长白山区野生杀虫植物资源的调查研究

长白山区属温带气候,野生杀虫植物资源十分丰富。经过3年的调查研究,首次报道了长白山野生杀虫植物共有57科、130属、176种。其中乔木13科、15属、17种;灌木8科、8属、8种;木质藤本2科、3属、3种;多年生草本34科、65属、92种;一、二年生草本17科、32属、45种;草质藤本11科、11属、11种。介绍了长白山区35种主要野生杀虫植物、野生杀虫植物在5个不同景观带的分布情况及其它方面的用途,提出了开发利用和保护的具体建议,为国内外研究长白山区野生杀虫植物提供了第一手原始资料。     

广东佛山市有毒植物资源调查

佛山市的有毒植物以被子植物占有绝对优势,分别占科、属、种的95．7％、98．0％和98．4％,其中又以双子叶植物占绝对优势。从习性方而来说,又以木本植物占优势,占总数的51．4％,草本和藤本分别占总数的33．9％和14．8％。佛山市计有有毒植物69科148属183种,其中蕨类植物1科1属1种,裸子植物2科2属2种,被子植物66科145属180种;木本94种,草本62种,藤本27种;剧毒4种,大毒21种,中等毒35种,小毒121种。文章分析了这些有毒植物资源的特点,并就其开发利用提出建议。     

鄂东大别山野生有毒植物资源现状及开发利用

鄂东大别山区属亚热带气候,共有维管植物195科663属1461种.在野外调查和查阅文献资料的基础上,对该区的野生有毒植物资源进行了研究,结果表明:(1)鄂东大别山区共有野生有毒植物158种(包括亚种、变种).隶属于70科、117属,占全国有毒植物140科约1300种的50%、12.2%;其中蕨类植物5科6属8种,稞子植物3科3属3种,被子植物62科108属147种;(2)从有毒部位看,全株有毒的最多,共56种,占35.4%;根有毒的53种,占33.5%;叶有毒的28种,占17.7%;果实及种子有毒的24种,占15.2%;花有毒的植物最少,仅2种,占1.3%;(3)从生态习性上看,该区有毒植物中有木本植物72种、草本植物68种、藤本植物18种,分别占该区有毒植物总数的45.6%、43.0%、11.4%.对该地区的有毒资源进行了评价,并提出了保护利用的具体对策,为合理开发该区的有毒植物提供了科学依据.     

广东东源康禾省级自然保护区野生水果植物资源调查

本文根据现场调查和相关资料统计,广东东源康禾省级自然保护区共有野生水果27科45属71种,其种数约占该自然保护区维管植物总数的6.94%,占广东省野生水果的30.34%,全国野生水果的6.41%。其中双子叶植物24科43属67种,单子叶植物2科2属4种;乔木20种,灌木36种,藤本13种,草本2种;浆果类53种,核果类10种,仁果类6种,柑果类2种;热带分布科16个,占59.26%,温带分布科7个,占25.93%,以热带分布占优势;可作药用的62种,可作观赏的35种,用材树种17种,纤维植物12种,鞣料植物9种等。本自然保护区野生水果生命力强、生食性较好、同时具有较高的营养价值和药用保健价值。     

贵州省黔东南野生藤本植物多样性研究

对黔东南16个县(市)野生藤本植物进行了调查,结果表明:野生藤本植物共计40科88属364种(含变种),双子叶植物有37科84属322种,单子叶植物有3科4属42种,裸子植物缺乏.该区地理成分复杂多样,科级地理成分有8个分布型,属级地理成分有12个分布型,以热带成分为主,温带成分也占有较大比例,具有从热带成分向温带渗透和过度的性质.藤本植物的生活型,以木质藤本占优势,为79.95％,草质藤本占20.05％.攀援类型分为4型8亚型,以缠绕类为主,占37.09％.该区藤本植物资源丰富,在垂直绿化与经济开发上具有十分广阔的前景.     

深圳大学校园维管植物调查研究

据调查深圳大学校园有维管植物113科、295属、411种,其中蕨类植物7科8属10种;裸子植物6科8属10种;被子植物100科279属390种.统计结果表明,校园栽种有国家重点保护植物8种,药用植物164种、食用植物32种、油脂植物26种、芳香植物16种、蜜源植物6种、有毒植物5种.在对校园植被进行调查的基础上,提供了植物学教学基础资料,对植物资源的种类和特点进行了分析,并对其保护和开发利用提出了建议.     

西双版纳野生有毒植物资源调查研究

通过野外及走访调查,对西双版纳野生有毒植物资源进行了调查,同时对其科属分布、生活型组成、毒性、有毒部位进行了分析。结果显示,西双版纳野生有毒植物289种,隶属于79科214属,其中优势科集中在豆科、大戟科、天南星科、夹竹桃科、芸香科,优势属为大戟属和茄属;生活型以草本植物居多,占36.68%;有毒部位以全株或全草有毒为主,占37.37%;毒性以小毒植物占大多数,剧毒植物有5种,大毒植物有11种。通过走访调查了解到,商陆、钩吻、相思子、曼陀罗、洋金花、油桐、蓖麻等有毒植物种类在民间曾多次发生误食中毒甚至死亡事例,需要特别注意识别。今后应加强对常见有毒植物的辨识与防范科普宣传,同时加强对有毒植物的开发和应用研究。     

安徽大别山野生藤本植物区系与生活型分析

大别山野生藤本植物共175种,隶属30科67属,其基本特点是:双子叶植物科属种最多,其中又以小型科属和单种科属较多,大科属较少。区系成分分析表明,热带成分居首位(22.4%),其次是东亚成分(19.4%)、东亚北美洲成分(13.4%);生活型以高芽位藤本106种(60.6%)占优,其后依次为地下芽藤本44种(25.1%)、地面芽藤本13种(7.4%)、一年生藤本8种(4.6%)和地上芽藤本4种(2.3%)。     

浙江东部地区古村落墙体植物多样性调查

植物墙是城市立体绿化的新形式,在景观和生态上都有重要作用,因此在城市中得到广泛应用。为了丰富城市墙体植物材料,该研究对浙江东部地区杭州、宁波、金华6个古村落中不同类型墙体上的墙体植物进行了多样性调查。结果表明:所调查到的墙体植物共有154种,隶属于69科122属,其中蕨类植物11科15属20种,被子植物59科107属134种;具有较强适应能力的植物主要集中在菊科、蓼科、禾本科、景天科、蔷薇科、葡萄科、大戟科、荨麻科,植物种类分布较为分散;从植物生活型上分析,草本有96种,藤本21种,灌木21种,乔木16种,草本占大多数;从墙体植物的分布、耐旱性上分析,生长在阳面墙体植物有45种,生长在阴面有67种,耐旱性植物有43种,喜湿性植物有26种;从观赏价值上分析,观叶植物有14种,观花植物19种,观果植物5种;此外,还对墙体植物在垂直绿化的选择应用上提出了建议。     

南迦巴瓦峰地区野生有毒植物资源多样性

为了合理保护利用南峰地区野生有毒植物资源,通过野外实地调查、查阅相关文献书籍及标本,对该地区有毒植物的科属、生活型、毒性、有毒部位以及毒理作用进行分析。结果表明：南峰地区包括野生有毒植物242种,隶属于77科167属,其中优势科是天南星科（Araceae）、毛茛科（Ranunculaceae）、杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）、豆科（Fabaceae）和菊科（Compositae）;有毒草本植物共计138种,是占比最多的生活型;有毒部位中全株或全草有毒的最多,共有109种;在毒性方面,只有3种剧毒植物和5种大毒植物,小毒植物有50种,中毒植物最多,有184种;有毒蜜源植物有19种,以玄参科（Scrophulariaceae）和毛茛科占优势;毒理作用方面,大多是神经系统中毒。南峰地区有毒植物资源种类丰富,但目前对这些资源的利用较少,要加强有毒植物认识与保护,进行合理开发利用。     

健脾化瘀中药提高胞嘧啶脱氨酶/单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶基因治疗肝细胞癌的实验研究

目的:观察健脾化瘀中药提高胞嘧啶脱氨酶/单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶基因治疗肝细胞癌的作用。方法:脂质体lipofectamine将含有双自杀基因的腺病毒载体pAd-CD/TK导人293细胞,收集病毒上清转染人肝癌细胞BEL7402,MTT法测定BEL7402细胞存活率。裸鼠人肝癌模型转染CD/TK双自杀基因后,给予5-FC500mg/kg,GCV 100mg/kg腹腔注射,同时予健脾化瘀中药960复方灌胃。观察肿瘤生长情况。结果:给予前体药物5-FC和GCV后,CD/TK转染细胞被杀死。并表现出较强的旁观者效应。转染细胞比例达到10%即表现出较强的杀伤作用(P<0.01)。健脾化瘀中药960复方具有提高旁观者效应作用,1.67ml/kg和2.5ml/kg960复方含药血清组细胞存活率显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。转染基因组应用5-FC和GCV治疗后,裸鼠肝癌的生长明显受到抑制(P<0.05),抑瘤率39.42%,单用中药组抑瘤率18.04%,中药与CD/TK 5-FC/GCV联合运用组,较单纯CD/5-FC/HSV-tk/GCV对裸鼠肿瘤模型的生长抑制作用更加明显(P<0.05),抑瘤率55.10%。结伦:腺病毒介导CD/TK自杀基因可有效地杀死人肝癌BEL7402细胞,健脾化瘀中药960复方具有显著提高CD/TK双自杀基因对人肝癌细胞的抑杀作用。     

广州市公园耐湿草本植物及其造景应用

选择广州市具有较长的自然式缓坡驳岸,且植物养护管理良好的6个公园为研究对象,调查其耐湿草本植物种类及其景观应用情况,分析广州公园耐湿草本植物造景的特点与存在的问题。研究表明,在调查区域内共记录有耐湿草本植物77种（含变种、变型和品种）,隶属26科52属,其中一年生草本26种,多年生草本50种,蕨类1种;常用的耐湿草本植物以低矮型和中型草本为主。广州公园的耐湿草本植物应用于水边造景有以下四个特点：①色彩调和,展现水乡风光;②线条变化,增添湿地趣味;③适地适草,体现热带特色;④自然种植,创造观景效果。广州公园建设宜考虑适当增加地带性的多年生耐湿草本植物种类。     

Metabolomics Unravel Contrasting Effects of Biodiversity on the Performance of Individual Plant Species

In spite of evidence for positive diversity-productivity relationships increasing plant diversity has highly variable effects on the performance of individual plant species, but the mechanisms behind these differential responses are far from being understood. To gain deeper insights into the physiological responses of individual plant species to increasing plant diversity we performed systematic untargeted metabolite profiling on a number of herbs derived from a grassland biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment). The Jena Experiment comprises plots of varying species number (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60) and number and composition of functional groups (1 to 4; grasses, legumes, tall herbs, small herbs). In this study the metabolomes of two tall-growing herbs (legume: Medicago x varia; non-legume: Knautia arvensis) and three small-growing herbs (legume: Lotus corniculatus; non-legumes: Bellis perennis, Leontodon autumnalis) in plant communities of increasing diversity were analyzed. For metabolite profiling we combined gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and UPLC coupled to FT-ICR-MS (LC-FT-MS) analyses from the same sample. This resulted in several thousands of detected m/z-features. ANOVA and multivariate statistical analysis revealed 139 significantly changed metabolites (30 by GC-TOF-MS and 109 by LC-FT-MS). The small-statured plants L. autumnalis, B. perennis and L. corniculatus showed metabolic response signatures to increasing plant diversity and species richness in contrast to tall-statured plants. Key-metabolites indicated C- and N-limitation for the non-leguminous small-statured species B. perennis and L. autumnalis, while the metabolic signature of the small-statured legume L. corniculatus indicated facilitation by other legumes. Thus, metabolomic analysis provided evidence for negative effects of resource competition on the investigated small-statured herbs that might mechanistically explain their decreasing performance with increasing plant diversity. In contrast, taller species often becoming dominant in mixed plant communities did not show modified metabolite profiles in response to altered resource availability with increasing plant diversity. Taken together, our study demonstrates that metabolite profiling is a strong diagnostic tool to assess individual metabolic phenotypes in response to plant diversity and ecophysiological adjustment.     

Prognostic impact of circulating tumor cells in patients with ampullary cancer

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are an important topic of investigation for both basic and clinical cancer research. In this prospective study, we evaluated the clinical role of CTCs in ampullary cancer. We analyzed blood samples from 62 consecutively diagnosed patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma and 24 healthy controls for their CTC content. Combined data from immunostaining of CD45, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI), and fluorescence in situ hybridization with a chromosome 8 centromere (CEP8) probe were used to identify CTCs; cells that were CD45‐/DAPI+/CEP8>2 were considered CTCs. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the relationship between CTCs, clinical characteristics, and patient outcomes. We detected ≥2 CTCs/3.2 ml whole blood in 43 of 62 patients (69.4%), as well as ≥5 CTCs/3.2 ml in 16 of these patients (25.8%). A CTC cutoff value of 2 cells/3.2 ml achieved 69.4% sensitivity and 95.8% specificity as a diagnostic tool; CTCs were associated with tumor burden. CTC levels ≥3/3.2 ml (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: (1.2–5.2), p = 0.014) and ≥5/3.2 ml (HR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.7–7.3, p < 0.001) were both associated with shorter disease‐free survival. Moreover, ≥3 CTCs/3.2 ml (HR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2–6.3, p = 0.019) and ≥5 CTCs/3.2 ml (HR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.8–8.5, p < 0.001) were predictive of shorter overall survival. CTC assessment may help identify patients with ampullary cancer who are at high risk of an unfavorable outcome.     

Determination of phytoestrogens in traditional medicinal herbs using gas chromatography--mass spectrometry

Quantitative analytical methods for the 17 phytoestrogens containing isoflavonoids, lignans, and mycoestrogens in herbs were developed, and the amount of phytoestrogens was determined in 22 traditional medicinal herbs. The focus of this study was to simplify the purification procedure for removing many kinds of interferences in herbs, and to select adequate derivatization reagent for getting desirable selectivity and sensitivity in the quantitative determination of phytoestrogens. To satisfy these goals, we performed a solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridges following enzymatic and acidic hydrolysis, and we used the mixture of MSTFA/NH4I/DTE (1000:4:5, v/w/w) to form TMS derivatives of phytoestrogens. Overall recovery was more than 84% in all of the phytoestrogens, and the limit of quantification for phytoestrogens in herbs were set at 0.2 microg/g. Coefficient of variation percentages were in the range of 0.18-15.68% (within-day) and 0.23-16.61% (day-to-day), respectively. Most of the isoflavonoids and lignans were found in all of the herbs, but mycoestrogens were not detected at all. The Leguminosae family proved to be the richest source of isoflavonoids. Lignans such as enterodiol and enterolactone were detected at low concentration in most of the herbs. These results indicate that this assay is accurate and reliable for the determination of phytoestrogens in herbs. Also, information regarding the phytoestrogen contents in traditional medicinal herbs is useful in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, dementia, and cardiovascular disease.     

广西九万山国家级自然保护区外来入侵和本地草本植物多样性垂直分布格局

外来入侵植物快速扩散、蔓延, 有些种类已进入到国家级自然保护区, 威胁保护区的生物多样性。本文基于九万山国家级自然保护区134个草本样方的调查数据, 对比分析了外来入侵草本和本地草本物种多样性的空间分布格局, 并阐明了气候因素对物种丰富度分布格局的影响。本研究共记录本地草本143种, 隶属于54科115属; 外来入侵草本16种, 隶属于7科13属。本地草本的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随海拔上升显著增加(P < 0.05), 而外来入侵草本的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随海拔升高呈下降趋势(P > 0.05)。本地草本和入侵草本的均匀度随海拔升高变化均不显著(P > 0.05)。在不同海拔梯度, 本地草本的Shannon-Wiener指数均显著高于外来入侵草本, 均匀度则相反。回归分析表明, 温度和降水量共解释了本地草本物种丰富度差异的41.6%, 其中温度解释率为21.4%, 降水量解释率为10.7%, 且温度的影响达到显著水平(P < 0.05)。温度和降水量对外来入侵草本的物种丰富度均无显著影响(P > 0.05), 单一因子解释率均较低, 分别为0.9%和0.4%。这些结果表明, 九万山国家级自然保护区外来入侵草本与本地草本物种多样性随海拔变化呈截然相反的空间分布格局, 且气候因素对两者分布格局的影响不同。外来入侵草本植物在海拔800-1,000 m地区具有相对多样的群落组成和较稳定的群落结构, 可能会威胁本地植物多样性, 建议加强此海拔区间外来入侵草本植物的管理。     

生物结皮与草本植物共生坡面的产流-入渗过程特征

干旱半干旱地区生物结皮与草本植物互生,发挥了重要的水土保持价值,但二者的耦合作用对坡面土壤产流-入渗过程与机理的影响尚不清楚。本研究利用人工模拟降雨试验,设计裸土、生物结皮、长芒草、长芒草+生物结皮4种坡面处理,研究生物结皮与草本植物的产流-入渗过程与径流水动力学特征。结果表明: 2个有生物结皮处理的坡面产流量变化平稳。4种处理的总产流量大小分别为:生物结皮>长芒草+生物结皮>裸土>长芒草,说明生物结皮具有抑制土壤水分入渗的作用,而长芒草可促进土壤水分入渗。在土壤深度为16和24 cm处,生物结皮处理的累计入渗量均小于长芒草+生物结皮处理,且差异显著,说明随着土壤深度增加,长芒草会减小生物结皮抑制水分入渗的作用。除了裸土坡面的弗劳德数(Fr)大于1以外,其余3种处理的Fr值小于1,属于缓流。生物结皮、长芒草和长芒草+生物结皮处理坡面的径流动能比裸土坡面分别减少83.3%、59.5%和88.1%。综上,水动力学参数的变化说明生物结皮调控径流的作用大于长芒草。     

Effect of sulfide to nitrate ratios on the simultaneous anaerobic sulfide and nitrate removal

Present investigation deals with the effect of sulfide to nitrate (S/N) molar ratio on the simultaneous anaerobic sulfide and nitrate removal on capacity, stability and selectivity of the process. The volumetric sulfide-sulfur and nitrate-nitrogen removal rates at molar S/N ratio of 5:2 were 4.86 kg (m³ d)⁻¹ and 0.99 kg (m³ d)⁻¹, respectively, which were higher than those at S/N molar ratios of 5:5 and 5:8. Moreover, the fluctuations in the effluent at S/N ratio of 5:2 were less than those at the other two tested ratios. During the operation, the ratio of converted sulfide to converted nitrate tended to approach 5:2. The selectivity for elemental sulfur and dinitrogen was improved when the S/N molar ratio was set at 5:2 rather than 5:5 or 5:8. The process became unstable if the influent sulfide surpassed its critical concentration. The electron balance between reactants was also analyzed for different S/N molar ratios.     

南岭大顶山常绿阔叶林群落结构及其物种多样性

南岭国家级自然保护区位于欧亚大陆东南部的亚热带和热带区域,是广东省天然的绿色屏障。根据在南岭大顶山建立的1hm²生物多样性监测研究永久样地的调查,对样地所在的植物群落的结构、物种组成和植物物种多样性进行了分析研究。结果表明,该群落属于中亚热带常绿阔叶林,应称为华润楠(Machilus chinensis)、仁昌厚壳桂(Cryptocarya chingii)-山羡叶泡花树(Meliosma thorelii)群落。该群落结构复杂,各层次的代表种类明显。植物物种多样性丰富,特别是乔木层(DBH>1CM)的1hm²物种数达163种,高于亚热带其它地区的森林群落。各个层次中,以层间植物的多样性指数最高,乔木层次之,草本层最低。究其原因是层间植物的均匀度指数较高。因此,该森林群落具有重要的保护价值,应该加强其物种维持机制的深入研究。     

Termination of gonadal refractoriness in Turkish hamsters, Mesocricetus brandti

The Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) is a photoperiodic species. In this investigation, we characterized the photoperiodic requirements for termination of gonadal refractoriness, defined as the inability of the animal to respond to short-day treatment with gonadal regression. Paired testes weights were reduced to less than 20% of their original weight by 10 wk of 12L:12D treatment. This was followed by spontaneous testicular recrudescence (completed by Week 25 of 12L:12D treatment), the overt indication of refractoriness to short photoperiods. Next, the period of long-day exposure sufficient for termination of refractoriness was determined. Refractory males were exposed to 16L:8D for 5 to 20 wk. Ten weeks of 16L:8D treatment was enough for the animals to regain the sensitivity to a second challenge of 12L:12D treatment. Fifteen weeks of 20L:4D or 16L:8D terminated refractoriness in female Turkish hamsters; 20L:4D therefore was not interpreted as a short day by refractory hamsters. This was unexpected because in photosensitive animals this photoperiod acts like a short day, causing gonadal regression. These results suggest that Turkish hamsters are similar to Syrian hamsters in that both species require two or more months of long days in summer to recover sensitivity to the short days of the following fall.