中国扁嘴海雀繁殖生态的一些资料

全世界计有24种海雀。在中国发现的三种海雀(角嘴海雀Cerohinca monocerata、斑海雀Brachyramphus marmoratus和扁嘴海雀Synthliboramphus antiquus)中,只有扁嘴海雀在中国繁殖。根据国内外有关资料记载,该海雀仅繁殖在青岛附近的大公岛、千里岩和灵山岛等地。由于扁嘴海雀的繁殖地远离大陆,地形险要,其繁殖生态还有不少问题尚待研究。著者于1979—1981年在江苏省连云港外黄海中部的前三岛地区(包括在北纬34°59′—35°10′,东经119°48′—119°55′的牛山岛、平山岛、达埝山岛等邻岛),对扁嘴海雀的繁殖习性做了较全面的观察。现简报如…     

羚牛四川亚种在陕西秦岭分布的新记录

羚牛(Budorcastaxicolor),别名扭角羚,隶属偶蹄目牛科,有4个亚种,分别为指名亚种(B.t.taxicolor)、不丹亚种(B.t.whitei)、四川亚种(B.t.tibetana)和秦岭亚种(B.t.bedfordi),四川亚种和秦岭亚种为中国所特有(吴家炎,1986;吴家炎等,1990)。羚牛四川亚种(简称四川羚牛)分布于甘肃东南部、四川盆地西缘和西北缘的中高山地带,其分布区跨越岷山山系、邛崃山系、相岭山系、凉山山系、大雪山和沙鲁里山系(吴家炎等,1990;胡锦矗、魏辅文,1993;魏辅文、胡锦矗,1993);秦岭亚种(简称秦岭羚牛)仅分布于秦岭山脉的山地森林中(吴家炎等,1983,1990;吴家炎…     

知名鸟种白头鹎

正说起中国东部地区城市里最常见的鸟,白头鹎可是当仁不让,人们熟悉的麻雀有时还真得屈居其后。白头鹎的学名和英文名分别是Pycnonotus sinensis和Chinese Bulbul,其中的含义就是中国鹎,因为它主要分布在我国东部地区。通常我们看到的是分布最广的白头鹎指名亚种(P.s.sinensis),另外两个亚种则是分布于宝岛台湾的台湾亚种(P.s.formosae)和两广一带的海南亚种(P.s.hainanus)。白头鹎性格活泼,喜爱鸣叫,每天清晨那些唤醒你的清亮鸟叫声多半正来自于它们。     

中国扁嘴海雀第二繁殖地的发现

全世界有24种海雀。我国有三种。其中扁嘴海雀Synthliboramphus antiquus(Gmelin)据1931—1980年的有关资料记载,只在中国青岛附近的一些海岛上繁殖。我们于1979—1990年在江苏省连云港外的前三岛,山东省庙岛群岛、青岛和荣成等地区,对中国扁嘴海雀进行了考察。特别是在前三岛地区(包括车牛山岛,平山岛、达埝山岛和附近的几个小荒岛) 进行了连续百余天的昼夜观察。对扁嘴海雀的200多个巢,186枚卵、88只成鸟、30只雏鸟(1—2日龄)进行量度、拍照和分析,发现了中国扁嘴海雀的第二蟹殖基地。其结果简报如下:     

丽斑麻蜥

丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)是我国长江以北最为常见的一种小型蜥蜴,俗名麻蛇子。根据我们多年的研究并参考有关资料,对它们的生物学和生态学特性作综合介绍以供参考。分类和分布丽斑麻蜥属蜥蜴目、蜥蜴科、麻蜥属。迄今为止,全世界已发现的麻蜥有50种左右,我国现知9种,其中以丽斑麻蜥最为常见。该种的模式标本采于山东烟台。近年有人将分布于我国的丽斑麻蜥分为二个亚种,即指名亚种(E.a.argus)和北方亚种(E.a.barbouri)。前者分布于江苏、安徽、山东、河南和河北南部;后者则分布在辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、山西、陕西、内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃、青海…     

中国秋海棠属植物叶片斑纹多样性研究

通过对野生和引种栽培植物的观察,结合文献和标本的查阅,对中国秋海棠属植物斑叶类资源及叶斑多样性进行了研究.发现中国分布的203种(含变种和亚种)秋海棠属植物中有斑纹的种类达84种,叶斑色彩多表现为淡绿色、银绿色、银白色、白色.从园艺学角度出发,根据中国秋海棠属植物斑纹在叶片的分布位置,首次提出了中国秋海棠属植物叶斑分类标准,并对观察到的斑叶类秋海棠进行了分类,方便人们选择利用.根据斑纹与叶脉的关系分为叶脉相关类型(Ⅰ)和非叶脉相关类型(Ⅱ),前者细分为脉间斑纹类(Ⅰ A)、沿脉斑纹类(Ⅰ B)、中脉及脉间斑纹类(ⅠC)3种,后者细分为环状面斑类(ⅡA)、掌状面斑类(ⅡB)、近完全面斑类(ⅡC)、完全面斑类(ⅡD)、混合面斑类(ⅡE)和不规则面斑类(ⅡF)6种.中国产野生秋海棠属植物中较常见的叶斑类型为Ⅰ A1、ⅠA2、Ⅰ B1、Ⅰ B2和ⅡA.同时对叶斑的产生机理和遗传特性进行了讨论和展望.中国斑叶类秋海棠属植物种质资源及其叶斑类型的多样性极其丰富,有望通过研究摸清其遗传特性,实现特定观赏性状新品种的定向选育.     

广西金钟山鸟类调查及区系研究初报

1984—1989年间我们对金钟山的鸟类作了初步调查,共记录到鸟类158种(另附2亚种),分隶14目40科,其中繁殖鸟有131种和亚种(留鸟107种和亚种、夏候鸟24种)。并发现广西鸟类新纪录12种和亚种。在繁殖鸟的总数中,东洋界种以占77.9％居冠。在全部繁殖鸟中华南区分布有125种,列东洋界下属三区之首。据鸟类区系分析结果,作者认为金钟山在动物地理区划中应从原华中区改属华南区闽广沿海亚区较妥。     

大仓鼠一新亚种——宁陕亚种

我国学者汪松等(1973)在“中国仓鼠科小志”一文中,将我国大仓鼠(Cricetulus triton)分为5个亚种,即指名亚种(C.t.triton),山西亚种(C.t.incanus),东北亚种(C.t.fuscipes),太白亚种(C.t.collinus),甘肃亚种(C.t.canus)。我们于1965—1983年在陕西各地所获一批大仓鼠标本及有关资料,经研究,发现陕南地区的大仓鼠确属一新亚种,现记述如下:     

辽宁朝阳和大连发现噪鹃

正噪鹃(Eudynamys scolopaceus)隶属于鹃形目(Cuculiformes)杜鹃科(Cuculidae),是一种专性巢寄生鸟类。在我国共分布有华南亚种E.s.chinensis和海南亚种E.s.harterti两个亚种,海南亚种目前只分布于海南,留鸟;华南亚种分布比较广泛,在北纬35°以南大部分地区都有分布,为夏候鸟(约翰·马敬能等2000),在河南、陕     

崇明东滩鸻鹬类迁徙路线的环志分析

崇明东滩为东亚-澳大利西亚鸻鹬类迁徙路线上的重要迁徙停歇地.本文通过分析崇明东滩回收的异地环志鸻鹬类记录及异地回收的崇明东滩环志的鸻鹬类记录,研究崇明东滩鸻鹬类的迁徙路线.1979～2008年间,崇明东滩共回收到来自澳大利亚西北部、澳大利亚维多利亚、美国阿拉斯加及新西兰北岛等17个国家与地区环志的鸻鹬类265只,包括大滨鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)、斑尾塍鹬(Limosa lapponica)、红腹滨鹬(C.canutus)等16种鸟类,其中春季北迁期间的记录占总数的93%;2003～2008年间,澳大利亚西北部、新西兰南岛、中国大陆及新西兰北岛等10个国家与地区回收到崇明东滩环志的大滨鹬、斑尾塍鹬、红腹滨鹬等12种鸟类,共计164只.在所有与崇明东滩鸻鹬类存在迁徙连接的20个国家和地区中,澳大利亚西北部的回收记录占全部回收记录的55%.根据斑尾塍鹬和红腹滨鹬不同亚种的越冬地分布,崇明东滩回收的斑尾塍鹬有L.l.menzbieri与L.l.baueri两个亚种,红腹滨鹬有C.a.piersmai和C.a.rogersi两个亚种.     

黄海中部近岸春夏季鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构特征

2013年4月下旬至7月上旬,采用浅水I型网垂直拖网的调查方式对黄海中部20m以浅海域(34°30'—35°30'N,119°20'—120°20'E)的鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了6个航次的综合调查。春夏季共采集鱼卵21种(未定种3种),共计2247粒,隶属于9科15属。仔稚鱼22种(未定种1种),共计286尾,隶属于13科17属。鱼卵优势种为日本鳀Engraulis japonicus、赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa kammalensis、江口小公鱼Stolephorus commersonnii、皮氏叫姑鱼Johnius belengerii和属Callionymus spp.。仔稚鱼优势种为大银鱼Protosalanx chinensis、白姑鱼Argyrosomus argentatus、日本鳀、赤鼻棱鳀和皮氏叫姑鱼。鱼卵丰度和分布与经度呈负相关、与SST呈正相关,但与其他环境因子如纬度、表层盐度(SSS)和水深等无显著相关性。仔稚鱼丰度和分布与上述环境因子均未表现出显著相关性。基于Bray-Curtis指数的聚类分析表明,鱼卵优势种包括集中分布于研究水域34°48'N以南海域(江口小公鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼和青鳞小沙丁Sardinella zunasi)、10m等深线以内(赤鼻棱鳀),以及北部水域(日本鳀和属)3种主要聚集类型;仔稚鱼优势种包括集中分布于34°48'N—35°12'N海域(赤鼻棱鳀和日本鳀)、连云港外海浅水区(白姑鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼和梭鱼Liza haematocheilus,以及南部水域(褐菖鲉Sebastiscus marmoratus和鲬Platycephalus indicus)3种主要聚集类型。研究结果揭示了黄海中部近岸海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落的时空分布格局动态,为科学认识环境变动下该海区渔业种群数量动态和资源变化提供了科学依据。     

燕山地区表土花粉与植被间的数量关系

 根据表土花粉分析和植被样方调查,燕山地区各植被带的表土孢粉组合在总体面貌上代表了植被组成,但孢粉组合不等于植被组成,而影响其差异的原因是孢粉保存、孢粉产量、外来孢粉和孢粉鉴定。表土花粉的代表性因种属不同而差异颇大,乔木植物花粉中松(Pinus)、桦(Betula)、胡桃     

The systematic position of Hoplitomerycidae (Ruminantia) revisited

Hoplitomeryx Leinders was originally described only on cranial characters. The type specimens were found during the 1970's in karstic fissure fillings, most likely of Messinian age, in Gargano (Apulia, southeastern Italy), between Poggio Imperiale (41°49′30′ N, 15°21′58′ E) and Apricena (41°47′06′ N, 15°26′41′ E). During the 1990's, Hoplitomeryx remains were also discovered in the lower Tortonian layered calcarenites near Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy; 41°45′15.55′ N, 14°02′13.23′ E). The skull fragments, teeth, and jawbones from both localities have been examined. The dental characters had never been described before, and also some maxillaries and jawbones were not part of the original sample that was analyzed to establish the genus. Because they possess two lacrimal orifices and closed metatarsal gulley, hoplitomerycids have been linked more closely with Cervids, and accommodated in Cervoidea. A cladistic analysis of a character-taxon matrix of 121 morphological features (48 cranial, 51 dental and 22 postcranial characters) is performed. The analysis shows that hoplitomerycids stem either between antilocaprids and bovids, or antilocaprids and giraffids. They are not linked directly with cervids. Hoplitomerycids likely stemmed from a primitive ruminant stock, perhaps around 29 Ma when a land bridge connected the Abruzzo-Apulia platform with the Balkans across the Adriatic Sea. In the new land, hoplitomerycids developed a mosaic of apomorphic and homoplastic (convergent) character states that recall those found in other higher ruminants.     

Isolation and characterization of proteorhodopsin homologue from Yellow Sea of Korea

Many organisms use proton pump to earn energy for living. Some proton pumps start to work by light and one of the famous proteins are called proteorhodopsin (PR). From recent study it used not only protons but also mono-valent cations, divalent cations, or mono-valent anions during pumping activity. The goal of this study is to find new types of proton pumping proteins in the surface of the ocean. Metagenome samples were collected from the beach in Taean-gun and Incheon (Kkotji beach (36°30′0′′N, 126°19′56′′E), Kkotji mud (36°30′8′′N, 126°19′60′′E), Duegi beach (36°31′6′′N, 126°19′39′′E), Sorae salt pond (37°24′25′′N, 126°44′41′′E), swamp (37°24′59′′N, 126°44′54′′E) and reservoir (37°24′39′′N, 126°45′5′′E) in West Sea of Korea. Genomic DNA of each sample was isolated and used for PCR with specific primers for PR and sodium pumping rhodopsin. As a result, we obtained an unidentified PR in Duegi beach sample. The unidentified PR was expressed with chimeric expression system. It has 528 nm absorption maximum at pH 7. By the light differential spectrum measurement, putative M and O photo-intermediates were detected at around 400 and 600 nm, respectively. Similar to GPR, it has light driven outward proton transfer activity.     

Some considerations when comparing SABAP 1 with SABAP 2 data

Jouanin's Petrel Bulweria fallax mainly occurs in the western Indian Ocean. Prior to our study there were only two records from east of 82° E. We show that small numbers of Jouanin's Petrels are regular visitors to the eastern Indian Ocean, occurring to 15° N 90° E in the Bay of Bengal and 15° S 123° E off northern Australia. Although seasonal coverage is limited, they have been recorded east of 80° E from April–July and October–December, but not in February–March. Most sightings are from oceanic waters at least 20 km offshore where depths exceed 500 m.     

A species of sea anemone Sagartia elegans (Dalyell, 1848) (Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Sagartiidae) that is new for the Black Sea and is capable of clonal reproduction

In the Black Sea, the sea anemone Sagartia elegans (Dalyell, 1848) has been found for the first time in the Gulf of Odessa (46°31′60 N, 30°48′ E) and karst caves and grottos of the Western Crimea (45°21′ N, 32°30′ E). Previously, S. elegans was known to inhabit coastal waters of Iceland, the British Isles, and continental Europe from Scandinavia to the Adriatic Sea. According to the available data, this gonochoristic species tends to asexual somatic reproduction through laceration: juvenile polyps develop from separated fragments of the pedal disc. A rich color polymorphism is observed. The numerous clonal populations that are found in caves consist of variously sized and similarly colored polyps. All of them descended from one parental individual.     

The first capture of the flying fish Cypselurus hiraii Abe, 1953 (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae) in waters of northern Primorye (Sea of Japan)

The first capture of the flying fish Cypselurus hiraii Abe, 1953 in waters of northern Primorye (Serebryanka Bay, 45°02′ N, 136°39′ E) is recorded, demonstrating the penetration of this warmth-loving species beyond its main range. The morphological features and coloration of a young specimen of 103 mm in TL are described.     

天津七里海湿地蛾类多样性

系统调查研究了天津七里海湿地的蛾类,已知19科153属198种,并对其多样性作了分析。结果表明,种 多度关系符合对数正态分布模型。但多样性指数与均匀度不相一致（r =-0.47）,而与物种丰富度一致（r=0.95）。研究认为七里海湿地环境条件比较好,但有退化的趋势。     

Ecosystem health assessment on the hill and gully area of loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia, China

Maintenance of ecosystem health is the primary focus of a sound ecological restoration. Yet methods involved in quantifying and assessing the health level remain a challenge to the ecological community. In this study, we selected the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia, China, as our study area. The soil and water erosions in this area continue to be responsible for many environmental problems in northern China because of its fragility and long disturbance history. In this study, we developed an assessment method of indicator system (AMIS) based on analytical hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy mathematics, and the theory of net-hierarchy. At ecosystem or catchment scale, three sample areas, that is (1) intact vegetation (i.e., Aguimiao Natural Reserve, 110°45′E, 39°28′N), (2) reconstructed vegetation (Wufendigou Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Area, 111°07′E, 39°45′N), and (3) severely degraded vegetation (Yangquangou Catchment, 111°06′E, 39°45′N) in the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia, China, were selected to examine ecosystem vigor, organizational structure, service function, and soil health. We applied the AMIS for all three landscapes by categorizing each ecosystem into five health levels. We found that the health index for reconstructed vegetation were at levels of IV, II, IV, and III, while those of degraded vegetation were ranked at V, IV, V, and IV. Overall, the comprehensive ecosystem health index of reconstructed vegetation was lower than that of intact vegetation but higher than that of degraded vegetation. The health index for reconstructed vegetation was at level III, and that of degraded vegetation was still at level IV. The contributing values were: organization structure > soil health > vigor > service function. Based on our results and assessments, we proposed several management recommendations and methods for restoring the regional ecosystems. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(5): 1048–1056 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(5): 1048–1056]     

Seasonal adaptations of different geographical populations of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum

A photothermogram constructed for a central Missouri population (ca. 39°N latitude) of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) predicted that this population has a seasonal life cycle of 2 complete and a partial third generation per year, and that daylengths of less than 13 h 30 min light/day and mean temperatures of less than 20°C induce the mature larval diapause. A test of the predicted life cycle revealed that larvae entered diapause when they were exposed from their first instar onwards to natural conditions in central Missouri beginning September 15, 1982. Sunflower moths obtained from northwest Texas (ca. 35°N latitude) and northeast South Dakota (ca. 45°N latitude) displayed shorter critical photoperiods for diapause induction at 20°C (12 h 30 min light/day and 12 h 15 min light/day, respectively) than did those from Missouri. The population of the sunflower moth obtained from South Dakota does not, therefore, appear to be adapted to local conditions, and moths might disperse from lower latitudes to establish transiet populations each year.