哈尔滨市区灰喜鹊巢址选择研究

2010年6月至9月在哈尔滨市园林科学研究所实验基地采用样方法对灰喜鹊的巢址选择特征进行研究,并且利用主成分分析法对灰喜鹊巢址样方生境因子进行检验.结果表明,灰喜鹊主要选择针叶树筑巢;在同一生境中巢间距变化小,呈均匀分布;灰喜鹊巢址选择的主要因子包括营巢树高、距最近巢距离、样方内树均高、巢树胸径、距干扰源距离、距最近树距离.这说明灰喜鹊在巢址选择过程中选择巢树和其周围的小生境.     

福建漳江口红树林鹭科鸟类巢址选择

2011年4～5月、2012年4～5月,采用样线调查和样方调查相结合的方法对福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区内鹭科鸟类巢址与影响其选择的因子进行研究.t-检验结果显示,红树基径、盖度、距地面平均高度、植株密度及秋茄比5个参数在巢区样方(n=23)与对照样方(n=37)之间存在显著差异(P＜0.05),桐花比、距道路距离、距村庄距离与距池塘距离4个参数存在极其显著差异(P＜0.01).主成分分析表明,植被结构和干扰条件是影响鹭科鸟类巢址选择的主要因子,植被结构不仅能够影响鹭科鸟类群落结构,还受到鹭科鸟类集群繁殖影响.     

扎龙保护区散养与野生丹顶鹤巢址选择比较

为了探讨扎龙保护区散养与野生丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢址选择的异同,2009年3～5月在扎龙国家级自然保护区内用生境因子测定法对散养丹顶鹤与野生丹顶鹤巢址选择进行比较。独立样本t-检验(independent-samples t-test)结果表明,散养丹顶鹤和野生丹顶鹤在巢址选择中,植被高度、植被密度、巢周围苇丛面积及巢距人为干扰地距离均存在着显著差异。说明野生丹顶鹤对巢址选择具有严格要求,倾向于选择人为活动较少,植被高度较高,植被密度和巢周围苇丛面积较大的生境中筑巢;散养丹顶鹤对生境要求不高。     

秦岭周至自然保护区斑羚夏冬季生境选择利用

2014年2月、2014年12月—2015年1月和2015年6—7月,在陕西省周至自然保护区,采用样带法对斑羚冬季和夏季生境选择进行研究。结果表明,斑羚夏季对14种生境因子有选择性,而在冬季斑羚对16种生境因子有选择性。夏冬季斑羚对植被类型、坡位、海拔、坡度、郁闭度、乔木大小、乔木距离、灌木密度、灌木距离、灌木盖度、草本盖度、草本种类、距隐蔽物距离和距人为干扰距离的选择存在显著差异。逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,坡向、坡位、乔木大小、乔木距离、灌木大小、隐蔽级、距隐蔽物距离、距人为干扰距离是斑羚夏季生境选择的主导因子。坡向、坡位、郁闭度、乔木距离、灌木大小、灌木距离、草本种类、隐蔽级、距水源距离是斑羚冬季生境选择的主导因子。     

黄河三角洲东方白鹳繁殖期觅食栖息地的利用

2008和2009年3—6月,在黄河三角洲自然保护区采用定点观察、GPS定位、样方调查和逐步判别分析等方法对东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)繁殖期觅食地的利用进行了研究。共测定了75个觅食利用样方和74个对照样方的14个生态因子。结果表明,东方白鹳繁殖期倾向于在明水面、芦苇沼泽和滩地中觅食,对草地和农田利用极少。偏向于食物丰富度较高的觅食点;对隐蔽级高低没有明显的偏好。对利用样方和对照样方进行比较,发现利用样方具有植被高度和植被盖度较低,觅食地水深相对较浅,距明水面、芦苇沼泽、树林等距离较近,距重度干扰源较远等特征。逐步判别分析表明,距芦苇沼泽距离、样方内水深、距重度干扰源距离、食物丰富度和明水面距离具有重要作用,由这5个变量构成的方程在对繁殖季节东方白鹳觅食地利用样方和对照样方进行区分时,正确判别率可以达到95.5%。东方白鹳繁殖期觅食地的利用主要与水源、人为干扰和食物条件有关。     

莫莫格自然保护区白鹤秋季迁徙停歇期觅食生境选择

2008年秋季(10月8日—20日)及2009年秋季(9月20日—10月16日),通过样方法对觅食生境11个生态因子进行调查,利用卡方检验、资源选择指数和资源选择函数在莫莫格保护区对秋季迁徙停歇期白鹤觅食生境选择进行研究。结果表明,白鹤对距人为干扰源距离、植被密度、盖度、高度、植物性食物密度以及水深均具有选择性,但对宏观尺度干扰因子的选择性较低。其偏好觅食生境的特点为:距一级路>5000m,>二级路1500m以上,>三级路1000m以上,>居民点1000m以上,农田>1000m;植被密度20~50株/m2,盖度<10%,高度<20cm,扁杆藨草密度1~50株/m2,藨草密度1~10株/m2,水深40~60cm。白鹤秋季觅食生境资源选择函数为Logistic(P)=0.663+0.565×与一级道路距离+0.042×与二级道路距离+0.519×与三级道路距离+0.353×与居民点距离+0.169×与农田距离–0.455×植被密度–0.618×植被盖度–0.548×植被高度–0.158×扁杆藨草密度–0.404×藨草密度+0.920×水深,T(x)=eLogistic(p)/[1+eLogistic(p)],模型正确预测率为82.9%。     

丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)东、西种群巢址选择的分异

丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis) 大陆种群以布列亚山-小兴安岭-张广才岭为界分为东、西两部分.2004～2005年,通过实地测量丹顶鹤东、西种群主要繁殖地的31处巢址的生境因子并进行统计学分析发现:丹顶鹤东、西种群巢址的芦苇密度、苇丛面积及巢距干扰源距离的差异显著(P﹤0.05);采用系统聚类分析的方法可将位于5 个保护区的丹顶鹤巢分成两类,且两类鹤巢分属东、西种群;丹顶鹤东、西种群巢址选择的分异不仅表现在单个生境因子的数量差别,还表现为群体采取不同的隐蔽对策;丹顶鹤东、西种群营巢对水深和芦苇高度的选择稳定一致.生境丧失作为外因通过丹顶鹤的"K生活史"特征起作用,导致丹顶鹤东、西种群的巢址选择具有群体特征.     

贵州草海国家级自然保护区小??巢址生境选择

为探究高寒湿地生态系统中小??Tachybaptus ruficollis巢址选择的影响因子,于2013年和2015年的4月29日—5月6日2次对贵州草海国家级自然保护区内的小??巢址和食物进行了调查。设置A区和B区,其中又划分为巢址斑块和对照斑块。以巢址为中心,记录巢址样方(1 m×1 m)和对照样方的生境因子并进行比较。结果表明:巢址样方的最高植物高度和离岸距离均显著大于对照样方。对巢址样方及其所在斑块共14个生境因子的特征进行主成分分析,结果表明:小??偏爱在植被植株较高、密度稀疏、矮小植株数量少的小斑块生境中营巢。食物丰富的区域小??巢穴数量多。该研究对小??物种保护有实践意义,对丰富高寒湿地生态系统鸟类巢址生境选择有理论意义。     

河南董寨国家级自然保护区发冠卷尾的巢址选择

2004年6~9月于河南董寨国家级自然保护区对发冠卷尾(Dicrurus hottentottus)的巢址选择进行了研究。野外调查中共发现发冠卷尾的巢47个,分布于针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林等3种植被类型中。我们在巢址样方(n=47)和对照样方(n=47)中对地形、距离与植被等因素(共15个变量)进行了调查,最终通过逐步判别分析表明,距山脊距离、距水源距离、乔木均高和灌木密度是影响其巢址选择的主要因子。     

四川南充市夜鹭的巢址选择

2006年3~6月,在四川省南充市太和保护区对夜鹭的巢址选择进行了研究。野外调查了夜鹭巢47个,对照样方26个,通过主成分分析和对比分析,表明影响夜鹭巢址选择的主要因子依次为:营巢树高度、植被平均高度、巢高、竹平均直径、隐蔽度、巢上方盖度、距水(西河)距离、距白鹭巢距离、植被盖度、巢下盖度。     

Site selection by swans wintering in Britain and Ireland; the importance of habitat and geographic location

Monthly surveys of Bewick's Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii , Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus and Mute Swans Cygnus olor in Britain and Ireland were made during the 1990–1991 winter to determine factors affecting the swans' selection of feeding sites. Geographic location and habitat both influenced site selection. Whooper Swans occurred in greatest numbers at sites in Scotland, northeastern England and Northern Ireland, whereas Bewick's Swans had a more southerly distribution, reflecting differences in the migratory routes used by these two species. The resident Mute Swans were more widespread, with large flocks occurring in southeastern England and in parts of Scotland. Whooper and Mute Swans were found mainly on permanent inland waters (68% and 61%, respectively), but the majority of Bewick's Swans (60%) were on arable land. The percentage of Bewick's Swan flocks found on permanent inland waters (42%) was higher than that found on arable fields (23%), indicating that the large number recorded on arable land was a result of the birds congregating at a comparatively small number of sites. Overall, less than 15% of Whooper Swans and 3% of Mute Swans were on arable crops during the winter, but the largest flocks were associated with arable land for all three species. Thus, although the occurrence of large flocks at particular arable sites may give an impression that swans feed mainly on farmland, the swans are in fact more widely dispersed. Regional variation in the percentage of juveniles present was recorded for all three species. Changes during the winter in the distribution of juveniles, and of the swans as a whole, are considered in relation to food supply and to migratory routes for the Bewick's and Whooper Swans.     

卧龙国家级自然保护区水鹿夏季生境选择

015年7- 8月,采用样方法对卧龙国家级自然保护区水鹿夏季生境进行了调查。共布设160个样方,其中75个为空白对照样方,85个为利用样方,测量、比较了两类样方中海拔、坡度等15个生境变量,并根据Logistic回归分析及赤池信息标准（Akaike information criterion, AIC）选取出最佳的水鹿夏季生境选择模型。结果表明：影响卧龙水鹿夏季生境选择的主要因素为隐蔽度、坡度、距人为干扰距离和距水源距离。在夏季,卧龙水鹿通常选择隐蔽度较好、缓坡（< 20°）、距人为干扰距离远（≥ 1 000 m ）及距离水源近（< 500 m）的生境。此外,植被类型对于卧龙水鹿夏季生境选择也有一定的影响( χ2= 11.499 , df= 4, P= 0.021)。有约92%的利用样方分布于各种类型的森林中,仅有约8%的利用样方分布于海拔3 500 m左右的杜鹃及高山栎灌丛带。     

白尾地鸦的巢址选择

2017年4和5月,在位于新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的和田地区民丰县对白尾地鸦（Podoces bidduphi）的巢址选择进行研究。共记录白尾地鸦巢12个,测量了巢参数,用Mann-Whitney U检验分析巢样方与对照样方的差异,用主成分法分析影响白尾地鸦巢址选择的主要因子。结果显示：1）白尾地鸦巢多筑于绿洲边缘的柽柳（Tamarix）灌丛,巢距地面高（109.1 ± 13.2）cm,巢深（8.5 ± 0.5）cm,巢厚（3.8 ± 0.4）cm,内径（13.9 ± 0.9）cm,外径（21.6 ± 1.3）cm;2）巢样方的植被物种数和植被盖度远高于对照样方;3）影响白尾地鸦巢址选择的主要因素为植被物种数及干扰,其中干扰主要指距道路以及距居民点的距离。综上所述,白尾地鸦的巢址选择受食物等生存需求和躲避干扰等安全因素的双重影响,是生存与繁殖权衡的结果。     

Fine-Scale Habitat Selection by Breeding White-Tailed Ptarmigan in Colorado

Species distributions are influenced by climate and topography in alpine ecosystems, yet resource selection studies of alpine species are uncommon. Basic characteristics of habitats used by alpine-endemic white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura) have been described to explain foraging behavior, morphology, and survival in many alpine regions; however, there is a lack of information about fine-scale habitat selection for nesting and brood-rearing, particularly in the southern extent of the species’ range. Few studies have tested whether nest and brood-site selection by white-tailed ptarmigan are influenced by fine-scale components such as vegetation and arthropod communities. We assessed these fine-scale habitat characteristics analyzing paired use-available resource selection for nest (n = 61) and brood (n = 54) sites. We used conditional logistic regression for data collected in 2 alpine areas along the Front Range of Colorado, USA, during 2014 and 2015. We evaluated resource selection at larger (patch) and finer (nest site) scales. Nest-site selection at the patch scale was best predicted by cover (%) of forage forbs, rock and gravel, and shrubs. Forage forb cover explained more variation in our top nest model at the patch scale when compared to models with specific vegetation species. Females placed their nests along elevational gradients but more so at lower elevations and selected for less graminoid cover at the nest-site scale. Brood habitat selection at the patch level was influenced by cover (%) of rock and gravel and proximity to shrubs (m). Analysis of a subset of our brood data (n = 34) revealed females selected brood habitat that contained high arthropod abundance (e.g., Cicadellidae) over high vegetation cover, likely as a response to meet dietary requirements of chicks. Our results demonstrate how and where white-tailed ptarmigan are currently selecting these different breeding sites in Colorado's alpine, giving us insight into consequences this alpine-endemic bird may face if their breeding habitat is altered. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.     

Avian Nest Box Selection and Nest Success in Burned and Unburned Southwestern Riparian Forest

ABSTRACT Riparian forest communities in the southwestern United States were historically structured by a disturbance regime of annual flooding. In recent decades, however, frequency of flooding has decreased and frequency of wildfires has increased. Riparian forests provide important breeding habitat for a large variety of bird species, and the effects of this altered disturbance regime on birds and their breeding habitat is largely unknown. To evaluate effects of high-intensity spring and summer wildfire on the quality of breeding bird habitat in the Middle Rio Grande valley, we measured vegetation structure and composition, avian nest use, and nest success at 4 unburned plots and 4 wildfire plots over a 3-year period. We measured avian nest use and success at nest boxes located in unburned riparian forest plots and plots recently burned by wildfire. Recent wildfire plots (<7 yr after fire) had a much different vegetation structure than unburned plots; an older (>7 yr after fire) wildfire plot more closely resembled its paired unburned plot than did recently burned plots. Ash-throated flycatchers (Myiarchus cinerascens) and Bewick's wrens (Thryomanes bewickii; hereafter, flycatchers and wrens, respectively) used nest boxes in most of the plots. A model selection procedure applied to logistic regressions showed that frequency of nest box use by flycatchers was positively associated with wildfire, although flycatchers used boxes in unburned plots as well. Wrens showed a preferential use of nest boxes that were in unburned sites and in close proximity to vegetative cover. Growth rates, feeding rates, and fledging mass of flycatchers were similar in wildfire and unburned plots. Growth rates for wrens were slower in wildfire plots, while feeding rates and fledging mass were similar. Nest predation varied between years, was higher for flycatchers than for wrens, and was not directly influenced by wildfire. Model selection showed that predation increased with grass cover, an indicator of forest openness, and decreased with distance to habitat edge. Recovery of dense vegetation appears important in maintaining populations of Bewick's wrens, whereas ash-throated flycatchers were less sensitive to vegetative structure and composition of postfire succession. Postfire management that maintains nest sites in large forest strips would enhance nesting density and success of these cavity-nesting birds in riparian zones.     

小兴安岭通河林区原麝夏季对生境的选择

2004年8~9月,在通河县龙口林场采用样线样方法对原麝夏季生境的选择进行了研究。共设235个样方,其中原麝利用样方55个,采用卡方(Chi-square)统计进行显著性检验,结果表明原麝偏好利用针阔混交林,避免杂木林;倾向于选择离水源近、远离人为干扰的上坡位;一般喜欢有石砬子的山坡;对坡向的利用无选择性。对原麝利用样方和非利用样方进行比较,发现原麝生境具有海拔高、郁闭度小、食物丰富和坡度陡等特征。对各种生境因子的主成分分析表明,前6个特征值的累积贡献率达到73·30%,可以较好地反映原麝生境特征,根据载荷系数绝对值大小将原麝夏季生境选择影响因子分别命名为食物丰富度因子、植被因子、干扰因子、隐蔽度因子、地理因子和倒木因子。     

大兴安岭林区驯鹿夏季喜栖生境的生态特征

2012和2013年7—8月采用样线和样带调查结合的生境调查方法,对分布于我国大兴安岭西北麓的驯鹿的夏季偏好生境开展了对比研究,并对样地的海拔和乔木郁闭度等23个生境变量进行测量及比较.结果表明: 与对照样地相比,夏季驯鹿利用样地的海拔(926.9±0.8 m)、乔木郁闭度(17.9%±2.4%)、乔木胸径(35.5±2.1 cm)、乔木高度(8.2±0.5 m)、乔木密度(6.9±0.5 株·400 m^-2)及树桩数(1.3±0.2 个·400 m^-2)较大,但灌木均高(54.2±2.0 cm)较小(P<0.01).驯鹿夏季偏好选择坡度较缓的中坡生境,因其夏季喜栖生境的水源较多、隐蔽度和避风性较差,距人为干扰距离和牧民点距离均较远.主成分分析(PCA)表明,干扰强度(由距人为干扰距离及距牧民点距离变量组成)、乔木特征(由乔木的高度、密度、胸径和郁闭度变量组成)、地理特征(由坡位、坡向和土壤湿润度变量组成)、食物多度(地表植被盖度和灌木盖度变量构成)、开阔度(由隐蔽度和避风状况变量构成)和坡度是影驯鹿夏季生境选择的重要因素.这6个因子提供了70.7%的累积贡献率,主要反映了驯鹿夏季在喜栖生境选择中的食物资源、抗干扰性和反捕需求.从夏季喜栖生境的生态特征来看,驯鹿并没有被完全驯化.在保护和管理实践中,应使驯鹿种群及其核心栖息地免受高强度的人为干扰.     

猫儿山小鲵(Hynobius maoershanensis)繁殖期生境选择

在广西猫儿山自然保护区的山顶湖、三江源、野人湖等地区,基于植被类型、水体类型、岸边条件、卵袋悬挂物、水中覆盖物、人为干扰程度等20种生境因子,通过61个样方（26个选择样方和35个对照样方）,对猫儿山小鲵繁殖期的生境选择做进行了研究,并得出以下4个主要结论：（1）在基于描述型生态因子的研究中,结果显示选择样方与对照样方在水体类型、岸边条件、水中覆盖物3种因子上差异显著,而植被类型、卵袋悬挂物、人为干扰程度3种生态因子对其生境选择无显著影响。（2）基于14种数值型生态因子的研究结果显示,选择样方和对照样方间的植被盖度、水体面积、水体流速和水底泥沙比方面具有显著差异。植被盖度较低、水体面积较大的水域、水体流速低和水底泥沙比较低的水域是猫儿山小鲵的优选繁殖地。（3）基于14种数值型生态因子的逐步判别表明,通过植被盖度和水底泥沙比2个生态因子可分辨选择样方和对照样方,正确判别率达80.3%,且对于检验也具有最大的贡献值,分别为0.840和0.622。（4）对猫儿山小鲵卵袋对数和14种数值型生态因子的逐步回归分析结果显示猫儿山小鲵在繁殖期生境选择与地表湿度显著正相关,与植被盖度呈显著负相关,高地表湿度和低植被盖度对猫儿山小鲵的产卵量起促进作用。猫儿山小鲵繁殖期间偏好的微生境为较低植被盖度、较大面积水体和较低流速、低水底泥沙、多水中覆盖物、复杂岸边条件的静水型水塘,与选择偏好的微生境相关的生态因子是猫儿山小鲵繁殖期生境选择的主要因子。     

黄河三角洲丹顶鹤秋冬季生境选择机制

影响水禽生境选择要素可分为水、食物、隐蔽物和干扰4类,对其划分等级标准,确定采样点的生境类型。在研究区内分秋冬两季调查丹顶鹤(迁徙期和越冬期)生境选择机制的差异;在不同时期按区域的特点和丹顶鹤的生活习性分别选择样点;经过实地野外调查后再利用方差分析和频数对丹顶鹤生境选择机制进行研究。结果表明,迁徙期影响丹顶鹤生境选择的主要因子是干扰,最适生境为远离人类干扰、有浅水域分布的、植被覆盖率较低的地区;越冬期影响丹顶鹤生境选择的主要因子是食物,最喜欢选择人类干扰相对较小的、有水域分布的、动物性食物占主导地位的植被覆盖率较低的地区栖息。