电刺激兔下丘脑不同部位诱发的房性心律失常

在57只麻醉家兔,用同心圆双极电极刺激右侧下丘脑外侧区、前区、后区、背内侧核、腹内侧核五个不同部位,观察到均能诱发房性早搏等房性心律失常,且存在相对特异性。在用1mA 强度电刺激时,以前三个部位的诱发率较高。如预先轻度灼伤右心房后再刺激下丘脑外侧区或前区,可显著提高房性心律失常的发生率,并使诱发房颤等严重房性心律失常的机会有所增加。在同时描记股动脉血压的家兔中,观察到房性心律失常均在血压增高时出现,并以下丘脑后区、前区、外侧区的增压反应较为显著。在下丘脑外侧区增加刺激强度时,房性心律失常的发生率不随增压平均值的增加而递增,与室性心律失常不同。切断双侧颈迷走神经干后再刺激下丘脑同一部位时,原能诱发房性早搏的家兔全部不再诱发,而原能诱发以室性早搏为主的室性心律失常的部分兔仍能发生。这些结果提示,电刺激下丘脑诱发房性心律失常的机制与室性心律失常有所不同。     

缓冲神经在刺激兔下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩中的作用

1.静脉注射氰化钾(0.3mg/kg)可引起血压升高和室性心律失常,并能使刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩增多。去除双侧窦神经后,上述现象消失。2.刺激降压神经时,刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩显著减少。3.切断双侧缓冲神经后短时内,刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩极度增多,并且不易被躯体传入冲动所抑制。二小时后,这种室性期前收缩减少,且可为刺激腓深神经所抑制。4.电刺激延髓中线区不仅可以降低血压,而且能减弱刺激下丘脑诱发的升压反应、抑制刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩。损毁该区后,刺激腓深神经不再能抑制刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩。5.上述结果表明:化学感受性反射能易化刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩,而压力感受性反射可以抑制这种室性期前收缩,但躯体传入冲动对这种心律失常的抑制作用并不依赖于缓冲神经的存在,而有赖于延髓中线核群的完整性。     

阻断大鼠杏仁中央核AMPA受体对臂旁核味觉反应的影响

以往的研究表明,电刺激或损毁杏仁中央核明显改变臂旁核味觉神经元的活动。为了研究杏仁中央核内的兴奋性受体是否参与此调节,本实验应用细胞外记录方法,在乌拉坦麻醉的大鼠观察了杏仁中央核内微量注射6-氰基-7-硝基喹喔啉-2,3- 二酮(CNQX)前后臂旁核味觉神经元对四种基本味觉刺激反应的变化。结果表明,杏仁中央核内注射 CNQX 对 30% 的臂旁核神经元产生时间依赖性的抑制作用,此抑制作用以对盐酸和盐酸奎宁刺激引起的反应尤为明显(P<0.05)。根据对味觉刺激的优势反应,40% 的NaCl优势、30% 的HCl优势和20% 的奎宁优势反应神经元在注射CNQX 后对至少一种味觉刺激的反应降低;盐酸优势和奎宁优势反应神经元对各自的优势反应在杏仁中央核内注药后均明显降低(P<0.01)。相关性分析表明,在注射 CNQX 后,臂旁核味觉神经元对 NaCl 和其它三种味觉刺激物之间的分辨能力降低。以上结果表明,杏仁中央核内的AMPA 受体可能参与杏仁核对臂旁核味觉神经元的下行调控。     

刺激兔下丘脑室旁核诱发的心律失常与增压反应

在60只局麻与肌松剂制动的家兔,观察到用0.1—0.4mA,50Hz,1ms 的方波电刺激下丘脑室旁核(PV)能诱发频发性心律失常(包括室性与室上性期前收缩)及显著的动脉血压升高。与同侧的下丘脑外侧区(LHA)及腹内侧核(VMH)相比,刺激PV诱发期前收缩的次数更为频繁,增压反应幅度较大,且所需阈值亦较低。较低强度刺激LHA 在部分兔能引起血压下降与心率减慢,而PV 则一致地诱发增压反应。电刺激腓深神经能抑制刺激PV诱发的期前收缩,但在中脑中央灰质微量注射吗啡或电解毁损只能完全阻断刺激VMH诱发的期前收缩,而不能完全阻断PV诱发的期前收缩。这些结果提示,PV是下丘脑中诱发心律失常与血压增高的高反应区之一,并且可能具有不同于LHA或VMH的神经机制或下行神经通路。     

神经系统与心律失常

焦虑、悲伤、情绪紧张等可使儿茶酚胺分泌过多、心电图出现ST段T波变化、心肌纤维断裂及各种室性心律失常。电刺激或将药物注入动物脑内不同部位可产生各种心律失常。在中脑中央灰质内注入微量去甲肾上腺素或乙酰胆硷均可增加刺激下丘脑引起的室性期前收缩。脑内吗啡样物质、5-羟色胺水平增加可降低交感中枢紧张性,导致交感神经传出冲动减少,降低心室易颤性,减少刺激下丘脑引起的室性期前收缩。躯体传入冲动对刺激下丘脑诱发期前收缩的抑制作用与脑内吗啡样物质的释放及下丘脑弓状核区、中脑中央灰质等处阿片受体的激活有关,且部分通过5-羟色胺途径。     

神经系统与心律失常

焦虑、悲伤、情绪紧张等可使儿茶酚胺分泌过多、心电图出现 ST 段 T 波变化、心肌纤维断裂及各种室性心律失常.电刺激或将药物注入动物脑内不同部位可产生各种心律失常.在中脑中央灰质内注入微量去甲肾上腺素或乙酰胆硷均可增加刺激下丘脑引起的室性期前收缩.脑内吗啡样物质、5-羟色胺水平增加可降低交感中枢紧张性,导致交感神经传出冲动减少,降低心室易颤性,减少刺激下丘脑引起的室性期前收缩.躯体传入冲动对刺激下丘脑诱发期前收缩的抑制作用与脑内吗啡样物质的释放及下丘脑弓状核区、中脑中央灰质等处阿片受体的激活有关,且部分通过5-羟色胺途径.     

刺激家兔杏仁复合体对听皮层声反应影响的研究

实验在40只三碘季铵酚麻痹的家兔上进行。使用记录诱发电位以及单个神经元放电的方法,观察了刺激杏仁复合体对Woolsey AⅠ AⅡ以及嗅鼻沟后缘听区皮层声反应的影响。实验结果表明,刺激杏仁外侧核和基底核可以对皮层的声反应产生易化或抑制性影响。这种影响的潜伏期一般为10—25ms,时程为20—115ms,在1例动物上也观察到了2ms的最短潜伏期。这些结果表明杏仁核群对于听区皮层的抑制影响主要是经过多突触环路传递的,但也有可能经由单突触途径实现兴奋性影响。本文对杏仁复合体影响的意义作了讨论。     

后负荷急性增高在诱发家兔室性心律失常中的作用

无论在迷走神经完整或切断后,急性缩窄麻醉家兔的胸主动脉使血压升高时约半数能诱发少量室性早搏等。但在迷走神经切断后它们潜伏期较短,且可被心得安所阻断.当缩窄胸主动脉或静脉滴注苯肾上腺素使血压预先升高(未出现心律失常)时,可明显增加刺激下丘脑室旁核诱发的室性早搏次数。这在迷走神经切断后更为明显,而且血压预先升得越高,刺激下丘脑越易诱发较多的室性早搏。结果提示,心脏后负荷的急性增高不仅本身可能诱发少数室性早搏,而且可明显增加诱发神经源性心律失常的敏感性。后负荷增高的这种影响可能受迷走神经活动的保护。     

杏仁中央核在躯体传入冲动抑制中枢性升压反应中的作用

目的:阐明电刺激腓深神经(DPN)对下丘脑室旁核(PVN)兴奋后的心血管反应的调节作用及杏仁中央核(CeA)在此作用中的地位。方法:电刺激SD大鼠中枢核团PVN,或用核团(CeA)内微量注射法注射L-谷氨酸钠(L-Glu)或红藻氨酸(KA)。同时记录大鼠股动脉血压、平均动脉压(MAP)、心电图及心率(HR)曲线。结果:电刺激一侧PVN后,MAP升高,HR变化不一,以下降为主。电刺激腓深神经对PVN兴奋诱发的升压反应有抑制作用。在同侧CeA微量注射0.02mol/L的KA100nl,10min后刺激PVN,血压升高(13.8±3.2)mmHg,较注射KA前削弱了(6.6±1.6)mmHg(P<0.05),DPN对刺激PVN的升压反应的抑制百分比也从51.5%降为32.0%。结论:杏仁中央核部分介导了PVN兴奋后引起的升压反应。DPN传入冲动对PVN中枢性升压反应有抑制作用,其机制可能与杏仁中央核有关。     

丘脑中央中核-束旁核复合体与帕金森病

丘脑中央中核-束旁核复合体具有多重功能,与大脑皮层和皮层下多个核团,尤其是纹状体有非常紧密的联系,在帕金森病的病理变化中起着重要作用。中央中核-束旁核在帕金森病患者呈现出形态学和电生理学上的异常改变,对中央中核-束旁核复合体进行高频刺激能明显的缓解帕金森病运动迟缓和震颤等症状,为帕金森病的治疗提供了一个新的靶点。     

Relation between the septal nuclei and the amygdaloid complex of the brain of the cat

By means of retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase method it has been demonstrated in two series of experiments with injecting the enzyme into separate septal nuclei and the amygdaloid complex in cats that most of amygdaloid nuclei (cortico-medial, central and baso-lateral) are reciprocally connected only with two nuclei in the septum: with the nucleus of the diagonal bundle of Broca and with the nucleus of the terminal strip bed. The projections studied are topically organized. The cortico-medial and basal nuclei of the amygdaloid complex are reciprocally connected with the ventral part of the diagonal bundle of Broca and with the terminal strip bed nucleus. The central nucleus of the amygdala has reciprocal projections only with the terminal strip bed nucleus, and with the ventral part of the diagonal bundle of Broca it has only a unilateral connection. On the contrary, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala is reciprocally connected with the ventral part of the diagonal bundle of Broca, and is only projected on the terminal strip bed nucleus without getting any projections from it.     

Cytologic characteristics of "dark" and "light" cells in the brain amygdaloid complex

This paper reports data on cytological peculiarities of neurons of two main zones of sexual dimorphism in brain amygdala (dorsomedial nucleus and anterior cortical nucleus). The main attention was paid to some characteristics of "dark" and "pale" cells found in the amygdaloid complex for the first time. It is supposed that the dark and pale cells are targets for gonadal steroids, whose cyclic changes in concentration in the blood difined their functional states. Though the ultrastructure of dark and pale cells of the amygdaloid complex is similar to that of neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus, there are necessary electron microscopic and cytochemical evidences.     

Dopaminergic supersensitivity at distant sites following induced epileptic foci

Injection of ferric chloride (FeCl3) into the left amygdaloid nucleus of the rat produced partial complex seizures. Subsequent repeated apomorphine challenges revealed steady development of behavioral dopaminergic supersensitivity, above that observed in saline-injected controls. The behavioral supersensitivity observed in FeCl3-injected animals was accompanied by increases in 3H-spiroperidol binding in contralateral amygdala, striatum and ipsilateral nucleus accumbens. In contrast, saline-injected controls demonstrated bilateral decreases in 3H-spiroperidol binding in amygdala and striatum. The effects of FeCl3 injection on the behavioral dopaminergic supersensitivity and 3H-spiroperidol binding were eliminated when the anterior commissure was severed.     

Acetylcholinesterase enzyme localization in the amygdala: a comparative histochemical and ultrastructural study

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was studied in the amygdala of some rodents, subprimates and several primates. The cytoarchitecture of the amygdala has presented various problems to anatomists, including the question as to how many nuclear groups and subgroups should be identified. Among the mammals examined, the arrangement of the amygdaloid nuclei is remarkably uniform and no clear phylogenetic trend can be recognised. Although there are minor differences, there seems to be a general similarity between most mammals examined in so far as the distribution of cholinesterase is concerned. The staining is less intense in the brains of the monkeys examined. The sole exception to the rule, that cholinesterase distribution is slightly different from nucleus to nucleus in different animals, is the magnocellular part of the basal nucleus. This amygdaloid nucleus stains quite strongly in all animals examined. From these findings, and those of others studying the distribution of choline acetyltransferase, it was concluded that the basal amygdaloid nucleus is cholinergic and possible cholinoceptive. The ultrastructural investigations appear to confirm this point. This is particularly applicable to the magnocellular part of the basal amygdaloid nucleus.     

Differential distribution and regulation of OX1 and OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor messenger RNA in the brain upon fasting

To further understand the functions of the orexin/hypocretin system, we examined the expression and regulation of the orexin/hypocretin receptor (OX1R and OX2R) mRNA in the brain by using quantitative in situ hybridization. Expression of OX1R and OX2R mRNA exhibited distinct distribution patterns. Within the hypothalamus, expression for the OX1R mRNA was largely restricted in the ventromedial (VMH) and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, while high levels of OX2R mRNA were contained in the paraventricular nucleus, VMH, and arcuate nucleus as well as in mammilary nuclei. In the amygdala, OX1R mRNA was expressed throughout the amygdaloid complex with robust labeling in the medial nucleus, while OX2R mRNA was only present in the posterior cortical nucleus of amygdala. High levels of OX2R mRNA were also observed in the ventral tegmental area. Moreover, both OX1R and OX2R mRNA were observed in the hippocampus, some thalamic nuclei, and subthalamic nuclei. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of fasting on levels of OX1R and OX2R mRNA in the hypothalamic and amygdaloid subregions. After 20 h of fasting, levels of OX1R mRNA were significantly increased in the VMH and the medial division of amygdala. An initial decrease (14 h) and a subsequent increase (20 h) in OX1R mRNA levels after fasting were observed in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and lateral division of amygdala. Levels of OX2R mRNA were augmented in the arcuate nucleus, but remained unchanged in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and amygdala following fasting. The time-dependent and region-specific regulatory patterns of OX1R and OX2R suggest that they may participate in distinct neural circuits under the condition of food deprivation.     

The effect of stimulation of the amygdala basolateral nuclei on the neuron activity of Deiters vestibular nuclei in rabbits

A modulating character of the amygdala basolateral nuclei effect upon the vestibular sensory system was determined in rabbits [correction of rats]. A mechanism of the descending effect of the amygdaloid complex on the activity of the Deiters nucleus neurons, is discussed.     

Obesity-inducing amygdala lesions: examination of anterograde degeneration and retrograde transport

Small lesions centered in the posterodorsal region of the medial amygdala resulted in excessive weight gains in female rats. Unilateral lesions were nearly as effective as bilateral lesions in the first 48 h after surgery (+21 to +32 g). Assessment of lesion damage was done by both qualitative evaluation and by a quantitative grid-point counting method. The critical sites for weight gain were the intra-amygdaloid bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the posterodorsal medial amygdaloid nucleus. Incidental damage to the overlying globus pallidus was negatively related to weight gain. The cupric silver method for demonstrating axonal degeneration was applied to brains with obesity-inducing lesions. A dense pattern of degenerating terminals was found in the lateral septum, amygdala, ventral striatum, and ventromedial hypothalamus. Degeneration in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus was scarce or absent. Small retrograde tracer injections made in either the intra-amygdaloid bed nucleus of the stria terminalis or in the posterodorsal medial amygdaloid nucleus labeled cells in the amygdala, lateral septum, and hypothalamus, reciprocating the anterograde projections from the amygdala to these areas. The data suggest that subdivisions of the posterodorsal amygdala participate in the regulation of feeding in a manner that is similar to the better-known role of this part of the brain in mediating reproductive behavior. Although topographical differences may exist within the amygdaloid and hypothalamic subdivisions regulating these two sexually dimorphic behaviors, the relays engaged by feeding-related connections and those related to reproduction are remarkably parallel.     

Influence of amygdala catecholamines on ovarian and adrenal medullary secretion.

The amygdaloid complex participates in the modulation of endocrine functions, and contains measurable amounts of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA). This study examined the contribution of the amygdaloid catecholaminergic systems to the regulation of the adrenal medulla and the ovary. To accomplish this the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was bilaterally injected into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (ABL) in cycling rats. The contents of NA and DA in right and left amygdala decreased significantly in lesioned animals with respect to sham lesioned animals, but hypothalamic levels were not different between groups. Administration of 6-OHDA to rats increased the NA, DA and adrenaline (A) contents of the adrenals compared to vehicle treated rats. In addition, lesioned animals showed a significant increase of NA and DA contents in the ovary, although A levels did not differ between groups. Serum oestradiol (O) concentrations were significantly lower in lesioned animals than in controls. These data suggest that the amygdaloid catecholaminergic systems exert an inhibitory effect on catecholamine content of the adrenals and the ovary, and influence the ovarian oestradiol secretion mechanism.     

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE AND GABA WITHIN THE AMYGDALOID COMPLEX AND STRIA TERMINALIS SYSTEM OF THE RAT

The distribution of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and δ-amino butyric acid have been studied in the amygdaloid complex and in the stria terminalis system of the rat. The central and medial nuclei of the amygdala had significantly higher activities of GAD than the lateral olfactory tract nucleus, anterior amygdala, anterior lateral nucleus, posterior lateral nucleus, cortical nucleus, basomedial nucleus, basolateral nucleus, and pyriform cortex. The enzyme activity was about two and a half times higher in the central and medial nuclei than in the pyriform cortex. GABA was also significantly more concentratcd in these nuclei than in the pyriform cortex although this was not true for four other amino acids studied–glutamic acid, aspartic acid, taurine and glycine. GAD activity was also measured in the stria terminalis (the major afferent and efferent pathway of the amygdala) and in its bed nucleus. The enzyme activity was higher in the stria terminalis than in four other fibre tracts studied–the optic tract, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and fimbria. GAD activity was exceptionally high in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis particularly in its ventral part. The significance of the results are discussed in terms of what is known about the evolution and anatomy of the amygdala.