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1.
2007年和2008年9—12月,在宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区和内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对同域分布的岩羊和马鹿发情季节生境选择进行研究。通过在选定的15条沟段里进行调查,分别测定了岩羊和马鹿的177个和154个样方的18种生态因子。结果表明,发情季节岩羊和马鹿在植被类型、地形特征、优势乔木、坡向、坡位、灌木密度、灌木高度、植被盖度、坡度、海拔高度、距水源距离、人为干扰距离、距裸岩距离和隐蔽级等生态因子选择上存在极显著差异(P0.01),乔木高度存在显著差异(P0.05),而其余生态因子无显著差异(P0.05),相对于马鹿选择的生境而言,岩羊发情季节更偏爱选择地势陡峭的山地疏林草原带,优势乔木以较高的灰榆为主,灌木密度低但高度较高,植被盖度较低,坡度较大的阳坡中上部,海拔较低,接近水源和裸岩,隐蔽程度低的生境。典则系数显示发情季节岩羊和马鹿的生境选择几乎完全分离,Wilk’sλ值也显示发情季节岩羊和马鹿的生境选择具有很高的差异性(Wilk’sλ=0.123,χ2=679.172,df=10,P0.001)。发情季节岩羊和马鹿的Fisher线性判别函数分别为:F岩羊=3.638×乔木高度+0.242×乔木距离+7.766×灌木高度+0.663×灌木距离+0.232×植被盖度+0.191×坡度+0.001×距水源距离+0.008×距裸岩距离+0.307×隐蔽级-31.078;F马鹿=4.850×乔木高度+0.321×乔木距离+12.024×灌木高度+0.929×灌木距离+0.192×植被盖度+0.482×坡度+0.002×距水源距离-0.001×人为干扰距离-0.003×距裸岩距离+0.511×隐蔽级-50.787。逐步判别分析表明在区分发情季节岩羊和马鹿生境方面有一系列生态因子发挥作用,依照贡献值的大小依次为坡度、人为干扰距离、隐蔽级、距裸岩距离、乔木高度、乔木距离、距水源距离、灌木高度、灌木距离和植被盖度,由这10个变量构成的方程对发情季节岩羊和马鹿生境的正确区分率达到99.7%。  相似文献   

2.
贺兰山岩羊冬春季取食生境的比较   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8  
2003年11~12月和2004年4~6月,在贺兰山设定了25条固定样线,采用直接观察法对岩羊冬春季的取食生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,岩羊冬季对12种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择位于山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度4~6m,灌木密度〉5株、高度〉1.3m,食物质量〉50g,人为干扰距离〈500m,距裸岩距离〈2m的地方取食。而春季对11种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度〈6m,灌木密度5~10株、高度1.3~1.7m,食物质量〉100g,海拔高度〈2000m,距水源距离〈500m,隐蔽级50%~75%的地点。冬春季岩羊对植被类型、地形特征、优势乔木、乔木密度、乔木高度、灌木密度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、坡向、坡度、距水源距离、人为干扰距离和隐蔽级的选择存在显著差异。主成分分析表明,冬季第1主成分的贡献率达24.493%,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、优势乔木、乔木高度、乔木距离、灌木密度、灌木高度、海拔高度、距水源距离和人为干扰距离等生态因子:春季第1主成分的贡献率达28.777%,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、乔木距离、灌木高度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、海拔高度和人为干扰距离等生态因子。随着北方地区冬春季食物数量和质量的剧烈变化,贺兰山岩羊对取食生境的利用对策也将发生一定程度的改变,与其他分布区的岩羊相比,贺兰山独特的地理位置和特殊生境使其在取食生境选择上存在很大差异。  相似文献   

3.
贺兰山区马鹿对冬季生境的选择性   总被引:26,自引:6,他引:20  
2003年11—12月,在贺兰山采用样带法对马鹿阿拉善亚种的生境选择性做了研究。在选定的25条样带上一共测定了87个利用样方以及50个任意样方的14种生态因子(植被类型、优势乔木、坡向、坡位、食物丰富度、乔木密度、灌木密度、坡度、海拔高度、雪深、水源距离、人为干扰距离、裸岩距离和隐蔽级)。结果表明,马鹿对4种生态因子有选择性:①植被类型:偏好利用山地草原带和山地针叶林带,避免选择亚高山灌丛和草甸带;②优势乔木:偏好利用混合型的生境,避免选择杜松、油松和无树的生境;③坡向:偏好位于阳坡的生境,避免利用阴坡;④坡位:偏好位于下坡位的生境,避免选择上坡位和中坡位。对利用样方和任意样方进行比较,发现马鹿的利用样方以灌木密度高、食物丰富、坡度小、接近水源、雪覆盖浅、远离裸岩和人为干扰为主要特征。对各种生态因子的主成分分析表明前6个主成分的累积贡献率已经达到了84.89%,可以较好地反映马鹿的生境特征。第1主成分反映出马鹿在选择生态因子方面与植被类型、乔木密度、灌木密度、坡向、坡度、距水源距离、雪深、海拔高度正相关。  相似文献   

4.
贺兰山马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
2007年12月至2008年1月,在贺兰山地区,利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对马鹿阿拉善亚种的冬季取食和卧息生境选择进行研究.通过在选定的15条沟段里进行调查,共测定了72个取食利用样方,59个卧息利用样方和131个对照样方的18种生态因子.结果表明,马鹿在冬季偏好的取食地为平滑起伏坡,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏、间距较远,灌木密度大,草本盖度较高,位于<15°的半阴半阳坡的下坡位,距裸岩远,隐蔽度高;偏好的卧息地在山地疏林草原带的平滑起伏坡上,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏,灌木矮小、稀疏且距离较远,草本盖度较高,位于<15°阳坡的下坡位,远离裸岩,隐蔽程度高.马鹿冬季的取食和卧息生境在草本盖度和隐蔽度上差异极显著.相对于卧息生境, 马鹿冬季的取食生境对草本盖度和隐蔽度要求更低一些.马鹿冬季取食地的资源选择函数为1.155-0.149×乔木高度-0.066×草本盖度+0.190×坡度,模型的正确判别率为86.8%;马鹿冬季卧息地的资源选择函数为 -30.936+0.494×乔木高度+0.257×坡度-0.002×海拔高度+0.387×隐蔽度,模型的正确判别率为95.8%.食物、隐蔽条件以及贺兰山的独特地形特征是影响马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择的主要因素.  相似文献   

5.
贺兰山牦牛冬春季的生境选择   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在2009年12月-2010年1月和2010年4-5月,采用样线法结合直接观察法对贺兰山牦牛的冬春季生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,牦牛冬季对11种生境因子有选择性,偏爱山地针叶林带,海拔小于2 000 m,优势乔木为灰榆,坡度小于10,下坡位,距水源距离大于1 200 m,人为干扰距离2 000-4 000 m,隐蔽级大于70 %;春季牦牛对13种利用生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱于亚高山灌丛和草甸带,海拔大于3 000 m,乔木密度小于1株,乔木高度小于3 m,乔木距离大于3 m,灌木密度大于4 0株,灌木距离小于1 m,植被盖度大于7 0 %,上坡位,距水源的距离小于8 00 m,人为干扰距离大于4 000 m,隐蔽级大于7 0 %。冬春季牦牛在海拔、植被类型、地形特征、优势乔木、灌木种类、坡位、坡向、人为干扰距离、距水源距离上存在显著差异。主成分分析表明冬季第一主成分的贡献率21.100 %,其中绝对值较大的相关系数是乔木距离、优势乔木、乔木高度和乔木密度;春季第一主成分的贡献率是31.247 %,其中绝对值较大的相关系数是植被类型、海拔高度、地形特征和灌木密度。与其他分布地区的牦牛相比,贺兰山地区的牦牛能适应当地的地理特征和气候环境。  相似文献   

6.
贺兰山岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)夏季取食和卧息生境选择   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
采用直接观察法和痕迹检验法对贺兰山岩羊夏季取食和卧息生境选择进行研究.结果表明,夏季岩羊偏好的取食地位于海拔高度1 600~2 000 m的山地疏林草原带,地形为平滑起伏的坡、明显断裂的坡和悬崖,以灰榆和山杨为优势乔木或无树,乔木矮小稀疏且距离远,接近低矮但密度较大的灌木,食物较多,位于<30°和>35°半阴半阳坡的下坡位,接近水源,人为干扰距离500~1 000 m,距裸岩2~5 m,隐蔽级25%~75%;夏季岩羊偏好的卧息地具有位于海拔高度1 600~2 000 m和>3 000 m的山地疏林草原带及亚高山灌丛和草甸带,地形为明显断裂的坡和悬崖,以灰榆和山杨为优势乔木或无树,乔木和灌木均矮小稀疏且距离较远,食物较少,位于>35°阴坡的上坡位,接近水源,人为干扰距离远,接近裸岩,隐蔽程度低.岩羊的取食和卧息生境在乔木高度和距水源距离上差异不显著(P > 0.05),而其余生态因子均有显著差异(P < 0.05).与取食生境相比,岩羊选择的卧息生境具有乔木稀疏且距离较远、灌木较少、低矮且距离较远、食物丰富度低、坡度大、远离人为干扰、接近裸岩和隐蔽程度低的特征.逐步判别分析表明,食物丰富度、灌木高度、距水源距离、隐蔽级、灌木密度、灌木距离、乔木高度和乔木距离8个生态因子可以区分取食样方与任意样方,正确判别率为85.8%;而区分卧息样方与任意样方时,距水源距离、灌木高度、距裸岩距离、人为干扰距离、食物丰富度、灌木密度和灌木距离共7个生态因子发挥作用,正确判别率为89.1%.  相似文献   

7.
为了更好地保护和管理贺兰山的马麝Moschus sifanicus种群,2014—2016年秋季,采用样线法和样方法对贺兰山马麝的秋季生境选择进行研究。共记录利用样方181个,对照样方75个,测定了17种生态因子。对非数值型生态因子采用拟合优度卡方检验进行分析,使用Bonferroni不等式分析马麝对其的偏好性,然后通过非参数检验Mann-Whitney U检验对利用样方与对照样方中的13种数值型生态因子进行比较,最后对数值型生态因子中差异显著的8个生态因子采用逐步判别分析。结果表明:(1)马麝偏好以青海云杉Picea crassifolia为优势乔木的山地针叶林阴坡的中坡位。(2)马麝趋向于海拔高、乔木密度高、乔木距离近、灌木密度低、人为干扰距离远、距裸岩距离远、隐蔽级高的栖息地类型。(3)差异性显著的生态因子按照贡献值大小依次为:隐蔽级、距裸岩距离、海拔、人为干扰距离、灌木密度、乔木高度、乔木距离和乔木密度,隐蔽级是影响马麝秋季生境选择最重要的生态因子。  相似文献   

8.
2014年2月、2014年12月—2015年1月和2015年6—7月,在陕西省周至自然保护区,采用样带法对斑羚冬季和夏季生境选择进行研究。结果表明,斑羚夏季对14种生境因子有选择性,而在冬季斑羚对16种生境因子有选择性。夏冬季斑羚对植被类型、坡位、海拔、坡度、郁闭度、乔木大小、乔木距离、灌木密度、灌木距离、灌木盖度、草本盖度、草本种类、距隐蔽物距离和距人为干扰距离的选择存在显著差异。逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,坡向、坡位、乔木大小、乔木距离、灌木大小、隐蔽级、距隐蔽物距离、距人为干扰距离是斑羚夏季生境选择的主导因子。坡向、坡位、郁闭度、乔木距离、灌木大小、灌木距离、草本种类、隐蔽级、距水源距离是斑羚冬季生境选择的主导因子。  相似文献   

9.
赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythralus)春季生境特征初步分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2009年2月至5月,在广西龙江河畔对赤腹松鼠(C.erythralus)的春季生境特征进行了分析.野外共测量了57个10m×10m样方中的13个生态因子,并运用频次分析和主成分分析的方法,对赤腹松鼠的春季生境选择因子进行了分析.结果表明,赤腹松鼠春季生境的主要特征为:郁闭度良好,水源距离<30m,坡度20~40°,避风性良好,坡向以东坡和南坡为主,坡位中坡位或上坡位,食物因子良好,人为干扰距离<10m,海拔50~100m,乔木密度<50株,乔木距离低于4m,灌木密度低于200株,灌木距离<2m.影响赤腹松鼠春季生境选择的主要因子为郁闭度、避风性、坡度、坡位和灌木距离;次要因子为海拔、人为干扰距离、乔木距离、水源距离、乔木密度、灌木密度、食物丰富度、坡向.  相似文献   

10.
唐家河自然保护区鬣羚春冬季对生境的选择   总被引:23,自引:2,他引:21  
1998年3月~1999年2月在四川省青川县唐家河自然保护区,对鬣羚(Capricornis sumatraensis)春冬季的生境利用进行了研究。结果表明:影响鬣羚春季生境选择的主要生态因子为人为干扰、植被型、乔木距离、乔木密度、坡度、岩石距离、乔大小和坡位;影响其冬季生境选择的主要生态因子为人为干扰、植被型、坡位、郁闭度、水源、乔木距离、乔木密度、乔木大小、岩石距离、坡向、动物干扰度;鬣羚春冬  相似文献   

11.
In this paper we consider a two-group discriminant analysis problem where each group is a mixture of two subgroups. Based upon data from a clinical study of alcohol involvement and diseases, simulation experiments were performed for three different configurations of means and covariance matrices. Expected actual non-error rates are estimated for the linear, quadratic, and kernel discriminant functions for sample sizes 30, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200. A conclusion of the article is that the kernel discriminant function performs as well as or better than quadratic discriminant function. However, the linear discriminant function was clearly inferior to either the quadratic or kernel discriminant functions.  相似文献   

12.
Crop performance is often shown as areas of differing grain yield. Many producers utilize simple GIS color ramping techniques to produce visual yield maps with delineated clusters. However, a more quantitative approach such as an unsupervised clustering procedure is generally used by scientists since it is much less arbitrary. Intuitively the yield clusters are due to soil and terrain properties, but there is no clear criterion for the delineation. We compared the effectiveness of two delineation or classification procedures: quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) and k-nearest neighbor discriminant analysis (k-NN) for the study of how yield temporal patterns relate to site properties. This study used three production fields, one in Monticello, IL, and two in Centralia, MO. Clusters were defined using maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield from three seasons. The k-NN had greater and more consistent successful classification rates than did QDA. Classification success rate varied from 0.465 to 0.790 for QDA while the k-NN classification rate varied from 0.794 to 0.874. This shows that areas of certain temporal yield patterns correspond to areas of specific site properties. Although profiles of site properties differ by crop and production field, areas of consistent low maize yield had greater shallow electrical conductivity (ECshallow), than those of consistent high maize yield. Furthermore, areas of consistent high soybean yield had lower soil reflectance than those areas of consistent low yields.  相似文献   

13.
The status of Niviventer confucianus and N. fulvescens as separate species or color variants of the same species has been debated for a long time. A detailed study of 157 specimens (119 N. confucianus and 34 N. fulvescens) collected 1937/1938 in Fukien, South East China, was conducted in order to shed more light on the taxonomic status of the two taxa. Because all measured skull parameters strongly correlate with age, age classes were formed on the basis of tooth wear. Student's t-tests for differences between N. confucianus and N. fulvescens were performed using age-independent unstandardized residuals. These were derived from linear regressions of each measured parameter against age class. Statistical significant differences between the taxa were revealed in residuals based on interorbital constriction, length and width of incisive foramen, length of bulla, diastema, width of rostrum and width of nasal. Discriminant analysis using the unstandardized residuals shows a clear separation between N. confucianus and N. fulvescens on the basis of the first discriminant function mainly influenced by interorbital width and length of incisive foramen. Additionally, qualitative morphological differences in the skulls are described, concerning the anterior rim of the zygomatic plate, the mandible and the maxillary teeth. The differences in outer morphology including the brighter, more reddish and more shiny pelage of N. fulvescens, white tail tip occurring in N. confucianus only, the relatively longer tail in N. confucianus, and the higher frequency of a fulvous marking on the chest in N. confucianus are supported.  相似文献   

14.
D. Botha  M. Steyn  Y. Scholtz  I. Ribot 《HOMO》2017,68(4):243-255
As the identity of a large number of Khoe-San skeletal material in European collections recently came into question during its documentation, a re-evaluation of the remains by employing a non-invasive method such as craniometrics was done to investigate the biological affinity. For this purpose, gene flow and population diversity present within the group, as well as between the study sample (N = 63) and other modern and historic population groups from southern, central and east Africa were explored. Available comparative groups included the historic Khoe-San from Riet River (N = 31), the Sotho-Tswana from southern Africa (N = 61), the Basuku from central Africa (N = 66) and the Bahutu (N = 53) and Teita (N = 24) from east Africa. Ten craniometric variables were selected and used to perform population structure analysis based on model bound quantitative genetics and multiple discriminant function analysis (MDA). Quantitative genetic distances revealed that the Khoe-San sample was closest to the Riet River group. Residual variance analysis performed on two-sample subsets of the Khoe-San group (Cape KS and Various KS) showed a higher level of heterogeneity in the Cape KS than seen in the Khoe-San from various other areas in southern Africa. MDA revealed that Khoe-San intra-sample variance is relatively high, with 44% of the sample (sexes pooled) classified into the Riet River group. The remaining individuals were classified (in decreasing order) into Bahutu (24%), Basuku (24%) and Sotho-Tswana (8%). Although the Khoe-San specimens are closest to the Riet River group, they are clearly not homogenous. Their high level of phenotypic diversity most likely originated from a complex population history involving many group interactions driven by social and political marginalization.  相似文献   

15.
凡纳滨对虾各月龄性状的主成分与判别分析   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
何铜  刘小林  杨长明  黄皓  相建海 《生态学报》2009,29(4):2134-2142
为了研究凡纳滨对虾各性状增长规律和判定最佳生长季节凡纳滨对虾的体格与月龄的关系,选择1~6月龄凡纳滨对虾各1000只,选择全长、体长、第一腹节背高、第三腹节背高、第一腹节背宽、头胸甲长和体重共7个性状,进行主成分与判别分析.结果表明:各月龄凡纳滨对虾性状之间均呈现显著的正相关(P<0.01), 其中以全长与体长的相关性最为明显,1月龄凡纳滨对虾体重与形态性状的相关系数较小.各月龄凡纳滨对虾的主成分有所不同,1~2月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为长度因子,第二主成分为宽度因子,第三主成分为高度因子;3月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分与1~2月龄凡纳滨对虾一致,但第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为体重因子;4~6月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为体重因子,第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为宽度因子.1~3月龄凡纳滨对虾形态性状的增长优先于体重, 4~6月龄凡纳滨对虾体重优先于形态性状的增长.错过最佳生长季节的凡纳滨对虾的与体格大小相符的月龄可通过建立的判别式来判断,总的判别准确率为98.98%,其中2~4月龄凡纳滨对虾的判别准确率为100%.  相似文献   

16.
17.
The chlorophyll recovery efficiency was compared between control, ground, and sonified samples. The results showed significant improvement between control and ground samples but not between control and sonified samples. Neither prolonging time of sonification nor using an ice bath during filter grinding improved efficiency. Higher chlorophyll a recovery was obtained from ground samples than from sonified ones, when the water samples contained centric diatoms and filamentous blue-green algae. When total phytoplankton numbers were high, there was a distinct advantage in using grinding rather than sonification for chlorophyll c recovery.Contribution no. 313 of the Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan.Contribution no. 313 of the Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan.  相似文献   

18.
19.
马麝年龄指标的判别分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)头骨度量的28项指标,通过判别分析建立其种群年龄结构的判别函数,为保护其种群提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

20.
Discriminant analysis through a semiparametric model   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Lin  Y.; Jeon  Y. 《Biometrika》2003,90(2):379-392
  相似文献   

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