粉;薏苡种50～150株群体,套袋人工混合授粉;芝麻采用非隔离区种植40～50株或利用温室隔离种植。     

植物种质群体遗传结构改变的测度

本文旨在探讨植物种质资源保存中由于人为和自然缘故导致遗传结构改变的评价指标和评价方法.在介绍植物种质资源保存研究一些基本概念的基础上,归纳了测度种质库(收集品)遗传潜势的6种遗传多样性统计指标,包括同一变异层次的类型数、类型分布均衡度、遗传相似性与遗传距离、遗传方差与遗传变异系数、多元变异指数以及亲本系数.指出若无遗传丰富度相伴,单有遗传离散度并未提供遗传多样性的完整测度.探讨了人为条件导致植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传流失、环境胁迫所致植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传脆弱性和种子扩繁所引发的植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传漂变和遗传漂移等的统计指标.文末给出了自花授粉植物和异花授粉植物群体适宜样本容量研究的个例.     

五种作物基因库种子繁殖更新技术研究

用大白菜、荞麦、多花菜豆、薏苡和芝麻等五种作物,每作物4个品种,各设25、50、100、150、200株不同群体的田间种植试验.采用纱网隔离,人工链式杂交,成对杂交,混合授粉,人工辅助授粉或虫媒(蜜蜂、苍蝇)等不同传粉方法.观察、记载主要农艺性状.室内考种并测定各繁种方法与原种繁殖前后10种同工酶,计算遗传多样性指数;比较不同种群及原种与不同繁种方法繁殖后代间的差异显著性(遗传相似性).提出这5种作物基因库种子最佳繁种措施大白菜种植50～100株,群体内进行人工链式杂交;荞麦在网罩内种50～100株,采用家蝇传粉;多花菜豆在全封闭网棚内种50株以上,放蜜蜂传粉;薏苡种50～150株群体,套袋人工混合授粉;芝麻采用非隔离区种植40～50株或利用温室隔离种植.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这