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1.
小兴安岭5种林型土壤呼吸时空变异   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
史宝库  金光泽  汪兆洋 《生态学报》2012,32(17):5416-5428
原始阔叶红松林、谷地云冷杉林、阔叶红松择伐林、次生白桦林、人工落叶松林是小兴安岭乃至东北地区的重要森林类型。采用红外气体分析法比较测定了这几种森林类型的土壤呼吸及其相关环境因子,分析探讨了这几种森林类型土壤呼吸的时空变异。结果表明:各林型土壤呼吸与5 cm深土壤温度(T5)呈显著的指数相关,并且土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤湿度及其相互作用的回归模型可以解释各林型土壤呼吸约71%的季节变异。生长季平均土壤呼吸速率为次生白桦林(3.59μmolCO.2m-.2s-1)>谷地云冷杉林(3.52μmolCO.2m-.2s-1)>阔叶红松择伐林(3.44μmolCO.2m-.2s-1)>原始阔叶红松林(2.58μmolCO.2m-.2s-1)>人工落叶松林(2.29μmolCO.2m-.2s-1),说明土壤呼吸对原始阔叶红松林人为干扰的响应是不同的。各林型Q10值介于1.84(人工落叶松林)—2.32(次生白桦林)之间。在整个生长季,各林型之间土壤呼吸的变异系数变化幅度为19.74%—37.39%,而各林型内土壤环间其变化幅度为32.13%—60.20%,显著大于样地间的变化幅度14.28%—35.70%(P<0.001),说明土壤呼吸在细微尺度上的差异更大。土壤湿度可以解释各林型(阔叶红松林除外)内部土壤呼吸15.8%—33.5%的空间异质性。  相似文献   

2.
湖南会同林区毛竹林地的土壤呼吸   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
采用CID-301PS光合分析仪(配带土壤呼吸室),对湖南会同林区毛竹林地土壤呼吸进行测定,结果表明,毛竹林地土壤总呼吸速率、异养呼吸速率、自养呼吸速率及凋落物呼吸速率的年平均值分别为2.13、1.44、0.69μmolCO2·m-2·s-1和0.31μmolCO2·m-2·s-1,并呈现明显的季节变化规律和日变化规律,季节变化曲线呈单峰型,表现为1~7月份随着气温、地温的升高呈上升的趋势,在8月达年呼吸速率的最大值,分别达4.95、3.01、1.94μmolCO2·m-2·s-1和0.80 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1,此后随温度的降低而呈逐渐递减的趋势,直到翌年的1月份或2月份,分别为0.76、0.70、 0.06μmolCO2·m-2·s-1 和 0.05μmolCO2·m-2·s-1.日变化曲线图表现为单峰形态,一般也是随着温度的升高而加大,随着温度的降低而减小.6:00~14:00,随着土壤温度的升高而增加,一般在16:00~18:00出现最高峰,此后,一直递减,直到次日4:00~8:00.由此计算出毛竹林地土壤年释放CO2量为33.94 t·hm-2·a-1,其中,林地异养呼吸、自养呼吸和凋落物呼吸分别占总呼吸的59.5%、28.3%和12.2%.  相似文献   

3.
秦岭小陇山锐齿栎林皆伐迹地土壤呼吸特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2011年5月—2012年4月,利用Li-6400系统测定秦岭小陇山锐齿栎林皆伐迹地的土壤呼吸速率,研究锐齿栎林皆伐迹地土壤呼吸速率日动态、月动态和土壤温湿度以及土壤理化性质对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:皆伐迹地和锐齿栎对照林地的土壤呼吸日动态和月动态均表现为单峰曲线,与土壤温度变化趋势相似;皆伐迹地和对照林地土壤呼吸速率的月均最大值均出现在7月,分别为4.63和4.01μmol·m-2·s-1,月均最小值均出现在2月,分别为0.10和0.30μmol·m-2·s-1;皆伐后4~6个月,皆伐迹地土壤呼吸速率月均值大于对照林地,此后则小于对照林地;土壤温度、湿度及二者交互作用的多元回归模型能够解释皆伐迹地土壤呼吸速率变化的89.6%~90.8%,解释对照林地的94.7%~95.5%;利用指数方程计算两样地土壤呼吸的Q10值,皆伐迹地和对照林地土壤呼吸的Q10值分别为3.47~4.22和3.54~3.96;皆伐迹地和对照林地年土壤碳释放量分别为344.8和512.9 g·m-2,冬季土壤碳释放量分别为24.2和40.9 g·m-2,占全年的7.0%和8.0%.  相似文献   

4.
2007年1月至12月,在长沙天际岭国家森林公园,使用LI-COR-6400-09连接到LI-6400便携式CO2/H2O分析系统,测定亚热带枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)林去除和添加凋落物(931.5 g · m-2a-1和1003.4 g · m-2a-1)的土壤呼吸速率以及5 cm土壤温、湿度,研究凋落物对2种森林生态系统中土壤呼吸速率的影响.结果表明:枫香和樟树林去除和添加凋落物的土壤呼吸速率季节变化显著,在季节动态上的趋势与5 cm土壤温度相似,均呈单峰曲线格局,全年去除凋落物土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为1.132 μmol CO2 · m-2s-1和1.933 μmol CO2 · m-2s-1,分别比对照处理1.397 μmol CO2 · m-2s-1和2.581 μmol CO2 · m-2s-1低18.62%和26.49%;添加凋落物土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为2.363 μmol CO2 · m-2s-1和3.267 μmol CO2 · m-2s-1,分别比对照处理高71.31%和39.18%.两种群落去除和添加凋落物土壤呼吸的季节变化均与5 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关(P﹤0.001),与5 cm土壤湿度相关性不显著(P>0.05);土壤温度和湿度可以共同解释去除和添加凋落物后土壤呼吸变化的95.2%、93.7%和90.0%、92.8%.枫香和樟树群落去除和添加凋落物土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值分别为3.01、3.29和3.02、4.37,均比对照处理Q10值2.98和2.94高.这证明凋落物是影响森林CO2通量的一个重要因子.  相似文献   

5.
去除和添加凋落物对木荷林土壤呼吸的短期影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
凋落物作为土壤呼吸的重要碳源,其输入的数量和质量将对土壤呼吸产生重要影响。自2011年2月—2012年5月,在浙江天童森林生态系统设置对照、去除和加倍凋落物处理,研究不同凋落物处理对木荷(Schima superba)林土壤呼吸速率、土壤温度和土壤含水量的影响。结果表明:去除和加倍凋落物对土壤温度的影响不显著,对土壤含水量的影响显著,相比对照的土壤呼吸速率2.52±0.29μmol·m-2·s-1,去除凋落物使土壤呼吸速率显著降低了25.32%;而加倍凋落物处理与对照之间的土壤呼吸速率无显著差异。不同凋落物处理下土壤呼吸均表现出明显的季节变化,凋落物处理在湿季对土壤呼吸速率的影响接近显著(P=0.065),在干季不显著,并且湿季的土壤呼吸速率显著高于干季。不同凋落物处理的土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度均呈显著相关,土壤温度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异程度的80.1%~90.3%,Q10值分别为2.42、2.48和2.24;而土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量之间的相关性不显著。研究结果表明,短期凋落物处理对土壤呼吸产生了影响,并且这种影响因季节差异而不同,证明了凋落物对于改变森林生态系统土壤呼吸和碳循环具有重要作用。  相似文献   

6.
不同树龄杨树人工林的根系呼吸季节动态   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
闫美芳  张新时  周广胜  江源 《生态学报》2010,30(13):3449-3456
根系呼吸是准确评估森林生态系统土壤碳收支的一个重要依据。基于LI-COR-6400-09土壤呼吸系统连续2a测定的3个生长阶段杨树人工林的根系呼吸数据,分析了根系呼吸的季节变化规律及树龄、土壤水热因子和细根生物量对它的影响。结果表明:3个不同树龄人工林的根系呼吸速率均呈明显的季节变化,最大值出现在夏初,最小值出现在秋末,基本上与表层土壤温度的季节变化相一致。根系呼吸的峰值早于土壤温度和细根生物量的峰值,说明林木根系的季节生长节律、地下碳分配模式都可能影响根系呼吸的季节变化。2年生人工林的根系呼吸速率最高,平均为3.78μmolCO2m-2s-1,并随树龄增长呈下降趋势。3个树龄人工林根系呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例介于38.6%-58.0%之间,且2年生人工林最大。不同林龄之间根系呼吸的差异主要与根系的生长周转速率及代谢活性随生长阶段的变化有关。总的来说,表层土壤温度和细根生物量的协同作用可解释根系呼吸速率变化的76%。此外在评估一个轮伐期内的根系呼吸强度时,应考虑不同生长阶段对它的影响。  相似文献   

7.
中国亚热带森林转换对土壤呼吸动态及通量的影响   总被引:43,自引:6,他引:37  
通过用静态碱吸收法对中国亚热带福建三明格氏栲自然保护区内的格氏栲天然林和33年生的格氏栲人工林及杉木人工林的土壤呼吸进行为期2a的定位研究,结果表明,3种森林土壤呼吸速率季节变化均呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在5月至6月份,最小值出现在12月至翌年1月份。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林土壤呼吸速率一年中变化范围分别在403.47~1001.12mgCO2m-2h-1、193.89~697.86mgCO2m-2h-1和75.97~368.98mgCO2m-2h-1之间。2002年土壤呼吸速率主要受土壤温度影响,但在极端干旱的2003年则主要受土壤湿度的影响。双因素关系模型(R=aebTWc)拟合结果优于仅考虑土壤温度或土壤湿度的单因素关系模型,土壤温度和土壤湿度共同解释不同年份不同森林土壤呼吸速率季节变化的80%~96%。杉木林土壤呼吸对气候变化敏感性高于格氏栲天然林和人工林。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林土壤呼吸年通量分别为13.742、9.439和4.543tC·hm-2·a-1,前者分别约是后二者的1.5倍和3.0倍。森林转换对土壤呼吸通量的影响可能与枯落物数量和质量、根系呼吸、土壤有机质数量和质量的变化有关。  相似文献   

8.
次生栎林和人工松林土壤呼吸对温度敏感性的室内模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性是影响全球气候变暖不确定性的因素之一.为了解在排除其他生态因子的影响下天然阔叶林和人工针叶林土壤呼吸对温度敏感性的差异,选择了苏南丘陵次生栎林和火炬松人工林为研究对象,采集2种林分0~10cm表层土壤,分别进行了5℃、15℃、25℃和35℃的室内恒温培养实验.用传统的密闭气室碱液吸收法测定它们的CO2释放量的动态变化,并测定土壤理化性质.结果表明:次生栎林对温度的敏感性即Q10值大于火炬松人工林;在5℃、15℃和25℃培养时2种林分土壤呼吸累积释放CO2量的差异不显著,并且土壤释放CO2的动态变化一致,而35℃时,次生栎林显著大于火炬松人工林;在25℃培养时,次生栎林土壤呼吸累积释放CO2量与5℃和15℃相比并没有显著增加,反而低于火炬松人工林;次生栎林的全碳、全氮、全钙、全磷含量以及碳氮比显著大干火炬松人工林.模拟结果表明,在全球气候变暖背景下,天然阔叶林可能比人工针叶林释放更多的CO2.  相似文献   

9.
模拟酸雨胁迫对马尾松和杉木幼苗土壤呼吸的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
利用LI-8100测定模拟酸雨不同处理下(pH2.5、4.0和5.6)盆栽马尾松(Pinus Massoniana)和杉木幼苗(Cunninghamia lanceolata)的土壤呼吸速率及土壤温度、含水量,研究酸雨对其土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:模拟酸雨喷淋下马尾松和杉木土壤pH值呈现下降的趋势且下降幅度同酸雨酸度呈现正相关性;马尾松和杉木各个处理下土壤呼吸速率季节变化显著,且同地下10cm土壤温度季节变化趋势一致,pH2.5处理下的土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为1.79μmol · m-2 · s-1和1.12μmol · m-2 · s-1,比对照组(pH5.6)土壤呼吸速率平均值1.57μmol · m-2 · s-1和1.54μmol · m-2 · s-1分别高14%和低39%;马尾松和杉木各个处理下土壤呼吸速率同10cm土壤温度之间均呈现显著的指数关系(P<0.001),与5cm土壤含水量之间相关性不明确;在P=0.05水平上进行多元回归分析,可以得到土壤呼吸速率同土壤温度和含水量的综合拟合方程,和单因素(温度、含水量)拟合相比能够更好地解释土壤呼吸的变化情况;马尾松和杉木在pH2.5和4.0处理下的土壤呼吸温度系数Q10值分别为1.36、2.01和1.51、2 25,同对照组1.14和1.58相比,均有明显差异,且两者Q10值的变化呈先增大后减小的趋势.这证明酸雨是影响马尾松和杉木土壤CO2通量的一个重要因素.  相似文献   

10.
不同耕作措施下旱地农田土壤呼吸及其影响因素   总被引:28,自引:3,他引:25  
刘爽  严昌荣  何文清  刘勤 《生态学报》2010,30(11):2919-2924
为探讨耕作措施对旱地农田土壤呼吸的影响,采用动态气室法在山西寿阳地区对秸秆还田、免耕覆盖、浅旋耕、常规耕作4种耕作措施下玉米生长季土壤呼吸及影响因子进行了测定和分析。结果表明,4种耕作措施下土壤呼吸速率的日和季节变化规律明显,均呈单峰型,呼吸速率的日峰值出现在11:30 13:30,呼吸速率的季节峰值出现在7月上旬至中旬。浅旋耕、秸秆还田、常规耕作、免耕覆盖措施整个生长季平均土壤呼吸速率分别为2.82、2.77、2.64μmolCO.2m-.2s-1和2.49μmolCO.2m-.2s-1,处理间无显著差异。研究结果还显示土壤温度和湿度是影响旱地农田土壤呼吸的主要因子,二者分别解释了土壤呼吸季节变化的55%78%,20%43%。4种措施下土壤呼吸的温度敏感系数Q10值在2.19 3.07之间,大小依次为免耕覆盖浅旋耕秸秆还田常规耕作。对水分的敏感性依次为免耕覆盖秸秆还田浅旋耕常规耕作。  相似文献   

11.
In Venezuela 30,000?km2 of land is covered by savannas, of which 410,000?ha have been planted with several species and hybrids of Eucalyptus for lumber and pulp production. Popular concern about possible diminutions in water availability of reservoirs near eucalypt plantations prompted our interest in measuring water use by these trees. Since these savannas are markedly seasonal, the response of species to seasonal drought is important. We aimed to compare the seasonal changes in single-leaf and whole-plant transpiration in a seasonally dry savanna with that of trees of E. urophylla in an experimental plantation. We also examined the seasonal changes in xylem water potential and stomatal response to air water-vapour saturation deficit (D). Transpiration in eucalypts and the dominant savanna species Trachypogon vestitus and Curatella americana was evaluated using measurements of leaf gas exchange in all three species, sap flux in eucalypts, microclimatic variables and allometric and photometric determinations of green area. In E. urophylla and T. vestitus, but not in C. americana, stomatal conductance (g s) proved sensitive to D. Integrated values of daily courses of transpiration rate were scaled to one ha in a preliminary approach to estimating ecosystem transpiration (E ha). The E ha of the savanna (the sum of E ha of T. vestitus and C. americana) was on average 2.4 times that of eucalypts during the daytime; when nocturnal eucalypt transpiration was included, the value was 1.9. The evapotranspiration calculated by the Penman–Montieth equation (ETc) of eucalypts was lower than the savanna all year round. The reference crop ET (ETo) varied little throughout the seasons, the highest value occurring in March. The ratio E ha/ETo for the savanna was on average near one during the dry season and almost two during the rainy season; the corresponding value for E. urophylla was 0.6 for both seasons. The ratio E ha/ETc was on average 0.8 for the species and the savanna. The cumulative E ha for the days of measurements was higher in the savanna than in the eucalypts during the daytime (39.8 and 17.3?mm, respectively), as was the cumulative ETc (37.5 vs. 20.3?mm). Measured and calculated cumulative ET in eucalypts, including nocturnal values, were 22.0 and 28.4?mm, respectively. At the leaf level, both eucalypts and trees of C. americana apparently may have accessed water from deep horizons, since their values of Ψ changed less seasonally than in T. vestitus. At the ecosystem level, the species that presented the largest changes in transpiration was T. vestitus, which markedly increased savanna transpiration during the rainy season. Our results suggest that, for the days of this study, and considering the environmental conditions of the ecosystems studied, the type of measurements and the scaling procedures, stands of E. urophylla transpire less water than the savanna.  相似文献   

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Summary We consider a clinical trial with a primary and a secondary endpoint where the secondary endpoint is tested only if the primary endpoint is significant. The trial uses a group sequential procedure with two stages. The familywise error rate (FWER) of falsely concluding significance on either endpoint is to be controlled at a nominal level α. The type I error rate for the primary endpoint is controlled by choosing any α‐level stopping boundary, e.g., the standard O'Brien–Fleming or the Pocock boundary. Given any particular α‐level boundary for the primary endpoint, we study the problem of determining the boundary for the secondary endpoint to control the FWER. We study this FWER analytically and numerically and find that it is maximized when the correlation coefficient ρ between the two endpoints equals 1. For the four combinations consisting of O'Brien–Fleming and Pocock boundaries for the primary and secondary endpoints, the critical constants required to control the FWER are computed for different values of ρ. An ad hoc boundary is proposed for the secondary endpoint to address a practical concern that may be at issue in some applications. Numerical studies indicate that the O'Brien–Fleming boundary for the primary endpoint and the Pocock boundary for the secondary endpoint generally gives the best primary as well as secondary power performance. The Pocock boundary may be replaced by the ad hoc boundary for the secondary endpoint with a very little loss of secondary power if the practical concern is at issue. A clinical trial example is given to illustrate the methods.  相似文献   

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Song J  Ding X  Feng G  Zhang F 《The New phytologist》2006,171(2):357-366
The effects of salinity and nitrogen (N) on growth and the role of NO3- in osmotic adjustment in the leaf-succulent euhalophyte Suaeda physophora and the stem-succulent xerophyte Haloxylon persicum were evaluated. Seedlings were exposed to 1 or 300 mm NaCl in 0.05, 1 or 10 mm NO3- -N treatments for 24 d. At 10 mm NO3-, 300 mm NaCl had no adverse effect on the concentration of NO3-, the content of organic N, and the estimated contribution of NO3- to osmotic potential in leaves of S. physophora, but markedly reduced these in stems of H. persicum. At 300 mm NaCl, more NO3- but less Cl- and Na+ were involved in osmotic adjustment in leaves of S. physophora compared with that in stems of H. persicum. The contribution of NO3- to osmotic potential was much higher in S. physophora, but lower in H. persicum, than that of amino acids at 300 mm NaCl. The nutritional and osmotic roles of NO3- -N seem to be more important in the euhalophyte S. physophora than in the xerophyte H. persicum under saline conditions. These characteristics may determine the natural distributions of the two species in saline or arid environments.  相似文献   

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Alan S. Robinson 《Genetica》1977,47(3):231-236
A Drosophila population cage initiated with equal numbers of two viable II–III translocation homozygotes rapidly evolved into a balanced polymorphism with the two translocations maintained throughout 25 generations at which time the experiment was terminated. The fertility of this population averaged 26%; a control population averaged 90%. The establishment of the polymorphism was interpreted with reference to the reduced viability of the two homozygotes such that their net fitness was considerably less than that of partially sterile double heterozygote. By the incorporation of specific values for the relative fitness of the three genotypes in a computer programme it was possible to simulate the polymorphism.  相似文献   

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Confusion Effect in a Reptilian and a Primate Predator   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The confusion effect is claimed to be one benefit of group living with respect to predator avoidance: it is more difficult for predators to capture prey that is surrounded by other conspecifics than to capture an isolated individual. So far, the predictions of the confusion effect have been tested mainly in aquatic predators. As the confusion effect is seen to be a general problem for predators, terrestrial predators of two different vertebrate classes were used to test it. The prey (mealworms and black beetles, Tenebrio molitor ) was harmless and had no chance of predator avoidance. Thus, confounding effects of group defence and enhanced vigilance were controlled. Both leopard geckos ( Eublepharis macularius ) and common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ) took longer to catch one out of several prey compared to one single prey. Leopard geckos showed more fixations (changing of head position) when confronted with 20 mealworms than when confronted with only one mealworm, thus showing indications of being 'confused'.  相似文献   

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