非人灵长类的自发性肿瘤

非人灵长类 (nonhumanprimate ,NHP)自发性肿瘤的研究不仅是实验动物学的研究内容 ,而且是动物模型开发和实验肿瘤学的有益源泉 ,也可为实验动物非传染性疾病的控制提供本底数据。NHP的自发肿瘤几乎见于所有的器官系统 ,以消化系统、生殖系统、泌尿系统的肿瘤较多见 ,呼吸系统、心血管系统和神经系统的肿瘤少见。多数NHP的肿瘤流行病学和组织病理特征与人的相近 ,但NHP的肺癌、胃癌和肝癌等许多恶性肿瘤的发生率比人低     

非人灵长类胚胎工程研究进展

由于非人灵长类动物与人类在进化上的亲缘关系和生理特征上的高度相似,它们在人类传染病、生殖、发育、代谢、神经和衰老等研究领域具有重要的应用价值。现对非人灵长类动物的常见胚胎工程技术进行综述,包括非人灵长类动物的配子收集、体外受精和胚胎移植等;同时,还结合基因组编辑技术的发展,简要介绍了近年来胚胎工程技术在非人灵长类动物基因编辑方面的应用。     

非人灵长类觅食行为生态学研究进展

觅食行为生态学是动物生态学研究的主要内容之一.从食物选择研究方法、食物选择策略机制、觅食行为的影响因素等方面综述非人灵长类动物觅食行为生态学研究进展.食物选择策略和活动时间分配是觅食行为生态学研究的主要内容.非人灵长类动物觅食行为生态学的研究对动物保护、人工驯养和繁殖具有重要意义.     

非人灵长类全雄群的形成与组织结构

在非人灵长类物种中,全雄群是其社会结构中常见的组成部分.本文通过对国内外涉及到非人灵长类全雄群研究的文献进行综述,总结不同物种全雄群内个体组成、个体间关系及全雄群与繁殖群的关系,以揭示全雄群的产生、发展及其社会功能.旨在对非人灵长类全雄群的研究提供借鉴和参考.     

关于非人灵长类的公正行为的研究

人类关注公正, 非人灵长类也表现出公正行为。本文先以现有研究资料为基础, 以理毛为例分析后认为, 非人灵长类关注投入—收益的对称性, 说明它们可能具备不公正规避这一心理特质; 关于非人灵长类公正行为的实验也表明, 它们不仅比较自身的投入—收益对称性, 而且能在社会比较过程中与其它个体相比。有实验得出期望假设和挫折效应能更好地解释被试的行为, 本文认为, 这些实验结论不一致的主要原因, 是研究者未充分考虑\"投入\"对被试行为的影响。文章在最后进行了总结并提出了三点研究展望。     

非人灵长类帕金森病模型研究进展

帕金森病是第二大神经退行性疾病,目前没有有效的治疗措施。非人灵长类动物在基因序列、大脑解剖、生殖生理和免疫系统等方面与人类有着极高的相似性,非人灵长类PD动物模型有助于阐明PD病因和发病机制,在新的治疗方法和药物研发中具有重大的应用价值。该文对当前非人灵长类PD模型研究进展作一综述。     

非人灵长类的亲缘选择

亲缘选择是动物进化的重要研究领域之一,非人灵长类因具有丰富的社会网络,是亲缘选择研究领域的重要类群。动物进行亲缘选择的前提是亲缘识别,并常通过社会行为的亲缘偏向表现。因此,本文从非人灵长类的亲缘识别机制和亲缘关系对其社会行为的影响两方面进行了综述:熟悉性和表现型匹配是目前普遍认同的非人灵长类亲缘识别机制,同时这两种机制并不相互排斥,它们可能共同在灵长类的亲缘识别中起作用;在非人灵长类中,亲缘关系是影响社会行为模式的主导因子,它影响着多种灵长类个体的友好行为、攻击行为和性行为的选择,同时亲缘偏向行为在不同物种中表现不尽相同,说明亲缘选择理论可以部分解释灵长类的行为,但存在一定的局限性。本文分析了两种亲缘识别机制的异同以及在实际研究中利用亲缘选择理论解释非人灵长
类社会行为的局限及可能原因。目前,对非人灵长类社会中的亲缘选择研究正逐步深入,其中分子遗传学技术的应用是重要的推动力量。同时,依然存在诸如汉密尔顿规则参数估计和新大陆猴的亲缘选择研究案例的难点,有待研究者进一步探究。     

非人灵长类性打搅行为研究进展

性打搅行为是指非人灵长类社群内非交配个体对正在发生性行为个体的干扰行为,该行为在非人灵长类中普遍存在,通过综述目前已知的36种非灵长类的性打搅行为的报道,探讨性打搅行为的功能和意义。性打搅行为具有更高度的种间和种内差异,种间的性打搅的方式不同、同时受到社会结构和婚配制度的影响;在种内受到性别、年龄、等级等因素的影响。结合川金丝猴性打搅的研究结果,从性打搅的类型、被打搅的反应、性打搅的功能以及相关假说等方面入手,对非人灵长类性打搅行为进行系统总结,旨在为我国相关领域的研究提供参考,为生殖行为学研究者启发思路,推动本领域的发展。     

非人灵长类基因修饰模型研究进展

非人灵长类动物在生命科学基础研究和生物医药研究领域具有非常重要的地位。近年来随着慢病毒载体转染及靶向核酸酶(ZFN,TALEN,CRISPR/Cas9)等基因操作技术的出现,科学家们成功地获得了外源基因过表达的转基因猴和目的基因定点切割的基因编辑猴。文中对目前利用慢病毒载体获得转基因猴和利用靶向核酸酶获得基因编辑猴的研究进展进行了综述,并讨论了基因修饰猴的嵌合体现象、脱靶现象及非人灵长类动物较长性成熟时间这几个影响非人灵长类基因修饰模型推广应用的因素,最后展望了非人灵长类基因修饰模型构建技术的研究热点及发展趋势。     

非人灵长类位置行为的辐射适应与研究进展

野生动物在长期进化中形成特定的行为模式以适应特定的生存环境。灵长类的位置行为研究对于理解灵长类进化、适应性的多样化以及生态学和解剖学十分关键。该文对已有文献进行了综述,针对位置行为的分类、季节性、以及具体地点和年龄性别差异性进行了总结,分析了灵长类位置行为的发展、特征以及研究现状,以期对今后非人灵长类位置行为的研究提供借鉴和参考,从而促进我国灵长类行为生态学理论体系的发展。     

非人灵长类是否回避近亲繁殖?

近亲繁殖回避现象是人类学者、生物学者、心理学者和社会学者最关心的研究课题之一。针对灵长类的社会特点和近亲繁殖回避假说,本文引入了三个主要假设:假设1)近亲繁殖可能会导致个体繁殖适合度降低等损失;假设2)近亲繁殖有利有弊,但是弊端可能明显大于利益;假设3)如果弊大于利,那么动物应该进化形成回避近亲繁殖的机制,以减少该行为产生的损失。然后,本文综述分析了6科19个灵长类种群的现有繁殖数据,验证了灵长类的行为回避、迁移和繁殖抑制等机制,旨在强调灵长类回避近亲繁殖的必要性及其生物学背景,并为人类学、生物学和心理学的相关研究提供跨学科素材。     

The population structure and inbreeding coefficient in the Yerkes Chimpanzee Colony

This paper describes the establishment and expansion of the Yerkes Chimpanzee Colony over its first half-century of existence. Particular attention is given to the patterns of matings in the population and resultant distribution and levels of inbreeding. Over the period encompassed by this investigation the population mean inbreeding coefficient is 0.0045; the mean inbreeding coefficient for all inbred sibships (20 out of 264) is 0.0990. The mean inbreeding coefficient for all chimpanzees born in the colony is 0.0079, and the highest inbreeding coefficient for any individual is 0.125.     

Obligate cavity-roosting as a constraint on dispersal of green (red-billed) woodhoopoes: consequences for philopatry and the likelihood of inbreeding

Summary I studied and compared life histories and dispersal patterns of two populations of green (red-billed) woodhoopoes Phoeniculus purpureus, occupying different habitats (with widely different vegetation, topography and climate), over a period of eight years (258 flock years) in the eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The birds are obligate cavity-roosters, and I performed an experiment in which several woodhoopoe territories were established after the introduction of artificial roost sites in an area which previously supported no woodhoopoes. The evidence supports the hypothesis that roost cavities are critical in determining the limits to woodhoopoe distribution. Group size, dispersal frequency and dispersal distance differed significantly between the two study sites. I suggest that where cavities are in short supply and unevenly distributed, long-distance scouting forays are undertaken at a high probability of not finding a safe roost site to sleep in. This may result in an increased probability of predation, or physiological conditions with which an individual in poor body condition cannot cope. I propose that among woodhoopoes a stay-and-foray dispersal strategy is preferred to a depart-and-search strategy for a number of reasons. First, there is no within-group competition for limiting resources, since roost cavities do not provide a situation in which within-group conflict could arise. Second, I show that competition for breeding vacancies is more severe at the inland than at the coastal site, further borne out by the fact that, compared to coastal birds, inland ones are proportionally more likely to attain breeding status in the natal group than elsewhere. Finally, I propose that such environmentally-induced differential dispersal patterns between the two study sites have indirectly affected the frequency with which apparent inbreeding occurs, and I suggest that since incestuous pairings are relatively common, the either have no deleterious consequences for breeder fitness, or the potential costs of inbreeding are counterbalanced by the risks associated with dispersal.     

Environmental factors and life histories of isolated river stocks of brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) in Søre Osa river system,Norway

Synopsis The brown trout in the Søre Osa river system are isolated from the lake above by a dam. They are generally of a small size, but their condition coefficient is high. They reach sexual maturity at an early age and have a short life span. The substratum in the Søre Osa mainly consists of large stones covered with a dense mossy vegetation that creates good fish cover. A high biomass of zoobenthos gives an adequate food supply throughout the year. The trout spawn mainly in tributaries, where the water level is unpredictable, some years being too low to permit successful spawning for the migrating individuals in the stock. The life history of these fish depends on the amount of food available in the habitat and on reproduction in unstable environments where density-independent mortality factors appear important. Many young migrate to the main stream during their first year. In the tributaries, there is an excess of resident males and it is hypothesized that a population structure with small resident males and large migratory males is maintained by partial inbreeding and kin selection. In the main stream the trout are larger and they have higher growth rates in the upper part than farther downstream. This is probably so because the food particles that are flushed down from the lake above provide a better supply of zoobenthic food.     

恒河猴在生殖生物学中的应用进展

目的非人灵长类动物在生殖生物学研究领域是一种非常重要的实验动物。人类利用非人灵长类动物与人的生物学等方面相似的特征,开展了生殖生物学、生理学、药理学、毒理学以及生育调节等方面的研究工作,为生殖生物学基础研究以及人类健康和疾病问题的基础研究和临床前研究提供了理想的动物模型。随着生命科学的发展,对非人灵长类实验动物质量提出了更高的要求,人们认识到实验时,应用健康的优质非人灵长类动物的重要性。本文简要概括了非人灵长类动物恒河猴的生物学特性,阐述了非人灵长类动物恒河猴在生殖生物学中的应用研究。     

Embryonic stem cells in non-human primates: An overview of neural differentiation potential

Non-human primate (NHP) embryonic stem (ES) cells show unlimited proliferative capacities and a great potential to generate multiple cell lineages. These properties make them an ideal resource both for investigating early developmental processes and for assessing their therapeutic potential in numerous models of degenerative diseases. They share the same markers and the same properties with human ES cells, and thus provide an invaluable transitional model that can be used to address the safety issues related to the clinical use of human ES cells. Here, we review the available information on the derivation and the specific features of monkey ES cells. We comment on the capacity of primate ES cells to differentiate into neural lineages and the current protocols to generate self-renewing neural stem cells. We also highlight the signalling pathways involved in the maintenance of these neural cell types. Finally, we discuss the potential of monkey ES cells for neuronal differentiation.     

Reduced reproductive function in wild baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) related to natural consumption of the African black plum (Vitex doniana)

Several authors have suggested that the consumption of plant compounds may have direct effects on wild primate reproductive biology, but no studies have presented physiological evidence of such effects. Here, for two troops of olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) at Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria, we show major seasonal increases in levels of fecal progesterone metabolites in females, and provide evidence that this is linked to the consumption of natural plant compounds. Increases in fecal progestogen excretion occurred seasonally in all females, in all reproductive states, including lactation. Detailed feeding data on the study animals showed that only one food species is consumed by both troops at the time of observed progestogen peaks, and at no other times of the year: the African black plum, Vitex doniana. Laboratory tests demonstrated the presence of high concentrations of progestogen-like compounds in V. doniana. Together with published findings linking the consumption of a related Vitex species (Vitex agnus castus) to increased progestogen levels in humans, our data suggest that natural consumption of V. doniana was a likely cause of the observed increases in progestogens. Levels of progestogen excretion in the study baboons during periods of V. doniana consumption are higher than those found during pregnancy, and prevent the expression of the sexual swelling, which is associated with ovulatory activity. As consortship and copulatory activity in baboons occur almost exclusively in the presence of a sexual swelling, V. doniana appears to act on cycling females as both a physiological contraceptive (simulating pregnancy in a similar way to some forms of the human contraceptive pill) and a social contraceptive (preventing sexual swelling, thus reducing association and copulation with males). The negative effects of V. doniana on reproduction may be counter-balanced by the wide-range of medicinal properties attributed to plants in this genus. This is the first time that physiological evidence has been presented of direct effects of plant consumption on the reproductive biology of wild primates.