季节和等级顺位对雄性黄山短尾猴粪样皮质醇水平的影响

在长期的进化选择压力下,灵长类动物大多数群居生活,群体中的动物个体也面临来自群内成员强度不一的社会压力,压力大小的重要生理指标通常用其体内的皮质醇水平的变化来衡量.季节性繁殖的黄山短尾猴(Macaca thibetana),群体内的个体有严格的社会等级,是研究等级顺位与社会压力水平之间关系的理想研究对象.我们采集13只...     

猎豹生理生化指标的测定

猎豹 (Ａｃｉｎｏｎｙｘｊｕｂａｔｕｓ )属食肉目、猫科、猎豹属 ,为大型食肉动物 ,原产于非洲草原 ,数量稀少 ,属《濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约》 (ＣＩＴＥＳ)附录Ⅰ动物。上海野生动物园于 1997年首次在国内繁殖并人工哺育成功这一珍稀动物 ,繁殖的 11只猎豹全部成活。现已有 2 0只 ,形成一较大的猎豹种群。有关猎豹的生理生化指标报道很少 ,而动物的生理生化指标是反映其机体状况的重要指标 ,也是实验研究的基础资料 ,更可为猎豹的驯养、繁殖及疾病诊治等提供重要的参考资料。为此 ,我们对本园 2 0只猎豹 (其中成年 9只 ,幼年 11只…     

半散放猎豹毛发微量元素含量比较

许多微量元素与动物生理生化机能有着密切的联系,对机体的生长发育和维持健康起着重要作用.近年来,微量元素研究日渐得到重视,如Cu、 Zn、 Mn、 Se、 Pb等微量元素参与酶、激素和维生素代谢,影响动物生殖功能(Suchocki et al., 2003).     

猕猴毛发皮质醇测量方法探索

毛发是评估下丘脑−垂体−肾上腺轴(HPA轴)慢性活性变化很好的样品,毛发皮质醇的提取方法非常重要。为保证毛发皮质醇提取过程的可靠性,实验使用了液氮冷冻研磨;设计了空白对照组（磷酸缓冲液(PBS)）（n=3）、原管组(n=10)和新管组(n=10),以检验缓冲液、离心管对提取的潜在干扰;对同一动物样品(n =16)两次独立提取的结果及毛发皮质醇浓度与受到的极端攻击量（血浆皮质醇浓度的间接指标）(n=16)进行了Pearson相关分析。结果表明：空白对照组测量结果为0 pg/mg;新管浓度值与原管无显著性差异(F（1,19）=0.041, P=0.843,one-way ANOVA);两次独立提取结果高度正相关（r=0.893,P=0.000）;皮质醇浓度与受到的极端攻击量中度正相关（r=0.591,P=0.008）。因此,离心管、缓冲液对实验没有显著性干扰,溶液中皮质醇来源于毛发样品;提取操作流程可靠,所得数据可信。     

猕猴毛发皮质醇测量方法探索

毛发是评估下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)慢性活性变化很好的样品,毛发皮质醇的提取方法非常重要。为保证毛发皮质醇提取过程的可靠性,实验使用了液氮冷冻研磨;设计了空白对照组(磷酸缓冲液(PBS))(n=3)、原管组(n=10)和新管组(n=10),以检验缓冲液、离心管对提取的潜在干扰;对同一动物样品(n=16)两次独立提取的结果及毛发皮质醇浓度与受到的极端攻击量(血浆皮质醇浓度的间接指标)(n=16)进行了Pearson相关分析。结果表明:空白对照组测量结果为0pg/mg;新管浓度值与原管无显著性差异(F(1,19)=0.041,P=0.843,one-wayANOVA);两次独立提取结果高度正相关(r=0.893,P=0.000);皮质醇浓度与受到的极端攻击量中度正相关(r=0.591,P=0.008)。因此,离心管、缓冲液对实验没有显著性干扰,溶液中皮质醇来源于毛发样品;提取操作流程可靠,所得数据可信。     

圈养林麝社会等级与粪样类固醇激素水平的关系

动物社群的社会等级可对个体的资源分配、社群稳定及个体的行为对策产生重要影响,圈养动物的类固醇激素水平与饲养管理有关,可反映动物的社群紧张水平.深入理解圈养动物的社会等级与其类固醇激素水平的关系是进行濒危动物迁地保育和成功驯养的基础.2018年6月15日—8月15日,用焦点取样法对四川马尔康林麝繁育场的25头林麝进行了冲...     

猎豹(Acinonyx jubatus)肠道微生物多样性及其性别差异研究

[目的]探讨猎豹（Acinonyx jubatus）肠道微生物多样性特征。[方法]通过采集新鲜粪便样品,对9只健康成年野生猎豹（4只雄性,5只雌性）的肠道微生物16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行高通量测序,对猎豹肠道微生物多样性进行研究。[结果]测序共获得肠道微生物16S rRNA基因V3-V4区有效序列599349条,序列平均长度405 bp。通过以97%的序列相似性进行分类,共获得操作分类单元（OTU） 268个。经序列比对和分类鉴定,这些OTU都属于细菌域,包括10个门,21个纲,35个目,72个科,144个属。其中,丰度最高的5个细菌门是厚壁菌门（Firmicutes,平均占OTU总数的42.29%%）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria,31.54%）、梭杆菌门（Fusobacteroidetes,16.66%）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria,5.30%）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,4.19%）。拟杆菌门的丰度较低是猎豹肠道微生物的主要特征。丰度最高的5个科依次是红蝽杆菌科（Coriobacteriaceae,31.28%）、消化链球菌科（Peptostreptococcaceae,平均占17.66%）,梭杆菌科（Fusobacteriaceae,15.46%）、毛螺菌科（Lachnospiraceae,12.40%）、梭菌科I（Clostridiaceae_I,6.93%）等。丰度最高的5个属依次是柯林斯氏菌属（Collinsella,30.16%）、梭杆菌属（Fusobacterium,15.46%）、艰难梭菌属（Peptoclostridium,11.46%）、Blautia属（8.28%）和狭窄梭菌属1（Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,6.39%）。约有2.32%的OTU没有归类到属。群落alpha多样性分析结果显示,猎豹肠道微生物群落Shannon指数为2.93-4.41,Simpson指数为0.72-0.91。通过依据性别进行分组,对雌雄两组之间的alpha多样性比较表明,雄性组的物种和Shannon指数略高于雌性组。Beta多样性分析表明,雌雄两组之间的差异高于各组内部不同个体之间的差异。然而,聚类分析显示,相同性别的猎豹的肠道微生物并没有聚在一起。[结论]本文通过高通量测序技术研究了猎豹肠道微生物多样性特征和性别差异,为猎豹的保护、救护饲养和消化生理学研究提供了基础数据。     

圈养林麝粪样类固醇激素水平与麝香分泌的关系

基于非损伤取样和放射免疫法(RIA),于2018年9月1日—10月15日期间对四川马尔康林麝繁育场的36头雄性圈养林麝(Moschus berezovskii)的粪样类固醇激素水平进行了检测,结合麝香分泌数据采集,探究了林麝的粪样睾酮和皮质醇水平与其麝香分泌的关系,结果表明:四川马尔康圈养林麝的麝香分泌(12.53±0.76) g (n=36)与粪样睾酮水平(106.03±12.34) ng/g (n=36)呈显著正相关(r=0.436,P<0.01),泌香较多雄麝(16.50±0.61) g (n=17)的睾酮水平(141.51±21.86) ng/g (n=17)显著地高于泌香较少(8.98±0.59) g (n=19)雄麝(74.27±7.93) ng/g (n=19)(t=-3.252,df=34,P<0.01),方程y=0.021x+10.270(R²=0.120,P<0.05)可较好地拟合二者间关系。麝香分泌与皮质醇浓度(47.49±1.53) ng/g (n=36)相关不显著(r=0.078,P>0.05),泌香较多雄麝的皮质...     

人为刺激奔跑训练对驯养猎豹的影响

对上海野生动物园内的6头驯养猎豹采取人工刺激的方法让它们逐步恢复短距离急速奔跑,并将这6头猎豹的行为、生理生化指标和精液与园内圈养和半散养的6头猎豹加以比较,结果表明训练后猎豹正在逐步恢复捕食、交配等野外行为特性,而且训练后猎豹的血红蛋白含量等生理生化指标和精液质量与圈养和半散养的猎豹发生了较为显著的变化.本研究结果对于保护及展示猎豹这一特有物种起到一定的积极作用.     

普氏原羚粪便样品中皮质醇激素保存时效研究

由于采集粪便样品无需对目标动物进行捕捉、限制或影响其行为,检测粪便样品中类固醇激素的方法近几十年来在野生动物保护、行为生态学、生理生态学等诸多领域得到广泛应用。普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)由于其种群和行为等方面的特殊性,较难进行直接的生理监测,因此采用间接手段监测其粪便类固醇激素就显得很有必要。为探讨不同保存方法对普氏原羚粪便中皮质醇的影响,我们将采集到的新鲜粪便样品充分混合后分为30份,各取10份分别保存于﹣20℃、4℃和20℃,在保存2、5、7、10、15、20、25、30 d和50 d时,使用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测样品中的皮质醇含量。单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)结果显示,保存于﹣20℃的粪便样品中皮质醇含量在保存50 d内没有显著变化,含量为(11.747±2.951)ng/g(平均值±标准差),(F=1.966,n=81,P0.05),而保存于4℃和20℃的样品则出现明显波动(4℃:F=23.643,P0.05;20℃:F=35.126,P0.05),含量分别为(15.951±6.766)ng/g和(11.042±6.094)ng/g。保存于4℃和20℃的样品中皮质醇含量在24 h内均有上升,在随后的几天逐渐下降。结果表明,﹣20℃冷冻可以简便有效地保存普氏原羚粪便样品中的皮质醇激素。同时,在野外暴露超过24 h的粪便样品会造成测定结果产生误差,在采集样品时要考虑到潜在的影响。     

Male reproductive success in harem troops of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)

Based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data collected in 1967–1988 by various observers, male reproductive success was studied in the Hanuman langurs of Jodhpur, India. The harem-structured social organization ensures a high degree of paternity certainty. Births occur throughout the year, with significant peaks and minima in March and November, respectively (n =398).The interbirth interval averages 16.7 months (n = 114).The duration of harem residencies varies between 3 days and ≥ 74.0 months, with a mean of 26.5 (n = 64). Harem holder replacements occur during all months of the year. No male achieves residency in more than one troop, suggesting that residency is associated with a distinct peak in the resource holding potential of a given male. Reproductive success among males varies considerably. Male mortality is high due to migration and intrasexual competition, leading to an adult sex ratio of 1:4.9. It is estimated that one-quarter of all adult males will never gain harem residency. Conceptions achieved outside harem residencies are so rare (4.7%) that a viable low-risk strategy, opting for longevity instead of harem residency, is unlikely. Tenure length has a stronger influence on male reproductive success than harem size because interbirth intervals are significantly shorter in small harems than in larger ones. It is assumed that females in one-male breeding structures compete for sperm and that such competition is more intense in larger harems.     

Paternity in Sooty Mangabeys

We determined paternity for 78 sooty mangabeys [(Cercocebus torquatus atys (Groves, 1978) equivalent to C. atys (Napier and Napier, 1967)], born between 1986 and 1993, using DNA profile analysis. The analysis is based on two independent assays of the genome of each individual via multilocus DNA probes. The mangabeys were members of either a large (n = 98) or a small (n = 18) group. Overall, during two periods of analysis in the large group, higher-ranking males sired more offspring than their lower-ranking counterparts did, though during one period the correlation between dominance rank and reproductive success is not significant. Of the two males in the small group, the alpha male sired all of the offspring during one period. There is a significant correlation between mounts and the number of surviving offspring each male sired in one birth year. Moreover, the same male did not always sire the offspring of a given female from year to year. Behavioral data focusing on male–offspring interactions show that offspring (n = 15) did not preferentially affiliate with their sire and that males affiliated with infants too infrequently for analysis. Thus, in a large sooty mangabey colony: (1) dominance rank generally predicts reproductive success; (2) adult males are not preferentially attracted to their offspring, or infants to their sires; and (3) the same male generally does not sire the offspring of a given female from year to year.     

Male mating success, reproductive success and multiple paternity in a natural population of sand lizards: behavioural and molecular genetics data

Sand lizard Lacerta agilis females characteristically mate with several males which, in staged mating experiments, results in multiple paternity of the offspring. In order to investigate multiple paternity in a natural population and interpret male reproductive behaviours in terms of sired young, we sampled the blood of females, potential fathers and hatchlings, and determined paternity using multilocus DNA fingerprinting as well as the variation at a single locus detected by the probe (TC) _n . The paternity analyses were preceded by a laboratory experiment in which we established that the parental alleles identified by the single locus probe were inherited in a Mendelian way. Our molecular data demonstrated that 12 out of 13 males (92%) that sired offspring were correctly identified from the 56 sexually mature males in the population. Also smaller males were accepted as sexual partners by the females, but sired fewer young in competition with larger males and were less able to maintain prolonged post-copulatory mate guarding. This may result in that some sexually successful males are only observed inside a female's home range, but never in pair-association with the female.     

Voice pitch predicts reproductive success in male hunter-gatherers

The validity of evolutionary explanations of vocal sexual dimorphism hinges upon whether or not individuals with more sexually dimorphic voices have higher reproductive success than individuals with less dimorphic voices. However, due to modern birth control methods, these data are rarely described, and mating success is often used as a second-rate proxy. Here, we test whether voice pitch predicts reproductive success, number of children born and child mortality in an evolutionarily relevant population of hunter-gatherers. While we find that voice pitch is not related to reproductive outcomes in women, we find that men with low voice pitch have higher reproductive success and more children born to them. However, voice pitch in men does not predict child mortality. These findings suggest that the association between voice pitch and reproductive success in men is mediated by differential access to fecund women. Furthermore, they show that there is currently selection pressure for low-pitch voices in men.     

Correlates of lifetime reproductive success in three species of European ducks

Number of breeding attempts is a strong correlate of lifetime reproductive success (LRS) in birds, but the relative importance of potentially interacting factors affecting LRS has rarely been fully evaluated. We considered simultaneously five main factors hypothesized to influence LRS (age at first breeding, nesting date, number of breeding attempts, female traits, brood parasitism) by analyzing with path analysis 22-year data sets for 1,279 individually marked females and their offspring in tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), common pochard (A. ferina) and northern shoveler (Anas clypeata). We recaptured marked offspring as breeding adults (n=496 females) and obtained more complete estimates of LRS by incorporating information about banded ducklings of both sexes shot by hunters 12 months after banding (n=138). In tufted ducks and especially pochard (both diving duck species), late-hatched females tended to delay nesting until 2-years old. Most females (tufted duck, 74%; pochard, 71%; shoveler, 59%) apparently produced no breeding-age offspring. Number of breeding attempts (i.e., longevity) was the strongest correlate of LRS in all species, after controlling effects of age at first breeding, relative nest initiation date, wing length and body mass. Percentage of females producing recruits increased gradually with number of breeding attempts for all three species. Also, as expected, females nesting early in the breeding season had higher LRS than late-nesting individuals. In shoveler, female-specific characteristics of relatively longer wings and heavier late incubation body mass had positive effects on LRS, the latter feature being more common in 2-year-old nesters. In diving ducks, no relationships were detected between LRS and female-specific traits like wing length or body mass, and nor did acceptance of parasitic eggs have any deleterious impact on fitness estimates. Overall, number of fledged ducklings and LRS were related in tufted duck, weakly associated in pochard and unrelated in shoveler, implying that fledging success is not always a reliable measure of LRS.     

Male emergence timing and mating success in the funnel-web spider,Agelena limbata (Araneae: Agelenidae)

Field observations on the relationship between male mating success and emergence timing in the funnel-web spider,Agelena limbata, were conducted.Agelena limbata is an annual species and adult males appear slightly earlier than adult females in July. As males deposit a copulatory plug at the female epigynum after copulation, copulation with virgin females is important to males. The number of copulations in males with virgin females, which strongly correlates with the longevity of males and the number of females that males courted, did not correlate with the emergence timing of males. Early emerged males and females were significantly larger in size than later ones, but the correlation coefficient between the emerged date and the cephalothorax width was not strong. Males that emerged earlier did not have any advantage in copulating with larger and more fecund females. Furthermore, virgin females first copulated on average 7.9 days after their final molt and the mortality rate of adult males increased after the final molt. These factors may favor the smaller degree of protandry in male emergence timing inA. limbata.