小胶质细胞极化在中枢神经系统髓鞘再生中的作用研究进展

了解中枢神经系统髓鞘损伤再生的调控机制对多种中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的治疗有重要意义。近年来研究发现,中枢神经系统中小胶质细胞的不同极化形式在调控髓鞘损伤再生中起到重要作用。在一系列细胞内外信号分子的介导下,M1型小胶质细胞会分泌一些促炎因子而加重髓鞘的损伤,而M2型小胶质细胞一方面可分泌抗炎分子和吞噬损伤坏死细胞而抑制炎症反应,为髓鞘再生创造条件;另一方面还能分泌多种神经营养因子,促进髓鞘修复。此外,最近研究发现M2型小胶质细胞在一定程度上还能促进少突胶质前体细胞的成熟分化,进而促进了中枢神经系统髓鞘的再生。这些研究结果提示,促进小胶质细胞的M2型极化可能成为治疗脱髓鞘疾病的新途径。     

少突胶质细胞生物学功能与相关疾病研究进展

长期以来认为 ,少突胶质细胞的作用仅限于形成中枢神经系统髓鞘。但近年的研究表明 ,少突胶质细胞也可分泌一些神经营养因子和生长因子 ,并表达多种轴突生长抑制分子 ,在生理和病理状态下广泛发挥作用。少突胶质细胞与多发性硬化症、创伤性脊髓损伤、少突胶质细胞瘤等中枢神经系统疾病密切相关 ,参与这些疾病的病理过程。少突胶质细胞移植有望成为治疗中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的新策略 ,目前 ,已在动物实验中取得令人鼓舞的进展     

钠离子通道参与调节小胶质细胞的生物学功能

小胶质细胞作为常驻的免疫细胞,遍布于大脑和脊髓中,提供持续的免疫监视活动。当中枢神经系统组织细胞受到损伤时,小胶质细胞发生激活从而引起多种生物学效应。近年来研究显示多种亚型的电压门控型钠离子通道在小胶质细胞表面表达,并参与调节小胶质细胞的激活、吞噬、多种细胞因子/趋化因子的释放,迁移以及浸润等生理过程。本文针对电压门控型钠离子通道参与调节小胶质细胞生物学功能的最新进展进行了分析与归纳,并探讨其作用机制及未来研究的发展趋势。     

干细胞因子和受体在神经系统中的表达及其生物学效应

干细胞因子（stem cell factor,SCF)是一种多功能细胞因子,其受体由原癌基因c-kit编码,称为c-kit受体（c-kitR)。SCF－c-kitR不论在胚胎发育期还是成年期的神经系统,均有广泛的表达。体内外大量研究提示：SCF/c0kitR信号系统在神经系统生长、分化过程中具有多种生物学效应,表现对神经嵴4细胞体外分化的影响,对神经胶质细胞（小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞）的调控作用,并与神经内分泌功能相关。     

小胶质细胞的培养及鉴定

目的：获得高纯度培养原代小胶质细胞的方法并检测Notch信号通路相关分子在小胶质细胞的表达情况。方法：取胎鼠利用反复机械振摇纯化分离小胶质细胞;利用流式细胞仪,根据CDllb及MHCII的表达水平对分离的小胶质细胞纯度进行鉴定：利用qPCR及琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测小胶质细胞中Notch通路相关分子的表达情况。结果：利用5只胎鼠采取反复机械振摇的方法可较稳定的获得1．1x10‘个的小胶质细胞,流式细胞术结果显示细胞纯度高达97．77％,并在小胶质细胞中检测到Notch相关分子的表达。结论：利用胎鼠反复机械振摇法可以获得较高纯度及产量的小胶质细胞,小胶质细胞表达Notch信号通路。     

小胶质细胞的培养及鉴定

目的:获得高纯度培养原代小胶质细胞的方法并检测Notch信号通路相关分子在小胶质细胞的表达情况。方法:取胎鼠利用反复机械振摇纯化分离小胶质细胞;利用流式细胞仪,根据CD11b及MHCII的表达水平对分离的小胶质细胞纯度进行鉴定;利用qPCR及琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测小胶质细胞中Notch通路相关分子的表达情况。结果:利用5只胎鼠采取反复机械振摇的方法可较稳定的获得1.1×106个的小胶质细胞,流式细胞术结果显示细胞纯度高达97.77%,并在小胶质细胞中检测到Notch相关分子的表达。结论:利用胎鼠反复机械振摇法可以获得较高纯度及产量的小胶质细胞,小胶质细胞表达Notch信号通路。     

小胶质细胞极化在抑郁症发病中的作用

应激可诱发抑郁症,严重影响人们的身心健康。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的主要免疫细胞,在各种神经退行性疾病中发挥重要作用。不同极化类型的小胶质细胞可分泌不同作用的炎症因子,介导神经炎症,与抑郁症的发生密切相关,但目前其机制尚不明确。抑郁症与应激、小胶质细胞极化和神经炎症等因素的相互作用有关。本文综述了小胶质细胞极化在抑郁症发病中的作用研究进展。     

人诱导多潜能干细胞在体外分化成小胶质细胞的研究进展

小胶质细胞是脑中重要的免疫细胞,与许多疾病的发生和发展密切相关。然而由于人小胶质细胞稀有且难以从人中枢神经系统获得,使得对小胶质细胞的研究受到挑战。人诱导多潜能干细胞(human induced pluripotent stem cells,hiPSCs)可以通过编程成人体细胞获得,其具有多种分化潜能、体外大量扩增、具有个体基因背景等优势。近两年有研究人员通过重复小胶质细胞在体内发育过程,使用限定条件培养、共培养、3D培养等方式诱导分化出形态、功能、基因类型、蛋白表达、分泌因子与原代人小胶质细胞相似的细胞。本文就近两年hiPSCs诱导分化成小胶质细胞的研究进展进行综述,以期为个体疾病的研究、药物筛选及个性化医疗提供参考。     

小胶质细胞的发育调控

小胶质细胞最初被del Rio-Hortega定义。作为中枢神经系统的巨噬细胞,小胶质细胞的正常功能对于清除凋亡细胞、修剪突触、抵御病原微生物、维持神经系统稳态及促进神经组织的修复再生等起着不可或缺的重要作用,也在多种神经系统疾病,如神经退行性疾病等的发生发展中扮演重要角色。因此,一直以来科研工作者都努力探析关于小胶质细胞发育的多个重要问题,如它们的来源、向CNS迁移与定植的路径、分化与成熟的形态功能改变和微环境调控机理、不同亚类的分布和与神经细胞相互作用的角色机制等。该篇综述将回顾关于小胶质细胞发育研究的历史,总结近来关于小胶质细胞的起源、向CNS的定植、分化与成熟的分子机制及其对CNS重要功能等的研究进展,并讨论今后的重点关注方向。     

嗜肺军团菌调控宿主囊泡转运的效应因子及其分子机制

嗜肺军团菌通过其特有的Dot/Icm type-IVB分泌系统向宿主胞内分泌多种效应因子,有效俘获了宿主胞内参与囊泡转运的重要蛋白,从而"绑架"了宿主细胞的囊泡运输过程,达到逃避宿主清除机制并大量增殖的目的。这些效应因子包括Sid M、Lid A、Lep B、Ank X、Lem3、Sid D、Ral F、Vip D等,通过对这些效应因子的鉴定、功能试验和结构生物学研究,逐渐揭示了它们较为完整深入的分子作用机制。本文综述了目前已知的参与调控宿主囊泡转运过程的重要效应因子及其空间结构和分子机制,有助于综合了解这种复杂的病原微生物与宿主相互作用的过程。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.