蔷薇属植物与现代月季品种杂交亲和性研究

为培育抗寒、抗病性强、芳香的月季品种,以单瓣黄刺玫(Rosa xanthinaf.normalis)、黄刺玫(R.xanthina)、报春刺玫(R.primula)、美蔷薇(R.bella)、腺果大叶蔷薇(R.macrophylla var.glandulifera)、荷花蔷薇(R.multifloraf.carnea)等6个蔷薇属种、变种及变型和5个玫瑰品种为父本,以11个现代月季品种和香水月季(R.odorata)为母本设计72个授粉组合进行远缘杂交,统计杂交结实率及杂交种子萌发率,并采用扫描电镜技术观察了杂交亲本的花粉与柱头形态,测定花粉萌发率。结果显示:(1)除黄刺玫外,所试其他蔷薇属植物均适合作为父本材料与现代月季品种和香水月季杂交,但不同杂交组合的结实率及出苗率差异显著。(2)花粉、柱头形态对杂交亲和性无显著影响,花粉生活力对杂交亲和性有显著影响,且与杂交结实率成正相关关系。通过试验,筛选出14个亲和性较好的杂交组合、4个适宜的母本材料(香水月季、‘橘红潮’、‘金玛丽’、‘粉和平’)和6个适宜的父本材料(单瓣黄刺玫、报春刺玫、美蔷薇、腺果大叶蔷薇、荷花蔷薇、玫瑰‘大红紫枝’)。     

一些蔷薇属植物的花粉形态研究

本文通过对中国原产的蔷薇属植物中的6个种和3个月季品种的花粉,进行扫描电镜观察,对花粉形态进行了描述,探讨了有关植物在进化过程中的地位,及通过花粉形态来鉴定月季品种及其倍性的可能性。     

29个蔷薇属植物的孢粉学研究

采用扫描电镜技术对蔷薇属25个种及4个月季品种的花粉形态进行观察分析,探讨单叶亚属及蔷薇亚属中的芹叶组、合柱组、桂味组、月季组及月季品种之间的亲缘关系。研究表明:(1)所有被测样品的花粉都为具三孔沟的N3P4C5型单粒花粉,形状包括近球形、长球形及超长球形,其中大部分都为极轴较长的超长球形,以小檗叶蔷薇(P/E=2.29)最长。(2)在疏花蔷薇、托木尔蔷薇以及重瓣黄刺玫中发现有花粉二型现象。(3)被测样品外壁纹饰主要包括条纹、孔穴-条纹及近孔网纹3类,条纹类型主要出现在芹叶组中,而孔穴-条纹类型则为蔷薇属植物较普遍的纹饰。(4)聚类分析表明,小檗叶蔷薇与其它种亲缘较远,被测月季品种与月季组关系较近,芹叶组与合柱组关系较近,桂味组中的弯刺蔷薇与其他蔷薇的纹饰有明显区别,被单独分开。     

月季种质资源的倍性变异及核型多样性研究(英文)

采用常规压片法对包括5个蔷薇野生种、8个古老月季及9个现代月季品种共22份月季种质资源进行核型分析。供试材料共有3种不同倍性:5个野生种中粉团蔷薇为三倍体(2n=3x=21),其他4个材料为二倍体(2n=2x=14);9个现代月季品种均为四倍体(2n=4x=28);而古老月季品种中包含二、三、四倍体3种倍性。22份材料中共发现4种不同类型的核型,在野生种中为1A、2A;古老月季中为1A、2A、1B;现代月季中为1A、1B、2B。另外,供试材料在核不对称系数、着丝粒指数、随体数目及位置、染色体相对长度组成等方面差异较大,说明在月季种质资源中存在着丰富的核型多样性。     

蔷薇群芳谱

玫瑰、月季、蔷薇都属于蔷薇科蔷薇属,是著名的观赏花卉。蔷薇科是一个庞大且常见的家族,约有124属,3300多种,几乎遍布世界各地,主要集中在北半球的温带地区。蔷薇属约有200种,我国大约有80多种。蔷薇属植物花香宜人,有些种可供提炼植物精油之用;果实成熟后酸甜可食;属中很多种都是很好的药用植物。     

云南：玫瑰的宝库

正云南是我国芳香植物资源最丰富的省份,其芳香植物种类多、分布广、特有种多,香料植物引种适生条件优越,享有"天然香料之乡"的美誉。在众多香料植物中,蔷薇科蔷薇属(Rosa L.)的玫瑰和月季独树一帜。玫瑰(Rosa rugosa Thunb.)是指玫瑰及其突变或杂交后代。月季(Rosa cv)是蔷薇属内种间经反复杂交、长期选育而     

基于SSR分子标记分析云南月季种质资源亲缘关系(英文)

利用简单重复序列SSR(simple sequence repeat)标记技术对48份月季种质资源(包括14份野生种、20份古老月季品种和14份栽培品种)的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析.结果表明,(1)18对SSR引物在18个SSR位点上共检测到160个等位基因,每一位点的等位基因变幅为6～13个,平均8.9个,材料间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.157 8～0.754 9,表明在分子水平上云南月季种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性.(2)聚类分析结果显示,在相似系数为0.44处,可将 14个野生种明显分为6个组,这与植物形态学分类结果上基本一致;在遗传相似系数为0.40水平上将48份供试材料分为八大组群.(3)亲缘关系分析结果显示,5个野生种和所有古老月季品种与大多数栽培品种的亲缘关系较近.     

部分月季花品种的数量分类研究

用数量分析的方法,对80个月季、蔷薇及其远缘杂种的样本进行了系统分析与整理。Q型聚类分析结果表明,可将80个样本分为9类,并初步揭示了各类型间的亲缘关系。首次提出了将中国古老月季分为高大和低矮两个型,将新培育出的具有较高抗性的远缘杂种月季另立为灌丛月季型的分类方案。同时,分析并预测了采用中国原产的蔷薇野生种与古老月季品种或现代月季品种杂交,后代可能形成的月季品种类型。并对花卉品种数量分类中的一些方法进行了初步探讨。     

二倍体蔷薇FT基因序列多样性研究

以3个类群73个二倍体蔷薇属(Rosa)植物为材料,克隆获得其FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)同源基因,并对该基因的编码区序列进行多态性分析以及多维尺度(MDS)聚类分析。结果显示,73个二倍体蔷薇植物的FT基因共检测到215个核苷酸多态性位点,其中包括214个SNP和1个缺失突变,平均185个碱基发生1次突变;氨基酸多态性分析结果显示共有35个氨基酸发生变异,平均379.6个氨基酸残基发生1次突变;突变位点统计分析结果发现39、258、426 bp位点是高频突变位点,其碱基由A或C突变为T。MDS聚类分析结果表明,3个类群FT基因编码区序列的碱基组内差异依次排序为:野生种月季组中国古老月季,氨基酸组内差异依次排序为:中国古老月季月季组野生种,推测中国古老月季在长期栽培驯化过程中,其FT基因可能经历了较强的人工选择压力,月季组的种和变种可能是古老月季的重要亲本来源。     

云南滇西北地区蔷薇属（Rosa L．）植物资源调查与评价

对滇西北地区蔷薇属植物的系统调查和资料整理,共记录该地区蔷薇31种;同时分析了该属植物在滇西北的分布规律及生境类型,并利用层次分析法对主要种类的园林应用、经济价值和特有种质进行评价,为保存和利用资源提供依据.     

Genetic similarity among cultivars of Phyllostachys pubescens

Phyllostachys pubescens is the most important economic bamboo species in China, which grows widely in the South of China. There are more than ten cultivars in this species but their genetic relationship still remains unknown. We used both amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) techniques to determine genetic similarity among ten cultivars of P. pubescens and two related species. Eight hundred and twenty seven bands, in which 495 are polymorphic, were detected using 15 pairs of AFLP primers whereas total 231 bands, in which 154 bands are polymorphic, were scored using 16 ISSR primers. Statistic analysis showed that the genetic similarity matrices obtained from these two sets of molecular markers had a significant correlation (R = 0.959, P = 0.013). The dendrogram generated with AFLP and ISSR markers could clearly genetically identify ten cultivars of P. pubescens that had high similarity with genetic distances ranging from 0.023 to 0.108, and could be divided into three groups based on their genetic variation and similarity. Our results suggest that these molecular markers are useful to genetically classify cultivars or varieties of a species, particularly a bamboo species.     

Floral characteristics affect susceptibility of hybrid tea roses, Rosa x hybrida, to Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, feeds on the flowers and foliage of roses. Rosa x hybrida. Beetles attracted to roses land almost exclusively on the flowers. This study evaluated characteristics of rose flowers including color, size, petal count and fragrance, as well as height of plants and blooms within plant as factors in attractiveness to Japanese beetles. Artificial flowers that had been painted to match the spectral reflectance of real blooms were attached to potted nonflowering rose plants in the field and the number of beetles that landed on each model was recorded. More beetles landed on the yellow- and white-colored flower models than on the five other bloom colors that were tested. Large (15 cm diameter) yellow flower models attracted more beetles than did smaller (8 cm diameter) yellow models. There was no difference in beetle response to yellow flower models of the same size that differed in bloom complexity (i.e., number of petals). Experiments in which blooming rose plants were elevated above controls, or in which flower models were placed at different heights within plant canopies, failed to support the hypothesis that height per se accounts for beetles' attraction to flowers over leaves. Attractiveness of selected rose cultivars that varied in fragrance and flower color also was evaluated in the field. Yellow-flowered cultivars were more susceptible than those with red flowers, regardless of fragrance intensity as rated by breeders. Growing cultivars of roses that have relatively dark and small-sized blooms may have some benefit in reducing Japanese beetles' attraction to roses.     

RAPD analysis of genetic variation between a group of rose cultivars and selected wild rose species

The genetic variability based on random-amplified polymorphic DNA markers was analysed among 10 cultivated rose varieties and 9 wild species from three different series of the genus Rosa. Using 13 different RAPD primers, 104 polymorphic DNA fragments with a high potential to differentiate rose genotypes could be produced. A dendrogram displaying the relative genetic similarities among the genotypes shows the existence of large genetic diversity among the cultivated roses as compared to the wild species. Furthermore, the main clusters found here are in agreement with known pedigrees and the classical taxonomy. However, the relationships between cultivated roses as inferred by RAPD markers do not correlate with the classical rose classification system. From the present data it is concluded that cultivated roses display a high level of genetic variability despite the fact that single morphological and physiological characters may be less polymorphic within rose groups. This contrasts with the widely accepted opinion of a lack of genetic variability in roses. This is also in accordance with the reported history of rose breeding which makes it highly probable that rose genomes comprise mosaics of different species genomes. As a consequence, it may be possible to utilize the high genetic variability of all genetic traits not under actual selection by breeders for future breeding programmes.     

The mode of inheritance in tetraploid cut roses

Tetraploid hybrid tea roses (Rosa hybrida) represent most of the commercial cultivars of cut roses and form the basis for breeding programmes. Due to intensive interspecific hybridizations, modern cut roses are complex tetraploids for which the mode of inheritance is not exactly known. The segregation patterns of molecular markers in a tetraploid mapping population of 184 genotypes, an F(1) progeny from a cross of two heterozygous parents, were investigated for disomic and tetrasomic inheritance. The possible occurrence of double reduction was studied as well. We can exclude disomic inheritance, but while our observations are more in line with a tetrasomic inheritance, we cannot exclude that there is a mixture of both inheritance modes. Two novel parental tetraploid linkage maps were constructed using markers known from literature, combined with newly generated markers. Comparison with the integrated consensus diploid map (ICM) of Spiller et al. (Theor Appl Genet 122:489-500, 2010) allowed assigning numbers to each of the linkage groups of both maps and including small linkage groups. So far, the possibility of using marker-assisted selection in breeding of tetraploid cut roses and of other species with a tetrasomic or partly tetrasomic inheritance, is still limited due to the difficulties in establishing marker-trait associations. We used these tetraploid linkage maps to determine associations between markers, two morphological traits and powdery mildew resistance. The knowledge on inheritance and marker-trait associations in tetraploid cut roses will be of direct use to cut rose breeding.     

Engineering of the rose flavonoid biosynthetic pathway successfully generated blue-hued flowers accumulating delphinidin

Flower color is mainly determined by anthocyanins. Rosa hybrida lacks violet to blue flower varieties due to the absence of delphinidin-based anthocyanins, usually the major constituents of violet and blue flowers, because roses do not possess flavonoid 3',5'-hydoxylase (F3'5'H), a key enzyme for delphinidin biosynthesis. Other factors such as the presence of co-pigments and the vacuolar pH also affect flower color. We analyzed the flavonoid composition of hundreds of rose cultivars and measured the pH of their petal juice in order to select hosts of genetic transformation that would be suitable for the exclusive accumulation of delphinidin and the resulting color change toward blue. Expression of the viola F3'5'H gene in some of the selected cultivars resulted in the accumulation of a high percentage of delphinidin (up to 95%) and a novel bluish flower color. For more exclusive and dominant accumulation of delphinidin irrespective of the hosts, we down-regulated the endogenous dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene and overexpressed the Irisxhollandica DFR gene in addition to the viola F3'5'H gene in a rose cultivar. The resultant roses exclusively accumulated delphinidin in the petals, and the flowers had blue hues not achieved by hybridization breeding. Moreover, the ability for exclusive accumulation of delphinidin was inherited by the next generations.     

Structured diversity in octoploid strawberry cultivars: importance of the old European germplasm

Understanding genetic structure and diversity information is critical for genetic association studies. In the octoploid cultivated strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa), genetic analyses were focussed on diversity, whereas genetic structure has been poorly explored. This study investigated the genetic structure in a genetic resources collection representing a wide range of the octoploid strawberry cultivars released mainly by North America and western and southern Europe, at different breeding periods and with various pedigrees. The relationship between varieties was examined using 23 microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) markers. Eight SSR markers were diploid, useful for cultivar discrimination with polymorphic information content (PIC) values between 0.29 and 0.74. Bayesian analyses of genetic structure identified four subpopulations. Three of them, American and modern northern European cultivars (AMNECs), American and modern southern European cultivars (AMSECs) and old European cultivars (OECs), reflected the European breeding history of the cultivated octoploid strawberry. The fourth subpopulation, ‘Intermediate’ group cultivars (IGCs), comprised various origins including OECs that were introgressed with wild species such as Fragaria chiloensis or Fragaria moschata. The OEC group gathered cultivars dating before 1960s, forming the most homogenous and stable subpopulation. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on modified Nei and Li distance confirmed the separation of the AMSEC, AMNEC and OEC groups. In addition, significant differences were observed among the four subpopulations (AMNEC, AMSEC, OEC, IGC), with high variability within groups and between AMSEC and IGC. Our work underlined that the structure within the studied collection was mainly explained by the pedigree and the year of release than the geographical origin of cultivars. In addition, the important loss of diversity observed in the modern European cultivars and a trend towards using mainly American cultivars for breeding programmes led to the progressive abandonment of old European germplasm, which was revealed as a relative distinct and rich group. This European material should be protected and maintained, because it represents a potential source of original traits for broadening the genetic base of cultivated strawberry. In addition, diploid markers we identified can be used without ambiguity in phylogenetic and diversity studies, because they are genome‐specific. This study is the first step for further association studies in strawberry.     

38个中国大菊品种染色体核型参数的统计分析

为了探讨中国传统大菊（Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.）品种间的遗传差异,选取了38个品种进行核型参数和染色体数目观察和统计。结果表明：多数大菊品种的染色体数目介于50–60之间,为六倍体基础上的非整倍体;其中仅有2个品种染色体数目少于50,3个品种多于60;黄香梨（C.×morifolium‘Huangxiangli’）是唯一染色体数目达到73的品种,推测其为八倍体。观察品种多数为较对称的核型（2A或2B型）;具有随体染色体的品种有30个,占观察品种总数的79%,且古老品种的随体染色体数目较多,千手观音（C.×morifolium‘Qianshouguanyin’）的中期分裂相里最多可观察到6个随体;臂比均值（MAR）部分集中在1.5–2.0之间,臂比方差（VAR）则集中在0.1–0.5之间,臂比均值与臂比方差呈显著正相关,其相关系数（r2）为0.91。各瓣型之间的臂比均值差别不大;古老品种与现代品种在臂比均值和臂比方差上并未表现出明显的差异。三大瓣型（平瓣、匙瓣和管瓣）的核型不对称系数（As.K.C.）差异不显著,其在古老品种中较为一致,而现代品种之间的差异较大。这些数据表明,核型参数对菊花的品种鉴定、分类和遗传分析具有重要参考价值。