植物热值的测定

植物热值是草原生态系统中能流研究的重要指标。热值测定采用氧弹法,其原理是将定量试样在充氧的弹筒中燃烧,由燃烧后水温的升高计算试样发热量。为了获得准确测定结果,应注意读温准确、试样均匀、选择最佳氧气压力,以及尽量减少对样品的污染。测定结果表明,草原植物的热值随不同植物种,以及同一种植物不同部位和生长发育的阶段而变化。     

大针茅典型草原几种主要植物含热值的季节变化

植物含热值的高低是植物群落能流分配的重要参数。植物的生长发育节律影响植物热值。为了阐明大针茅典型草原生态系统辐射——植物群落的能流过程的特点,对构成该植物群落主要植物种的含热值及其季节变化进行了测定。样品采自中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站大针茅典型草原永久围栏样地,该     

内蒙古羊草草原群落主要植物的热值动态

对内蒙古羊草草原主要植物种群的干重热值动态研究表明,热值随植物种类,植物部位,取样时植物所处物候期及气候条件的不同而变化,羊草草原主要植物种群地上部分热值的变动范围在15703－18141J／g之间,其中灌木小叶锦鸡儿（Caragang microphylla)的热值最高,禾草类植物的热值多数较高,而大多数杂类草的热值相对较低,主要植物种群地下部分热值的分布范围为15051－16410J/g。其中根茎型草地下部分热值较高。不同种类植物地下部分热值差异并不与地上部分一致,根茎型禾草地上、地下部分热值差异较小,而须根型植物差异较在,不同种群的植物地上部分热值随植物候期的不同而波动,其变化规律是与植物种群本身的生物学特性相联系的,不同植物种群热值的年际小 规律有所不同,羊草（Leymus chinensis)、大针茅（Stipa grandis)和洽草（Koeloria cristata)的年际热值波动相关显著。但与生长季降水量和生长季累积日照时数之间无明显相关性,在某种程度上,植物热值的 种内变化反映了植物生长状况的差异。     

围封对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原主要构成植物个体、枯落物及群落热值的影响

2010年8月,对中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站1979、1999和2004年围封的羊草样地进行取样,测定植物个体、枯落物及群落的热值,探讨不同围封时间对羊草草原主要构成植物、枯落物、群落热值及单位面积能量积累量的影响.结果表明:围封对羊草草原主要植物个体、枯落物、群落热值及单位面积能量积累量均具有显著影响.1979和1999年围封的羊草草原单位面积能量积累量显著高于2004年围封,2004年围封群落和枯落物的热值均显著高于1979和1999年围封,而1979和1999年之间无显著差异.在不同围封时间下,同种植物的热值差异显著,而不同种植物的热值则表现出一定差异;群落热值高低取决于构成植物,而单位面积能量积累量主要由草地的生物产量决定,二者的变化趋势均为短期内有一定波动,长期围封之后基本维持在一个较稳定的水平,最终达到生态能量平衡.     

基于能量属性的植物功能群划分方法探索——以内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物群落为例

植物功能群(plant functional groups, PFGs) 是具有确定的植物功能特征的一系列植物的组合,是生态学家为研究植被对气候变化和干扰的响应而引入的生态学概念.目前功能群研究中最核心的问题仍在于决定植物功能群划分的植物特征的选择上.以内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物群落为例,选取3个草原类型(羊草草原、大针茅草原和羊草草甸草原)及其退化梯度系列(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化),在对植物热值进行分析测定的基础上,依据植物的能量属性-单位重量干物质在完全燃烧后所释放出来的热量值,采用人为分段的方法对草原植物进行了能量功能群的划分(高能值植物功能群、中能值植物功能群和低能值植物功能群).并探讨了这种能量功能群划分方法在草原植被动态研究中的客观性与可行性.     

植物热值测定中的若干技术问题

植物热值是指植物干物质在完全燃烧后所释放出来的热量值,它反映了绿色植物在光合作用中固定太阳辐射能的能力,也是衡量第一性生产力水平的重要指标。因此,植物热值的测定是生态系统中生产者亚系统能量流动研究的基本方法之一。一、氧弹式热量计的结构、原理和类型测定植物热值含量的主要仪器是氧弹式热量计。它主要由氧弹、金属内筒和外筒、搅拌     

我国植物热值研究综述

植物热值是指植物干物质完全燃烧后所释放出来的能量值,它反映了绿色植物在光合作用中固定太阳辐射能的能力,是植物本身的重要特征,也是衡量第一性生产力的重要指标。本文综述了目前国内有关植物热值研究的几个方面成果,包括植物热值在器官、个体、群落等水平上的变化规律和时间、空间动态以及物质成分、灰分含量、环境因子等因素对植物热值的影响。     

内蒙古典型草原地带植物的热值

我们对内蒙古典型温带草原——锡林郭勒草原629种植物中具代表性的118种植物叶片的热值进行了测定和分析。1.本区植物热值水平较高,平均为19.38KJ·g~(-1)(去灰干重%),同时利用研究植物不     

东北羊草草原主要植物热值

 对羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)草原55种植物热值进行分析,高热值植物占总数的20％,中热值植物占58.18％,低热值植物占21.82％,55种植物全株平均热值为17949.45J·g-1。因含能物质在各器官的分配不同,同一植物不同器官的热值也存在着差异。务器官的平均热值花19399.28J·g-1>茎18022.58J·g-1>叶17885.17J·g-1>根17206.05J·g-1。不同科植物全株和各器官平均热值存在较大差异,即使同属植物也存在一定差异。菊科、禾本科和豆科3大科植物全株平均热值无明显差异,但豆科植物根的热值明显高于禾本科和菊科根的热值。     

内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原15种植物热值特征

通过对生物量约占羊草草原生物量80%的15种主要野生植物地上植株进行分种取样,测定其热值(美国PARR6300型氧弹式热量计进行热值测定)、灰分(干灰化法测定)、矿质元素(iCAP6000型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定)同时对各项指标的相关性进行分析来探讨内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原主要植物作为生物燃料供给料的潜力及植物热值对灰分和矿质元素含量的响应情况。结果表明:15种野生植物热值范围为16.19 MJ/kg(木地肤)到20.99 MJ/kg(小叶锦鸡儿),15种植物热值平均值为18.76 MJ/kg,该值高于全世界陆生植物平均热值。15种植物热值高低顺序为:小叶锦鸡儿>早熟禾>大针茅>冰草>羽茅>羊草>中华隐子草>变蒿>芨芨草>菊叶萎陵菜>大籽蒿>冷蒿>狗尾草>银灰旋复花>木地肤。15种野生植物灰分范围20.25%(银灰旋复花)到3.62%(芨芨草),15种植物灰分含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),其高低顺序为银灰旋复花>木地肤>冷蒿>大籽蒿>菊叶萎凌菜>狗尾草>冰草>羊草>早熟禾>中华隐子草>变蒿>羽茅>小叶锦鸡儿>大针茅>芨芨草。Pearson’s相关分析表明热值与灰分之间存在极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),热值和碳之间存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),矿质元素与热值之间没有一致的相关关系。内蒙古羊草草原植物热值普遍高于能源植物柳枝稷的热值,这也说明该地区植物具有作为能源植物的潜力。     

Energy evaluation of forest residues originated from Eucalyptus globulus Labill in Galicia

The possibility of retrieving the energy contained in forest residues originating from wood exploitation in Galicia (Spain) is evaluated. This study was made on Eucalyptus globulus Labill occupying a forest surface of 240000 ha. This species plays an important role in the economical development of Galicia, as it is the main forest species for production of pulp. Sampling was made over 1999 in seven different zones, three main stations plus four selected for comparison, situated in Galicia. The residues originating from cutting were sorted into three different groups and their calorific values were measured by static bomb calorimetry. These calorific values, close to 7200 kJ kg(-1), make possible the use of this residual biomass as an energy source. Calorific values were measured by static bomb calorimeter in an oxygen atmosphere. Flammability was determined using a standard epiradiator. Simultaneously, some other parameters, elementary chemical composition, heavy metal contents, moisture, density, ash percentage after combustion in the bomb, and main bioclimatic characteristics, were also determined.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林和暖温带落叶阔叶林叶片热值比较研究

植物干重热值(GCV)是衡量植物生命活动及组成成分的重要指标之一,反映了植物光合作用中固定太阳辐射的能力。利用氧弹量热仪测定了亚热带和暖温带两个典型森林生态系统常见的276种常见植物叶片的干重热值,探讨了亚热带和暖温带植物热值分布特征,以及不同生活型、乔木类型间植物热值的变化规律。实验结果发现:亚热带常绿阔叶林和暖温带落叶阔叶林叶片热值的平均值分别为17.83 k J/g(n=191)和17.21k J/g(n=85),整体表现为亚热带植物暖温带植物。不同地带性植被的植物叶片热值在不同生活型间表现出相似的规律,其中亚热带常绿阔叶林表现为:乔木(19.09 k J/g)灌木(17.87 k J/g)草本(16.65 k J/g);暖温带落叶阔叶林表现为:乔木(18.41 k J/g)灌木(17.94 k J/g)草本(16.53 k J/g);不同乔木类型间均呈现常绿乔木落叶乔木、针叶乔木阔叶乔木的趋势。落叶阔叶乔木表现为亚热带暖温带,而常绿针叶乔木则呈现亚热带暖温带的趋势。此外,我们对于两个分布区域内的4种针叶树种叶片热值进行了比较,发现华北落叶松(19.32 k J/g,暖温带)杉木(19.40 k J/g,亚热带)马尾松(19.82 k J/g,亚热带)油松(20.95 k J/g,暖温带)。亚热带常绿阔叶林和暖温带落叶阔叶林植物热值的特征及其变化规律,为森林生态系统的能量流动提供了理论基础。     

高寒草甸地区常见植物热值的初步研究

本文研究了高寒草甸地区29种植物热值和矮嵩草等4种优势植物不同物候期的热值。结果表明,高寒草甸地区植物热值较高和热值随物候期而变化。进而分析了影响植物热值的原因。     

Spread of common species results in local‐scale floristic homogenization in grassland of Switzerland

Aim We assess changes in plant species richness and changes in species dissimilarity at local scale in Swiss grassland between the time periods 2001–2004 and 2006–2009. Further, we provide an ecological interpretation of the observed taxonomic homogenization of vascular plants. Location Switzerland. Methods Changes in species richness and changes in Simpson dissimilarity index of vascular plants in grassland (meadows and pastures) were examined. The analyses were based on species lists recorded on 339 10‐m² sample plots from a systematic sample covering the entire Switzerland. Each sample plot had been surveyed once in 2001–2004 and once in 2006–2009 with 5 years between the first and the second survey. Changes in species dissimilarity were interpreted by comparing the relative contribution of several indicator species groups. Results Mean species richness of vascular plants in grassland increased during the study period. In contrast, species dissimilarity of plants decreased, suggesting local‐scale floristic homogenization of grassland in Switzerland. It was mostly because of the spread of common species, namely the species that are tolerant to high nutrient levels, the species of low conservation value and the species adapted to moderate temperature levels that led to taxonomic homogenization. Target species for conservation did only marginally affect taxonomic homogenization. In contrast to the predictions from studies of taxonomic homogenization on larger scales, the taxonomic homogenization of grassland at local scale was not explained by the spread of neophytic species. Main conclusions The biotic diversity of grassland in Switzerland changed considerably between 2001–2004 and 2006–2009. The observed taxonomic homogenization was merely because of the spread of common species. Local‐scale changes in land use regimes implemented by agri‐environmental schemes and other conservation efforts on parts of the entire grassland area were, apparently, not enough to prevent the total grassland from recent taxonomic homogenization.     

Vascular Plants Facilitated Bryophytes in a Grassland Experiment

In grassland communities vascular plants and bryophytes form two distinct layers. In order to understand the factors responsible for plant community structure, more information about interactions between these plant groups is needed. Often negative correlations between vascular plant and bryophyte covers have been reported, suggesting competition. Here we tested experimentally whether different grassland vascular plant species (Trifolium pratense, Festuca pratensis, Prunella vulgaris) had different influences on the cover of two bryophyte species (Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Brachythecium rutabulum). In a two-year garden pot experiment one bryophyte species and one vascular plant species were planted per pot. Bryophytes were planted at a constant density, vascular plants in four densities. The cover of both bryophyte species increased with increasing vascular plant cover, showing the facilitative effect of vascular plants through creating better microclimate, e.g., optimising temperature. Bryophyte responses to vascular plant species were species-specific. Festuca had significantly positive effects on both bryophyte species in the second year, and Trifolium on Brachythecium in both years, whereas Prunella had no significant effect on bryophytes. The facilitative effect of vascular plants was stronger at the second experimental year. In summary, the biotic effects between bryophytes and grassland vascular plants are species-specific and positive interactions are prevailing at low vascular plant densities.     

Are dominant plant species more susceptible to leaf‐mining insects? A case study at Saihanwula Nature Reserve,China

Dominant species significantly affect interspecific relationships, community structure, and ecosystem function. In the field, dominant species are often identified by their high importance values. Selective foraging on dominant species is a common phenomenon in ecology. Our hypothesis is that dominant plant groups with high importance values are more susceptible to leaf‐mining insects at the regional level. Here, we used the Saihanwula National Nature Reserve as a case study to examine the presence–absence patterns of leaf‐mining insects on different plants in a forest‐grassland ecotone in Northeast China. We identified the following patterns: (1) After phylogenetic correction, plants with high importance values are more likely to host leafminers at the species, genus, or family level. (2) Other factors including phylogenetic isolation, life form, water ecotype, and phytogeographical type of plants have different influences on the relationship between plant dominance and leafminer presence. In summary, the importance value is a valid predictor of the presence of consumers, even when we consider the effects of plant phylogeny and other plant attributes. Dominant plant groups are large and susceptible targets of leaf‐mining insects. The consistent leaf‐mining distribution pattern across different countries, vegetation types, and plant taxa can be explained by the “species‐area relationship” or the “plant apparency hypothesis.”     

Foliar δ15N values characterize soil N cycling and reflect nitrate or ammonium preference of plants along a temperate grassland gradient

The natural abundance of stable (15)N isotopes in soils and plants is potentially a simple tool to assess ecosystem N dynamics. Several open questions remain, however, in particular regarding the mechanisms driving the variability of foliar delta(15)N values of non-N(2) fixing plants within and across ecosystems. The goal of the work presented here was therefore to: (1) characterize the relationship between soil net mineralization and variability of foliar Deltadelta(15)N (delta(15)Nleaf - delta(15)Nsoil) values from 20 different plant species within and across 18 grassland sites; (2) to determine in situ if a plant's preference for NO (3) (-) or NH (4) (+) uptake explains variability in foliar Deltadelta(15)N among different plant species within an ecosystem; and (3) test if variability in foliar Deltadelta(15)N among species or functional group is consistent across 18 grassland sites. Deltadelta(15)N values of the 20 different plant species were positively related to soil net mineralization rates across the 18 sites. We found that within a site, foliar Deltadelta(15)N values increased with the species' NO (3) (-) to NH (4) (+) uptake ratios. Interestingly, the slope of this relationship differed in direction from previously published studies. Finally, the variability in foliar Deltadelta(15)N values among species was not consistent across 18 grassland sites but was significantly influenced by N mineralization rates and the abundance of a particular species in a site. Our findings improve the mechanistic understanding of the commonly observed variability in foliar Deltadelta(15)N among different plant species. In particular we were able to show that within a site, foliar delta(15)N values nicely reflect a plant's N source but that the direction of the relationship between NO (3) (-) to NH (4) (+) uptake and foliar Deltadelta(15)N values is not universal. Using a large set of data, our study highlights that foliar Deltadelta(15)N values are valuable tools to assess plant N uptake patterns and to characterize the soil N cycle across different ecosystems.     

高寒草地植物生存策略地理分布特征及其影响因素

植物性状能够反映植物的生存策略,是植物生态学的研究热点之一。植物CSR策略模型将植物物种分为3类:在资源丰富环境中能够最大程度提高生物量的物种(竞争型物种:C策略);在干扰频率较高的环境中能够快速摄取资源并繁殖的物种(投机取巧型物种:R策略);在资源贫瘠环境中能够保持个体生存的物种(耐受型物种:S策略)。植物叶片性状对环境梯度具有适应性的改变,性状的改变对植物生存策略产生影响,但是青藏高原植物叶片性状是如何影响植物CSR生存策略的,其机制尚不清楚。该研究探究了高寒草地植物CSR生存策略的分布特征,以及环境因子对CSR生存策略的影响机制。2020年7–8月,对青藏高原高寒草地53个样点进行了调查,测定植物叶片叶面积、叶片鲜质量和叶片干质量等性状,并计算C、S、R值。然后,分析关键地理环境要素对植物CSR策略影响的主要因子和作用机理。结果表明:(1)在青藏高原高寒草地,植物的生存策略主要以S策略(41.6%–96.7%)为主。(2)随着经度的增加,青藏高原高寒草地C策略植物所占比例自西向东逐渐上升;在海拔梯度上,高寒草地C策略植物所占比例随着海拔的升高而降低。(3)随机森林分析结果显示降水...     

Intraspecific trait variation and allocation strategies of calcareous grassland species: Results from a restoration experiment

Intra- and interspecific trait variation express the response of plants dealing with different environmental conditions. We measured root and leaf traits on 14 species of calcareous grasslands in a restoration experiment. We aimed at identifying intraspecific differences in biomass allocation and functional plant traits under contrasting soil conditions by comparing plants growing in ancient grassland and two restored grasslands on ex-arable land, one of them with topsoil removal. Relative importance of trait variation within and among species, and among site was assessed by variance partitioning. Interspecific variation was more important than intraspecific variation, but the contribution of the latter to total variation was considerable, especially for specific leaf area. Changes in soil properties due to topsoil removal resulted in lower values of plant height, specific leaf area and specific root length compared to the control (ancient grassland). Soil fertility found in the treatment without top soil removal did not affect plant plasticity compared to the control. The study species showed two allocation strategies in relation to resource stress, while the responses of individual traits to the soil treatments were consistent across species. We conclude that caution must be taken when using mean trait values for plastic species or when working with environmental gradients.