半胱胺对成年鹅糖和蛋白质代谢的影响

经瘘管收集 14只装有翅静脉瘘管的成年杂交鹅 (川白×太湖 )的血样作为对照 ,随后一次性添喂10 0mg/kg·bw的半胱胺 (处理 )。分别用放射免疫和分光光度等方法测定一些与糖和蛋白质代谢有关的激素和生化指标。处理后第 1、 3、 5、 7天分别收集血样。其中 ,4个检测日的血浆尿酸含量降低 ,谷丙转氨酶升高 ;第 5天和第 7天的血糖降低 ;第 5天胰岛素高于对照 ,而胰高血糖素低于对照 ,二者比值最大。这些结果暗示半胱胺促进了鹅机体的同化作用     

吗啡和纳洛酮对酸化十二指肠引起狗胰液分泌的影响

本工作用制备 Thomas 胰瘘和胃痿的5条狗进行慢性实验。实验时用0.1N 盐酸灌入十二指肠以刺激胰液分泌,并分別注射吗啡或/和纳洛酮,观察它们对胰液分泌和对胰液中碳酸氢盐和蛋白质浓度的影响。另外我们还观察了吗啡和纳洛酮对6条狗离体胰主导管紧张性的影响。结果表明:(1)吗啡抑制了胰液分泌量,对胰液中碳酸氢盐和蛋白质浓度无影响,由于分泌量减少故两者的排出量显著减少(P<0.05),(2)纳洛酮本身对胰液分泌量和碳酸氢盐及蛋白质浓度均无影响;(3)纳洛酮可以加强吗啡抑制胰液分泌的作用(P<0.01);(4)吗啡能增加狗的离体胰主导管肌条的紧张性,纳洛酮不能阻断或翻转吗啡的这一效应,相反能加强其效应。本工作表明,吗啡抑制酸化十二指肠所引起的胰碳酸氢盐和蛋白质排出量,其机制可能是吗啡刺激胰导管收缩,而纳洛酮则加强吗啡的这种抑制效应。     

半胱胺对成年鹅血浆中生长抑素和某些代谢激素的影响

目的:研究半胱胺(CS)对成年鹅生长抑素(SS)和某些代谢激素的影响.方法:14只装有翅静脉瘘管的成年杂交鹅(川白×太湖),经瘘管采取对照期和处理(一次性添喂100 mg/kg bw的半胱胺)后第1、3、5、7 d的血样,用RIA双抗法测定其中激素的含量.结果:实验期第1、3、5和7 d的生长抑素的含量均显著低于对照期(1.89±0.10 μg/L).促甲状腺激素较对照期(2.45±0.31 mIU/L)在第1 d显著下降21.63 %(P<0.05),第3、5 d均降低18.37%(P>0.05),第7 d基本回复正常(P>0.05). 实验期1、3、5和7 d的T4 较对照期(5.41±0.98 μg/L)显著升高(P<0.01);实验期第3 d的T3水平较对照期(1.05±0.06 μg /L)高36.19 %(P<0.01);同样,胰岛素在实验期的第5 d显著高于对照期(P<0.05).结论:CS能够降低成年鹅血液中SS含量,使T4、T3和胰岛素水平升高,提高了机体的代谢水平,同化作用加强,从而有利于生长.     

促胰液素、八肽胆囊收缩素和迷走神经刺激对狗胰液和血清中胰多肽含量的影响

对10只麻醉下主胰管内插置导管的家狗进行急性实验。用放射免疫测定法测定静脉注射促胰液素(8μg/kg)和八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK_8,40ng/kg)以及电刺激胸迷走神经前后的胰液和血清中胰多肽的含量。结果表明,基础胰液中含有大量胰多肽免疫活性物质,平均排出量为3130±2200pg/15min,其平均浓度高于血清水平40倍左右,但是个体之间的变异范围较大。当静脉注射促胰液素和 CCK_8以及电刺激胸迷走神经后,胰液胰多肽排出量和血清胰多肽水平均增多,其中以电刺激迷走神经后尤为明显。高峰都在刺激后15min 内出现。经促胰液素,CCK_8和迷走神经刺激后,胰液中胰多肽排出量比刺激前分别增加105%,52%和200%。外源性促胰液素或 CCK_8刺激后,胰液中胰多肽与 HCO_3~-出量之间或胰液中胰多肽与淀粉酶排出量之间,分别均呈一致的关系。本文结果提示,胰多肽不仅是一种内分泌,它亦具有外分泌的特性。迷走神经、促胰液素和胆囊收缩素对胰多肽的释放具有调节作用。     

对牛胰多肽抑制胰酶分泌作用的离体研究

为探讨胰多肽抑制胰酶分泌的机制,我们利用大鼠离体胰腺泡制备观察了牛胰多肽(BPP)在细胞受体水平对氨甲酰胆碱等促分泌物作用的影响。实验结果显示,BPP 对氨甲酰胆碱诱导的胰腺泡淀粉酶分泌具有抑制作用,并存在剂量反应关系。BPP0.1μmol/L 和0.2μmol/L,可分别使氨甲酰胆碱诱导淀粉酶分泌的效价降低3倍和10倍;BPP 还可抑制氨甲酰胆碱刺激胰腺泡释放~(45)Ca。以上结果提示,BPP 对胰腺泡的胆碱能 M 受体具有拮抗作用。此外,BPP 对促胰液素及其同类激动剂和氨甲酰胆碱协同作用诱导的胰腺泡淀粉酶分泌具有抑制作用,提示胰多肽在整体对促胰液素诱导的胰酶分泌的抑制,可能是通过拮抗胰腺泡细胞上的 M 受体而抑制了促胰液素和胆碱能刺激协同作用引起的胰酶分泌。     

超活性胰高血糖素的分泌表达

通过多肽化学合成方法 ,人们对胰高血糖素的结构与功能关系有了比较深刻的了解 ,其中最引人注目的成就之一是发现 [Lys17,18,Glu2 1] 胰高血糖素具有比天然胰高血糖素更高的生物活性 ,称之为超活性胰高血糖素(superactiveglucagon ,下称SA glucagon)。为了通过基因工程途径获得SA glucagon ,用PCR方法从以前构建的胰高血糖素表达载体pAGluT得到SA glucagon的基因 (SAG) ,构建了含PL 启动子 ,phoA信号肽和SAG的分泌表达载体pBLSG7。pBLSG7转化到大肠杆菌BL2 1中 ,进行SAG的分泌表达 ,在摇瓶条件下 ,该菌种能分泌表达SA glucagon达 3.6 5mg/L(A60 0 =1) ,占上清液中蛋白质的 19.5 % ,并进一步研究了诱导温度和菌株对表达的影响。     

胰高血糖素在大肠杆菌中的分泌表达

报道了用基因工程方法构建含phoA(碱性磷酸酯酶)启动子、phoA信号肽与胰高血糖素基因的表达载体pAGluT.实验证明,转化了pAGluT的大肠杆菌(E.coli YK537)可高水平地分泌表达胰高血糖素,其表达量为80 mg/L.phoA表达系统分泌表达的胰高血糖素的物化性质与天然胰高血糖素相同,并具有相同的生物活性.这一结果不仅为基因工程生产胰高血糖素打下基础,亦为研制胰高血糖素的拮抗剂以及其他多肽的基因工程研究提供了新的思路.     

麻醉劑(巴比妥類)對於鹽酸引起胰液分泌的影響

本實驗比較急性實驗狗、慢性胰瘻狗和經過麻醉的慢性胰屢狗對於鹽酸注入小腸所引起的胰液分泌量和潛伏期,結果證明: (1)在急性實驗情况下,狗胰腺對鹽酸刺激小腸所引起的胰液分泌量遠較在慢性實驗時為少,且潛伏期較長。 (2)巴比妥類麻醉劑:硫賁妥鈉(sodium pentothal)和戊烷巴比妥鈉(sodiumpentobarbital)對鹽酸所引起的胰液分泌量及潛伏期影響極微。 (3)在急性實驗情况下,由鹽酸所引起的胰液分泌量的減少和潛伏期的加長,似乎不是由於巴比妥類麻醉劑的作用,而可能是由於手術創傷的影響。 (4)注射阿托平後,胰腺對於鹽酸刺激小腸所引起的反應顯著减小,故推测在鹽酸引起胰液分泌的機制中可能有神經反射作用的參與。本工作在进行過程中,承蘇聯專家同志親切地給予指導,并承沈(?)淇、劉曾復二教授关懷和支持,(?)此誌謝。     

半胱胺对草鱼下丘脑-脑垂体组织共孵育中生长激素分泌的影响

采用静态孵育和放射免疫测定技术,研究了生长抑素抑制剂半胱胺盐酸盐对草鱼脑垂体组织单独孵育或下丘脑脑垂体组织共孵育中生长激素分泌的影响。结果表明：脑垂体组织单独孵育时,半胱胺盐酸盐(0．1、1和10mmol／L)对基础生长激素分泌无影响;而下丘脑脑垂体组织共孵育时,半胱胺盐酸盐(0．1、1和10mmol／L)对基础生长激素分泌有明显影响,且是剂量依存的。神经肽hGHRH、sGnRH—A和LHRH—A对CSH影响的下丘脑脑垂体组织共孵育中生长激素分泌均无协同作用。我们认为,半胱胺盐酸盐可在下丘脑水平调节生长激素释放,半胱胺盐酸盐调节草鱼离体生长激素分泌是由下丘脑途径介导的。     

Effect of proglumide, a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, on caerulein-stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion and pancreatic polypeptide release in the dog

In five conscious dogs we studied the effect of proglumide, a cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist, on caerulein-stimulated pancreatic secretion and release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Graded doses of caerulein (15-240 ng/kg per h) were infused intravenously. Experiments were repeated with a fixed infusion of proglumide (40 mg/kg per h). Release of PP following increasing doses of caerulein was significantly inhibited by proglumide (P less than 0.01). However, proglumide did not significantly affect caerulein-stimulated pancreatic protein secretion. Proglumide might be useful in defining the physiological role of CCK.     

Effect of adding albumin to solutions of cholecystokinin on pancreatic protein output and pancreatic polypeptide release

In four conscious dogs with chronic gastric and pancreatic Thomas fistulas we studied the effect of 99% pure cholecystokinin-33 (CCK-33) solutions on pancreatic secretion and PP release. CCK-33 was dissolved in 0.154 M NaCl alone or in the same solution containing 1 g per 100 ml dog albumin. The response of pancreatic protein output to increasing doses of CCK-33 (0.5, 1, 2, 4 IDU/kg per h) was significantly $\text{(P < 0.05)}$ higher when CCK was dissolved in NaCl with albumin than in NaCl alone. These results were confirmed by measuring CCK immunoreactivity in samples from tips of infusion lines by a gastrin radioimmunoassay. Release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) following increasing doses of CCK-33 was also significantly $\text{(P < 0.05)}$ elevated when CCK was dissolved in an albumin-containing solution. There was a significant $\text{(P < 0.02)}$ correlation between plasma concentrations of PP and pancreatic protein output.This study suggests that albumin should be added to CCK-33 solutions to preserve biological activity. The biological effect of CCK-33 may be substantially underestimated if albumin is omitted.     

Histopathology of Nomuraea rileyi in larvae of Heliothis zea and in vitro enzymatic activity

Conidia of Nomuraea rileyi germinated in 2 days on larvae of Heliothis zea. Germ tubes penetrated the cuticle directly. This seemed to be aided by enzymatic secretions as evidenced by the darkening of the epicuticle and part of the exocuticle suggesting apparent lysis. In the endocuticle, hyphae grew parallel to the endocuticular laminae with lateral branches penetrating into epidermis and then hemocoel where they proliferated and attacked internal organs. Blood cells were first to be invaded, followed by fat lobes, Malpighian tubules, muscles, and mesenteron. Disintegration of body tissues of the host began before death. At death, hyphae began to grow outward. In vitro enzymatic tests showed that N. rileyi secretes chitinase, protease, and lipase.     

A new in vitro model for studies of pancreatic polypeptide secretion and biochemistry

A new model tissue (pseudoislet) is described for studies of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secretion and biochemistry. It consists of islet-like aggregates of canine pancreatic endocrine cells which are formed and maintained on tissue culture. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that pseudoislets prepared from the duodenal end of the pancreas contained a predominance (40-60%) of F cells (the PP secreting cell). Also present were 10-25% exocrine cells and an equal proportion of A, B and D cells. Several studies were conducted to characterize the pseudoislets' capacity to secrete PP. Basal rates of PP release and the concentration of PP per pseudoislet remained constant during four weeks of culture. Stimulation at weekly intervals by carbachol (0.1 mM) resulted in a stable secretory rate for 2 weeks, that declined progressively at weeks 3 and 4. When studied in a perfusion system, carbachol-stimulated PP release occurred in a biphasic pattern, similar to the well-recognized biphasic release of insulin from perifused rat islets. Dose-response curves of four cholinergic agonists revealed clear differences in secretagogue activity. Acetylcholine and methacholine were found to be equipotent, followed in order of potency by carbachol and bethanechol. These histologic and secretory data show that canine pseudoislets are healthy tissues composed of a high proportion of F cells which secrete PP in response to cholinergic stimulation. The data suggest that the cultured canine pseudoislet model provides an excellent system useful in studies of PP secretion and biosynthesis.     

Effect of insulin on exocrine pancreatic secretion in healthy and diabetic anaesthetised rats

This investigation characterised the effects of exogenous insulin on exocrine pancreatic secretion in anaesthetised healthy and diabetic rats. Animals were rendered diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg kg^–1 I.P.). Age-matched controls were injected citrate buffer. Rats were tested for hyperglycaemia 4 days after STZ injection and 7–8 weeks later when they were used for the experiments. Following anaesthesia (1 g kg^–1 urethane I.P.), laparotomy was performed and the pancreatic duct cannulated for collection of pure pancreatic juice. Basal pancreatic juice flow rate in diabetic rats was significantly (p < 0.001) increased whereas protein and amylase outputs were significantly (p < 0.001) decreased compared to control rats. Insulin (1 IU, I.P.) produced in healthy rats significant increases in pancreatic flow rate, amylase secretion and protein output compared to basal (p < 0.05). Insulin action also included a reduction in blood glucose (152.7 ± 16.9 mg dl^–1, n= 6, prior to insulin and 42.0 ± 8.4 mg dl^–1, n= 4, 100 min later). In fact, flow rate and glycaemia showed a strong negative correlation (p < 0.01, Pearson). Pretreatment with atropine (0.2 mg kg^–1, I.V.) abolished the effects of insulin on secretory parameters despite a similar reduction in glycaemia; in this series of experiments the correlation between flow rate and blood glucose was lost. In diabetic rats, insulin (4 IU, I.P.) did not modify exocrine pancreatic secretion. There was a fall in blood glucose (467.6 ± 14.0 mg dl^–1, n= 10, prior to insulin and 386.6 ± 43.6 mg dl^–1, n= 7, 120 min later). Rats, however, did not become hypoglycaemic. Similar results were observed in diabetic atropinized rats. The results of this study indicate that the effects of insulin on exocrine pancreatic secretion in anaesthetised healthy rats are mediated by hypoglycaemia-evoked vagal cholinergic activation. (Mol Cell Biochem 261: 105–110, 2004)     

Exocrine pancreatic secretion in response to a new CCK-analog, CCK33 and caerulein in dogs

We studied the relative molar potencies of a newly synthetized cholecystokinin nonapeptide [Thr28,Nle31]CCK[25-33], natural porcine CCK33 and synthetic caerulein in conscious dogs with chronic gastric and pancreatic fistulas. Peptides were dissolved in albumin-containing solutions to prevent loss from solution. The three peptides were found to be equipotent on a molar basis in stimulating exocrine pancreatic secretion. As [Thr28,Nle31]CCK9 is a peptide less susceptible to oxidation than other forms of CCK, it is an interesting analog with many uses for medical and biological research.     

The effect of oxyntomodulin (Glucagon-37) and glucagon on exocrine pancreatic secretion in the conscious rat

The inhibitory effect of glucagon on exocrine pancreas has been the subject of controversial reports. On the other hand, oxyntomodulin (bioactive enteroglucagon or glucagon-37), a 37 amino acid peptide isolated from porcine lower intestine, has been shown to be 10–20 times more potent than glucagon in inhibiting gastric acid secretion in the rat. In view of this, the effect of glucagon and oxyntomodulin on basal and caerulein-stimulated pancreatic secretion has been studied, during re-introduction of pancreatic juice into duodenum, in the conscious rat provided with pancreatic and duodenal fistulas. A depression of pancreatic function was observed with both peptides on the three parameters studied: (volume of juice secreted, bicarbonate and protein output), either under basal conditions or during stimulation by caerulein. In all the experimental conditions used, oxyntomodulin was ca. ten times more potent than glucagon in its inhibitory effect. The fact that oxyntomodulin, as what is observed in the stomach, is one order of magnitude more potent than glucagon in inhibiting pancreatic secretion suggests that the biological mechanisms by which the peptides of the glucagon-family act on exocrine pancreas are similar, or related to that present at the gastric level.     

Comparison of enkephalin and atropine in the inhibition of vagally stimulated gastric and pancreatic secretion and gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide release in dogs

Enkephalins have been detected in vagal nerves and myenteric plexus neurons but no study has been performed to determine their action on vagally stimulated gastric and pancreatic secretion. In this study we infused IV methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk) alone, naloxone (a pure opiate antagonist) alone, or their combination before, during and after vagal stimulation in 4 dogs with esophageal, gastric and pancreatic fistulas. For the comparison, atropine was given before, during and after vagal stimulation in the same animals. Vagal stimulation was obtained by 15 min sham-feeding, which produced an increase in gastric H⁺ output to a peak of about 75% of the maximal response to pentagastrin and pancreatic protein secretion amounting to about 71% of the maximal response to caerulein. It was accompanied by a significant rise in serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. Met-enk inhibited significantly both gastric H⁺ and pancreatic protein secretion and reduced plasma PP but not gastrin levels. Similar effects were obtained after the administration of atropine. The effects of Met-enk were partly reversed by the addition of naloxone. We conclude that (1) enkephalin suppresses vagally stimulated gastric and pancreatic secretion and plasma PP release; (2) these secretory effects of enkephalin seem to be mediated by opiate receptors and could be explained by its inhibitory action on acetylcholine release (“anticholinergic” action) in the stomach and the pancreas.