三江平原沼泽湿地群落演替系列β多样性

选择三江平原沼泽湿地4个群落演替系列,采用样方法研究其β多样性的变化.结果表明:以水分条件最充分的群落为起点,随着水分梯度递减和水平距离的增大,各群落与起始群落的相似性系数呈减小趋势.不同演替系列内群落间物种更替速率从低地向高地呈现增大趋势.各系列的基本演替趋势是物种数逐渐增多,共有种逐渐减少,群落间卢多样性增大.演替机制分析支持了"初始植物区系组成说".在三江平原沼泽湿地中,小叶章的优势地位将进一步扩大.     

植物群落的演替与稳定性

演替是生物界最常见的自然现象之一。早在 2 0世纪2 0年代 ,Ｃｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ就开始了系统的演替研究 ,他提出的演替经典模式对生态学的影响一直延续至今。数十年来 ,尽管生态学家相继提出了各种各样的演替理论或假说[1,15,16,2 4 ,2 5] ,但由于地域的限制和生态学家有限的经验 ,迄今为止还没有一个统一的演替理论或模式 ,甚至连演替一词的涵义各说不一[16] 。近年来 ,邬建国等[16] 学者对百年来各种演替理论和假说作了较全面的总结和评述 ,他把尺度 等级系统理论视为现代生态学范式 ,并认为是演替研究现在和将来的发展方向。遗憾的是 ,有关…     

三江平原沼泽湿地群落演替系列β多样性

选择三江平原沼泽湿地4个群落演替系列,采用样方法研究其β多样性的变化.结果表明:以水分条件最充分的群落为起点,随着水分梯度递减和水平距离的增大,各群落与起始群落的相似性系数呈减小趋势.不同演替系列内群落间物种更替速率从低地向高地呈现增大趋势.各系列的基本演替趋势是物种数逐渐增多,共有种逐渐减少,群落间β多样性增大.演替机制分析支持了“初始植物区系组成说”.在三江平原沼泽湿地中,小叶章的优势地位将进一步扩大.     

次生演替的主要类型及其在生产实际中的应用

次生演替在植物群落演替中居于十分重要的地位，次生演替主要有采伐演替，火烧演替，放牧演替和撩荒地演替等类型，不同类型的次生演替有其特殊的演替规律，掌握和利用这些规律，有利于合理地开发和利用森林，草地以及土壤资源。     

演替理论与植被恢复

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》提出要高质量保护和恢复各30%的土地,最大化地实现保护生物多样性和缓解气候变化的目标,而演替理论和植被恢复可以为实现30%的保护和恢复目标服务。演替理论是植被生态学中的核心理论,演替是指在一个地点上由一群不同物种组成的生命体的结构或组成随时间而变化的过程; 植被恢复是以植物种植、配置为主,恢复或重建植物群落或天然更新恢复植物群落的过程,植被恢复是生态系统结构和功能从简单到复杂、从低级向高级变化的过程,最终目的是建立健康稳定的植物群落。演替是植被恢复的基础,植被恢复被视为对演替过程的操纵,以达到恢复受损植被生态系统的目标。演替理论可以指导植被恢复,而植被恢复对演替理论的发展有益。演替按裸地性质可以分为原生演替和次生演替,有研究建议将恢复过程视为第三演替,这将有助于理解通过人为干预促进植被恢复成功的管理选择,特别是通过强调退化生态系统中的环境和生物遗存的管理选择。此外,该文还提出了植被恢复理论和演替理论未来可能重点关注的科学和技术问题。     

林窗干扰与森林群落演替

林窗干扰是影响森林群落演替的一个重要因素。该文从林窗干扰和森林群落演替理论及林窗对森林群落微环境、植物入侵和定居、群落结构、群落演替的影响等方面简要介绍了当前国内外有关林窗干扰与森林群落演替的研究现状和研究前景。     

论丹霞地貌区生态演替特征及其科学价值

论述了丹霞地貌区生态演替的特征及其科学价值.认为植被演替由于时间漫长、过程复杂而对其研究具极大的难度,时空互代成为演替研究的重要手段,而这需要有完整的空间序列.丹霞地貌区存在着完整的原生演替与次生演替系列.典型丹霞地貌的山顶为原生演替的矮灌木林和乔木林,周围斜坡仍然受季节性降水侵蚀、风化、重力崩塌等作用,原生演替不断从裸露的岩石开始,故形成原生演替早期的苔藓、草本群落,随着岩石的进一步风化和苔藓、地衣等植物的作用,土壤层增厚,将原生演替继续往前推进.特殊的地质地貌过程使之不断有新的崩塌,从裸露的岩石开始的新的原生演替,如此形成不同时间系列的原生演替阶段.丹霞地貌区也存在着完整的次生演替系列,同时存在演替先锋林、演替过渡林和演替基本稳定林.这两个演替系列提供了一个非常难得的理想场所,使得生态学工作者在一个地点就可以观察到一个完整的植被演替系列.其研究可为该区域植被的经营管理和保护措施提供必要的依据.作为生态恢复参照系,对区域的植被生态恢复具有重要的指导意义.＃     

贡嘎山亚高山森林自然演替特征与模拟

通过对贡嘎山典型天然林样地动态的调查和群落结构的研究,基本掌握了青藏高原东部亚高山森林植被的演替特征和过程,在自然生态竞争条件下,树木的种源通过扩散,就地下种和萌发新技产生的幼苗只有极少数能够生长成大树,在树木繁育过程中,光照,水分,温度和养分竞争是决定性条件,山地灾变干扰对森林的更新也具有重要作用,提出的贡嗄山森林演替模型（GFSM）在树木个体生命史模型的基础上重现了群落的演替动态,特别是将土壤形成与树木演变结合起来,采用随机过程模拟气候波动及单木生长死亡的不确定性,揭示了亚高山天然条件下的森林个体与群落的行动态,对于解决天然林更新与保护提供了系统的分析预测技术与理论。     

“群落演替”一节的教学设计

1 教学分析 1.1 教材分析 浙江科学技术出版社必修3第5章第5节“群落演替”,是在学生学习了种群和群落的相关知识的基础上,向学生展现在群落层次上分析生命系统的发展变化.本节内容包括“什么是群落演替”、“原生演替和次生演替”和“顶极群落”3部分.可以看出本节内容既是群落的物种组成、群落结构和群落类型等知识的拓展和延伸,又为后面学习生态系统打下基础.同时,该内容与选修3“现代生物科技专题”中的第5章生态工程内容相关,因此学好本节内容对学习后面的有关知识是非常必要的.     

大相岭自然保护区珙桐群落植物区系、结构及动态

在多次调查的基础上,对四川大相岭自然保护区珙桐(Davidia involucrata)群落的植物区系组成、群落结构、更新现状以及群落演替进行了探究。结果表明:(1)大相岭自然保护区的植被为亚热带向温带过渡的区系类型,大量古老孑遗属的存在反映出珙桐群落植物区系的孑遗性和古老性。(2)群落整体径级结构呈偏正态分布型,高度级结构呈倒J型,群落结构发展趋势较为稳定。(3)大相岭自然保护区珙桐种群整体年龄结构近似呈金字塔型,为增长型种群。总体来说,珙桐纯林(C类型群落)搭配优势度最优,处于后期稳定型演替阶段,是大相岭自然保护区珙桐群落中的顶极群落。研究认为,设立专门的珙桐保护区开展就地保护是针对此类珙桐原生群落有效的保护方法。     

Testing the assumptions of chronosequences in succession

Many introductory ecology textbooks illustrate succession, at least in part, by using certain classic studies (e.g. sand dunes, ponds/bogs, glacial till, and old fields) that substituted space for time (chronosequence) in determining the sequences of the succession. Despite past criticisms of this method, there is continued, often uncritical, use of chronosequences in current research on topics besides succession, including temporal changes in biodiversity, productivity, nutrient cycling, etc. To show the problem with chronosequence-based studies in general, we review evidence from studies that used non-chronosequence methods (such as long-term study of permanent plots, palynology, and stand reconstruction) to test the space-for-time substitution in four classic succession studies. In several cases, the tests have used the same locations and, in one case, the same plots as those in the original studies. We show that empirical evidence invalidates the chronosequence-based sequences inferred in these classic studies.     

Vegetation dynamics: patterns in time and space

This paper introduces the collection of contributions in this special volume on temporal and spatial patterns of vegetation dynamics. First, it is pointed out that the dynamics of any piece of vegetation, large or small, is always dependent on the degree of isolation of that piece towards its environment. Then ten types of island situation are treated ranging from very much to very little isolated: remote species-rich oceanic islands, remote species-poor islands, young big islands near a continent, small off-shore islands, emerging islands, isolated hills, landscape islands, isolated patches of vegetation, and gaps in stands of vegetation.Also, eight forms of vegetation dynamics are treated, ranging from short-term to long-term changes and involving larger and larger units: individuals, patches, communities, landscapes and vegetation regions. The forms of dynamics are fluctuation, gap dynamics, patch dynamics, cyclic succession, regeneration succession, secondary succession, primary succession, and secular succession. Each form of dynamics may occur under varying degrees of isolation.The general conclusion is that processes and patterns of vegetation dynamics cannot be generalized in any simple manner. The 20 papers collected in this volume, divergent as they are, express the complexity of vegetation dynamics.     

The effect of a seed source on primary succession in a forest ecosystem

An analysis of the Relative Importance Value Index (RIVI) of later successional tree species and the Shannon diversity indexH of all tree and shrub species was undertaken on previously mined sites within a sparsely forested area in central Florida, USA. A comparative analysis of the distance to a seed source and the age of a site suggested that the distance to a seed source was the best predictor (R ²=0.85) of the regeneration of the later successional species and a good predictor of species diversity. Both theRIVI of the later successional species and the diversity index decreased with the distance from the seed source. The lack of a seed source containing climax species resulted in arrested succession at some sites. It is suggested that biological information is the causative means of succession and the dispersal of this information entails spatial dependency while its introduction and development are time dependent processes.Research was part of a project of the Center for Wetlands, University of Florida, Gainesville under contract with the Florida Institute of Phosphate Research. Interactions of Wetlands with Phosphate Mining, H. T. Odum and G. R. Best, principal investigators. B. T. Rushton, J. Butner, G. R. Best, R. S. Schnoes and S. R. Humphrey are thanked for the use of their data.     

Succession following the catastrophic eruption of Ksudach volcano (Kamchatka, 1907)

Ksudach Volcano, southern Kamchatka Peninsula, erupted in 1907 and impacted over 2000 km² of forests with air-fall pumice deposits. We identified three impact zones. In Zone I, deposits deeper than 100 cm destroyed all vegetation. Two early successional stages occur, a lichen-dominated desert and isolated patches of a pioneer herb stage. Zone II is defined by pumice deposits 30 to 100 cm deep. Deposits of 70 to 100 cm destroyed all vegetation, but left scattered snags. Here primary succession dominates recovery, but its rate varies. Isolated trees survived in deposits of 30 to 70 cm and primary and secondary successional stages form a complex mosaic termed an intermediate succession. In Zone II, the primary stages found in Zone I are joined by a dwarf shrub-herb stage and a secondary birch forest stage. Zone III occurs where thinner deposits permitted some vegetation to survive in all locations. Secondary succession dominates in deposits of 10 to 30 cm. Trees suffered damage, but survived deposits of 20 to 30 cm, while other vegetation layers were eliminated. Deposits of 10 to 20 cm eliminated mosses and lichens and but only reduced the number of dwarf shrubs and herbs. Deposits of less than 10 cm damaged herb, moss and lichen layers but did not eliminate any species. All sampled vegetation remains in a pre-climax state, having yet to recover fully from earlier eruptions. Reconstructed vegetation maps for before 1907 and for ca. 1925 are compared to the map of vegetation in 1994. Based on degree of soil formation, vegetation recovery and colonization rates at different pumice depths, and the current vegetation, we estimate that full recovery of the soil-vegetation system will take more than 2000 years.     

毛乌素沙地油蒿群落的循环演替

流动沙地→半流动沙地白沙蒿群落→半固定沙地油蒿＋白沙蒿群落→固定沙地油蒿群落→固定沙地油蒿＋本氏针茅＋苔藓群落→地带性的本氏针茅草原及其迅速沙化的植被发展过程是毛乌素沙地植被自发演替的基本过程。油蒿具有耐沙埋、抗风蚀、耐土壤贫瘠等特性,是该地区最主要的优良固沙植物和重要牧草。半固定、固定沙地池蒿群落在毛乌素沙地的生态环境保护和农牧业生产方面发挥着极其重要的作用,维持其稳定十分重要。然而,其沙化的现     

Management of permanent set-aside on arable land in Sweden

1. Set-aside fields have been an important element of the European agricultural landscape since the introduction of the set-aside scheme by the European Community. However, countries in the European Community differ in their rules for managing set-aside owing to different priorities.
2. In Sweden, a major goal is to reduce the total use of agricultural pesticides, consequently their use is prohibited in set-aside. The options for weed control are therefore cutting and/or the use of a cover crop.
3. In this study, we describe the course of succession following the abandonment of farmland managed in different ways. The floristic composition was followed over a 10-year period. Temporal trends in community development are described.
4. The experiment began in 1975 on farmland at six localities, distributed from southern to northern Sweden. The management treatments involving the application of fertilizers and cutting were applied to plots sown with a cover crop and to plots in which the succession started from bare ground.
5. We found that competitive interactions between species largely determined the successional course in our study. The competitive success of species was related to the management practices applied but there were also interactions between management and site conditions.
6. We propose that natural succession can be recommended on poor sites in combination with cutting, mainly to prevent the invasion of woody species. On fertile sites a cover crop should be used to suppress perennial weeds, and cutting is recommended mainly to increase species diversity.     

1992—2018年内蒙古自治区植被动态演替特征及驱动力

人类的建设与破坏活动是植被动态变化的重要根源之一,利用遥感探究植被演替的量化监测过程及驱动力能够很好揭示人类活动对生态本底的影响。本研究利用欧洲航天局逐年土地覆被数据及地理学信息图谱方法,从植被型组、植被型尺度分析1992—2018年内蒙古自治区植被动态演替方向、演替速度及演替序列,明晰植被演替特征并量化其演替驱动力。结果表明: 研究期间,内蒙古自治区植被数量结构为“植增荒减”,具体年增长速率依次为耕地(353.10 km²)>草原(243.92 km²)>森林(-16.22 km²)>灌丛(-120.37 km²)>荒漠(-556.31 km²),并且空间相邻分布的草原、荒漠、灌丛三者的面积变化存在权衡关系。植被演替空间呈“绿进沙退”格局,演替热点集中于西辽河平原、内蒙古中部荒漠-草原交界处及黄河沿岸;植被演替序列结构复杂,进展、逆行演替相互交错,不同群落演替流量的截流率差距突出,其中,植被型组草原、灌丛与植被型草地、雨养农田群落在演替过程中截获最多演替流量。植被动态演替的核心驱动力为农牧业生产、经济发展水平、人口规模、生态工程、气候变化。作为“植物群落学-景观生态学”的实例研究,本研究结果可为植被格局优化、演替等级提升等生态措施实施空间的划定提供科学依据。     

Effect of legume species introduction to early abandoned field on vegetation development

One of the most important areas in ecology is to elucidate the factors that drive succession in ecosystems. The purpose of our study was to assess the effects of legume species (Medicago sativa, Melilotus suaveolens and Astragalus adsurgens) introduction to abandoned arable land on vegetation development in the Loess Plateau, China. Results from our study showed that addition of legume species strongly affected the composition of recently abandoned-field vegetation. Legume species were effective at reducing the number and dominance of natural colonizers (mainly weeds from the seed bank). The introduction of legume species into newly abandoned fields maintained high total cover and above-ground biomass and could improve soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. However, the effects of the treatments were species-specific. Melilotus suaveolens turned out to be severely suppressive to natural colonizers (weed species). Also, Melilotus suaveolens-adding maintained the highest cover and above-ground biomass and was helpful to improve later succession species, e.g. Stipa breviflora and Astragalus polycladus, to invade and establish. Medicago sativa-adding was superior in enhancing the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. The present results suggested that addition of legume species with greater cover and biomass strongly suppressed the dominance of the weedy species in early succession and the course of old-field succession may be accelerated by introduction of legume species at least temporarily. However, the experimental period was too short to assess to what extent succession may be affected in the longer term.     

The faunal structure of a mid-Cretaceous rudist reef core

The macrofaunal distribution of the mid-Cretaceous El Abra Limestone reef core is quantified from two measured sections in Taninul Quarry, San Luis Potosi, central Mexico. The faunal structure is transitional between typical Lower Cretaceous reefs dominated by corals with low-density rudist bivalve packing; and densely-packed, rudist-dominated Upper Cretaceous reefs. The macrofauna is predominantly associations of unconnected individuals of caprinid rudists, with a low diversity of other shelly mollusks and corals. An examination of the alternation of paleocommunities defined by the dominant caprinid taxa reveals no pattern of biotic succession within the reef core. Large-scale sedimentologic features of mud and debris content, coupled with rudist growth type, suggest that paleocommunities may have been physically controlled.