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1.
以1112年生苹果树为研究对象,于2006—2007年在烟台市农业科学研究院果树研究所试验果园进行了根系分区交替灌溉(APRI)试验,研究了APRI灌溉模式下不同交替灌溉周期对苹果树生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,APRI处理的苹果树湿润一侧土壤含水量随深度增加而减少,并出现明显拐点,交替周期愈短拐点愈接近地表,干旱一侧则随深度增加而增大,二者含水量最大差值出现在土壤表层010cm。每2周交替灌溉1次的APRI1处理的叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度稍有降低,但与对照均没有明显差异,而每4周交替灌溉1次的APRI2和APRI3处理的上述指标则显著低于对照(P0.05)。APRI处理显著抑制植株的新梢生长,但对果实直径没有显著影响。APRI1和APRI2处理的苹果产量比对照和APRI3下降了11.1%14.8%,但供水量减少了50%,水分利用效率提高了71%80%,而且显著提高了可溶性固形物含量和果实干物质含量,使果实含酸量降低,果实硬度增加,果实品质明显改善。由此可以推断采用根系分区交替灌溉并进行适宜的交替周期处理(如试验中的APRI1)可以达到大量节水、提高苹果品质而不明显降低产量的目的,是苹果生产中一种切实可行的灌溉方式,值得旱地苹果园大力推广。  相似文献   

2.
分根交替灌溉对桃树生长发育及水分利用效率的影响   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
以12年生桃树为对象,研究了分根交替灌溉(APRI)对半干旱气候条件下桃树生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:APRI处理的桃树湿润一侧土壤含水量随深度的增加而减小,而干旱一侧则随深度的增加而增大,二者含水量最大差值出现在土壤表层(0~25 cm);每2周和每4周交替灌溉1次的APRI处理在黎明前叶水势明显低于常规对照(充分灌溉),但随着时间(白天)的推移,所有处理的叶水势都趋于降低,下午APRI处理与对照差异不显著.APRI处理桃产量比对照降低10%,但供水量减少了50%,水分利用率提高了75%;APRI处理明显降低了桃树植株的新梢生长量,但对果实直径没有显著影响.  相似文献   

3.
根区交替地下滴灌对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
采用田间试验方法,研究了根区交替地下滴灌(APRI)对马铃薯生理指标、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在马铃薯块茎生长期,与对照处理(CDI)相比,APRI处理的马铃薯叶片光合速率的降低不显著(4.7%),而蒸腾速率和气孔导度则明显降低,降幅分别达15.8%和15.4%,CDI处理略高的光合速率是以消耗更多的水分为代价;与CDI处理相比,APRI处理的马铃薯产量仅降低5.4%,但灌溉水量却节省了25.8%,使灌溉水分利用效率和总水分利用效率分别提高了27.5%和15.3%.对于马铃薯来说,根区交替地下滴灌是一种切实可行的节水灌溉技术.  相似文献   

4.
以矮化红富士苹果幼苗为试验材料,采用交替滴灌(ADI)、固定滴灌(FDI)和常规滴灌(CDI)3种滴灌方式和3种灌水量对苹果幼苗的生理特性和水分利用效率进行了研究,以阐明根系分区交替灌溉下苹果幼苗生理特性和节水机理.结果表明:与CDI方式相比,当灌水定额由20 mm增大到30 mm时,ADI方式提高了苹果幼苗根干重、根系导水率、叶水势和净光合速率,降低了其蒸腾速率、棵间蒸发量和蒸散量,从而使得ADI方式下的叶片水分利用效率、总水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率较CDI方式大大提高;3种滴灌方式的根系导水率均存在显著的季节变化,并以8月份最大,12月份最小;与CDI方式相比, ADI和FDI方式在节水达33.3%时的平均根系导水率仅分别降低了5.81%和14.7%,但水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率分别较CDI方式高出16.31%和14.48%、40.52%和27.65%.可见,局部根区灌溉方式能促进苹果幼苗生长和光合作用,并主要通过提高根系导水率的途径来提高水分利用效率.  相似文献   

5.
【目的】探索节水、控水方式调控苹果水分高效利用效率的机制,优化渭北苹果主产区节水、丰产和增收的管理方式。【方法】以陕西省咸阳市乾县铁佛镇果友协会试验站8年生‘烟富3号/T337’苹果树为试材,设置充分灌溉(灌溉后土壤相对含水量为75%)和轻度亏缺灌溉(灌溉后土壤相对含水量为50%)两个灌水量水平,组成果实生长期和膨大期均充分灌溉(CK)、果实生长期和膨大期均轻度亏缺灌溉(W1)、果实生长期轻度亏缺灌溉和膨大期充分灌溉(W2)及果实生长期充分灌溉和膨大期轻度亏缺灌溉(W3)4个亏缺灌溉模式处理。测定春梢生长指标,果实品质指标和果实产量指标,计算水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、果实综合评价满意度以明确最佳的亏缺灌溉方式。【结果】(1)苹果新梢长度及叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)在各处理间无显著性差异,而其春梢直径在各处理下显著降低。(2)与CK相比,单果重在 W1处理下显著降低了10.3%,果实可滴定酸含量在W2处理下显著降低14.7%,果形指数和可溶性固形物含量在3种水分亏缺灌溉处理下均无显著变化。(3)W1处理能显著提高果皮黄色值b*,W2处理能显著提高果皮色泽饱和度C*,而各亏缺灌溉处理对果皮亮度值L*和红绿值a*均无显著影响。(4)与CK相比,果实产量在各亏缺灌溉处理下降低13.4%~24.7%,但仅W1处理降幅达显著水平;果树灌溉水利用效率在各亏缺灌溉处理均不同程度提高,但仅W1处理显著提高了38.0%;果树耗水量和水分利用效率在各亏缺灌溉处理下无显著性差异。(4)果实综合评价满意度表现为W2>CK>W3(W1)。【结论】陕西渭北地区苹果在生长期轻度亏缺灌溉和膨大期充分灌溉(W2)模式下果实的综合评价满意度最高,果实产量、单果重无显著变化,而果实品质较优,果树水分利用效率较高。  相似文献   

6.
以黄瓜“津育5号”为试材,研究了交替隔沟灌溉和施氮量(零氮肥、优化氮肥和常规氮肥)对日光温室黄瓜(冬春茬、秋冬茬)光合作用、生长特性、产量形成和果实品质的影响.结果表明:交替隔沟灌溉下,植株上、中、下叶位叶片的净光合速率(Pn)略低于常规灌溉下的相应叶位,而蒸腾速率(Tr)显著降低,上、中叶位叶片的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)有所提高;交替隔沟灌溉下植株光合作用的限制因素是气孔因素.交替隔沟灌溉下施氮量的增加有助于促进黄瓜功能叶片Pn和WUE的提高.与常规灌溉相比,交替隔沟灌溉下叶片叶绿素含量和植株总生物产量有所降低,但根生物产量、根冠比以及根和果实器官的干物质分配比例增加,经济产量持平,经济产量水平的水分利用效率( WUEy)显著提高.交替隔沟灌溉有利于植株根系发育和果实形成.交替隔沟灌溉下随施氮量的增加,叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b、比叶重、植株总生物产量和经济产量呈增加趋势,果实Vc含量和可溶性糖含量升高,但优化氮肥与常规氮肥处理间差异不显著,氮肥施用对WUEy无显著影响.冬春茬黄瓜的经济产量和生物产量显著高于秋冬茬.  相似文献   

7.
基于节水灌溉技术原理与作物感知缺水的根源信号理论而提出的根系分区交替灌溉,是交替对作物部分根区进行正常的灌溉,其余根区受到适度水分胁迫的灌溉方式。应用同位素示踪技术追溯分根区交替供水条件下土壤-作物系统水分运转途径并揭示其节水调质机理是一个重要的研究方向。本文对根系分区交替灌溉的节水调质效应、节水机理、稳定性氢氧同位素在植物水分运移中的应用以及稳定性碳同位素在植物水分利用效率中的应用研究进展及应用前景作了简要介绍,并对将来需要重点研究的方向作了展望。以期为充分挖掘作物生理节水潜力,大幅度提高作物水分利用效率和实现节水、丰产、优质、高效的综合目标提供有效的调控途径。  相似文献   

8.
以高产大果型西红柿品种中研988为材料,采用分根培养的方法,研究了控制性分根交替灌溉(APRI)条件下,不同氮素形态(硝态氮、铵态氮)对番茄生长、产量及果实品质的影响.结果表明: 同一灌溉方式或下限处理下,铵态氮对番茄植株前期生长有利,而硝态氮促进番茄植株后期生长,并促进果实产量增加.在APRI同一灌水下限下,硝态氮处理可提高果实维生素C含量及糖酸比,提高营养品质.同一氮素形态供应下,APRI番茄的株高和叶面积均小于正常灌溉(CK),但灌水下限为60%田间持水量(θf)的APRI处理番茄茎粗在生长后期有所增加.在同一氮素形态下,与CK相比,APRI各处理的产量均下降,其中灌水下限在40%θf的APRI处理产量下降了22.4%~26.3%;而灌水下限在60% θf的APRI处理仅下降了5.3%~5.4%,下降幅度相对较小,而品质显著提高,并具有明显的节水效果.因此,控制灌水下限在60%θf、供应硝态氮的APRI处理为番茄高产、优质、节水的最佳处理.
  相似文献   

9.
采用固定滴灌(根区一侧固定供水)、控制性分根区交替滴灌(根区两侧交替供水)和常规滴灌(紧贴幼树基部供水)3种灌水方式和3种灌水定额(固定滴灌和交替滴灌均为10、20和30 mm,常规滴灌为20、30和40 mm),对比研究了控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响.结果表明: 交替滴灌的根区两侧土壤出现反复干湿交替过程,常规滴灌的根区两侧土壤含水率差异不显著.在灌水定额相同时,灌水侧的土壤含水率在3种灌水方式间差异不显著.与常规滴灌和固定滴灌相比,交替滴灌显著增加了苹果幼树的根冠比、壮苗指数和根系水分传导,在30 mm灌水定额处理下,交替滴灌的根冠比分别增加31.6%和47.1%,壮苗指数增加34.2%和53.6%,根系水分传导增加9.0%和11.0%.3种灌水方式下,根干质量和叶面积均与根系水分传导呈显著线性正相关.控制性分根区交替滴灌增强了苹果幼树根系水分传导的补偿效应,促进了根系对水分的吸收利用,有利于干物质向各个器官均衡分配,显著提高了根冠比和壮苗指数.  相似文献   

10.
水肥异区交替灌溉对夏玉米生理指标的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以夏玉米品种‘户单4号'为材料,通过防雨棚内微区试验研究了两种灌水量(450 m~3/hm~2和900 m~3/hm~2)条件下水肥异区交替灌溉和均匀灌溉对夏玉米生长以及某些生理指标的影响.结果显示:(1)在节水50%的条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉与高灌水量均匀灌溉的夏玉米生物量、产量均无显著差异.(2)低灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉下的玉米根系伤流液、叶片可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶活性、光合速率、蒸腾速率等均高于均匀灌溉施肥处理,而植株全氮含量及叶片水分利用效率与均匀灌溉施肥的差异不显著.(3)高灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉处理除根系活力、光合速率以及蒸腾速率高于均匀灌溉处理外,其他指标均低于后者.研究表明,在低灌水量条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉能使夏玉米保持较高的根系活力和正常生理代谢,提高其叶片水分利用效率,从而达到了节水增产的目的.  相似文献   

11.
Partial root-zone irrigation creates a dynamic heterogeneous distribution of soil moisture that may affect the numbers and activities of soil microorganisms. In this study, three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CI), alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI, alternate watering on both sides of the pot) and fixed partial root-zone irrigation (FPRI, fixed watering on one side of the pot), and three watering levels, i.e. well-watered, mild and severe water deficit, were applied on pot-grown maize. Numbers of soil microorganisms, plant height, stalk diameter, leaf area and biomass accumulation were monitored over the treatment period. A quadratic parabola relationship between the number of soil microorganisms and soil water content was found, indicating the number of soil microorganisms reached a peak at the mild soil water deficit condition, possibly due to better soil aeration. The peak number of soil microorganism was obtained when soil water content was 66, 79 and 75% of field capacity for CI, FPRI and APRI, respectively. Soil microorganisms were evenly distributed in both sides of APRI and their total numbers were always higher than those under other two irrigation methods for the same soil water content. The count of soil microorganisms in the dry root zone of FPRI was reduced by a lack of water. Maximum biomass accumulation was obtained under well watered condition but severe water deficit led to a 50% reduction in the CI treatment. Such reduction was much smaller under APRI and therefore the highest water use efficiency was obtained. Our results suggest that APRI maintained the best aeration and moisture condition in the soil and enhanced the activities of soil microorganisms, which might also have benefited the plant growth.  相似文献   

12.
Alternate partial root zone irrigation (APRI) is a new water-saving irrigation technique. It can reduce irrigation water and transpiration without reduction in crop yield, thus increase water and nutrient use efficiency. Understanding of soil moisture distribution and dynamic under the alternate partial root zone drip irrigation (APDI) can help to develop the efficient irrigation schemes. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) root water uptake model was proposed based on soil water dynamic and root distribution of grape vine, and a function of soil evaporation related to soil water content was defined under the APDI. Then the soil water dynamic model of APDI (APRI-model) was developed based on the 2D root water uptake model and soil evaporation function combined with average measured soil moisture content at 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil water dynamic in APDI was respectively simulated by Hydrus-2D model and APRI-model. The simulated soil water contents by two models were compared with the measured value. The results showed that the values of root-mean-square-error (RMSE) range from 0.01 to 0.022 cm3/cm3 for APRI-model, and from 0.012 to 0.031 cm3/cm3 for Hydrus-2D model. The average relative error between the simulated and measured soil water content is about 10% for APRI-model, and from 11% to 29% for Hydrus-2D model, indicating that two models perform well in simulating soil moisture dynamic under the APDI, but the APRI-model is more suitable for modeling the soil water dynamic in the arid region with greater soil evaporation and uneven root distribution.  相似文献   

13.
采用固定滴灌(根区一侧固定供水)、控制性分根区交替滴灌(根区两侧交替供水)和常规滴灌(紧贴幼树基部供水)3种灌水方式和3种灌水定额(固定滴灌和交替滴灌均为10、20和30 mm,常规滴灌为20、30和40 mm),对比研究了控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响.结果表明:交替滴灌的根区两侧土壤出现反复干湿交替过程,常规滴灌的根区两侧土壤含水率差异不显著.在灌水定额相同时,灌水侧的土壤含水率在3种灌水方式间差异不显著.与常规滴灌和固定滴灌相比,交替滴灌显著增加了苹果幼树的根冠比、壮苗指数和根系水分传导,在30 mm灌水定额处理下,交替滴灌的根冠比分别增加31.6%和47.1%,壮苗指数增加34.2%和53.6%,根系水分传导增加9.0%和11.0%.3种灌水方式下,根干质量和叶面积均与根系水分传导呈显著线性正相关.控制性分根区交替滴灌增强了苹果幼树根系水分传导的补偿效应,促进了根系对水分的吸收利用,有利于干物质向各个器官均衡分配,显著提高了根冠比和壮苗指数.  相似文献   

14.
集雨-壤中防渗技术是在起垄覆膜垄沟覆草技术的基础上提出的一项新技术.为了探讨集雨-壤中防渗技术在陕北黄土丘陵区山地果园的应用效果,在米脂县党塔苹果科技示范基地山地红富士苹果园布设对照(CK)、黄绵土夯实防渗(L1)、红黏土防渗(R1)、红黏土夯实防渗(R2)4种处理,测定了不同防渗层类型的土壤容重、稳渗率以及不同处理的土壤水分、果实品质、产量和水分利用率.结果表明: 红黏土夯实防渗层防渗效果最好,其土壤容重(1.61 g·cm-3)最高,持水量最低,稳定入渗率(0.02 mm·min-1)最小,采用Kostiakov经验公式方程能很好地模拟不同防渗处理水分入渗特征.在整个苹果生长季节,不同防渗处理均能提高集雨沟下0~60 cm土层的土壤含水量,其中,R2的含水量始终最高,在旱季可以达到苹果树生长发育适宜的含水量标准;壤中防渗处理60 cm土层以下20~30 cm范围内存在一个明显的“低湿层”,但低湿层至200 cm土层的土壤含水量变化趋势较为稳定,较CK略有增加;集雨-壤中防渗处理能够提高果实产量和水分利用率、改善品质.其中,R2处理的产量比CK提高了19.2%,优果率提高了26.5%,水分利用效率提高了24.5%.建议陕北黄土丘陵区山地苹果生产中大力推广集雨-壤中防渗技术.  相似文献   

15.
Alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) is a new water-saving technique and may improve crop water use efficiency without much yield reduction. We investigated if the benefits of APRI on biomass accumulation, water and nitrogen use efficiencies could be modified by different soil fertilization and watering levels in pot-grown maize (Zea mays L. cv. super-sweet No 28, a local variety). Three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CI), alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI, alternate watering on both sides of the pot) and fixed partial root-zone irrigation (FPRI, fixed watering on one side of the pot), two watering levels, i.e. water deficit (W1, 45–55% of field capacity) and well-watered (W2, 70–80% of field capacity), and two N fertilization levels, i.e. no fertilization and fertilization, were designed. Results showed that APRI and FPRI methods led to more reduction in transpiration than in photosynthesis, and thus increased leaf water use efficiency (leaf WUE, i.e. the ratio of leaf net photosynthetic rate to transpiration rate). Compared to the CI treatment, APRI and FPRI increased leaf WUE by 7.7% and 8.1% before the jointing stage and 3.6% and 4.2% during the jointing stage, respectively. Under the fertilization and well-watered conditions, APRI treatment saved irrigation water by 38.4% and reduced shoot and total dry masses by 5.9% and 6.7%, respectively if compared to the CI treatment. APRI also enhanced canopy WUE (defined as the amount of total biomass per unit water used) and nitrogen (N) apparent recovery fraction (Nr, defined as the ratio of the increased N uptake to N applied) by 24.3% and 16.4%, respectively, indicating that effect of APRI can be better materialized under appropriate fertilization and water supply. Responsible Editor: Rana E. Munns  相似文献   

16.
二元覆盖对苹果树低耗水生育期土壤水分的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
为探明间作油菜和果树覆膜组合措施对黄土高原旱作苹果园低耗水生育期土壤水分的影响,通过田间定位观测试验,对比分析了各处理土壤含水量、土壤储水量等参数.结果表明: 在果树萌芽期,苹果树覆膜+行间种植50%宽度油菜(PR1)和苹果树覆膜+行间种植100%宽度油菜(PR2)处理0~200 cm土层平均土壤含水量分别较对照(苹果树不覆膜+行间清耕)提高了7.9%、6.9%,在果树开花期分别较对照提高了3.5%、6.9%.两种处理在苹果树萌芽期均产生了土壤水分竞争,油菜边缘处是竞争最激烈的区域,这一时期PR1处理竞争程度小于PR2处理;在苹果树开花期PR1处理竞争现象不明显,PR2处理竞争现象明显;在这两个时期内PR2处理均发现土壤水分低值区.与对照相比,两种处理均能提高果园0~80 cm土层土壤储水量,同时在0~200 cm土层不产生土壤水分亏缺现象.在黄土高原旱作苹果园,推行PR1模式有利于改善低耗水生育期苹果园的土壤水分环境.  相似文献   

17.
Effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) on the hydraulic conductivity in the soil-root system (L(sr)) in different root zones were investigated using a pot experiment. Maize plants were raised in split-root containers and irrigated on both halves of the container (conventional irrigation, CI), on one side only (fixed PRI, FPRI), or alternately on one of two sides (alternate PRI, APRI). Results show that crop water consumption was significantly correlated with L(sr) in both the whole and irrigated root zones for all three irrigation methods but not with L(sr) in the non-irrigated root zone of FPRI. The total L(sr) in the irrigated root zone of two PRIs was increased by 49.0-92.0% compared with that in a half root zone of CI, suggesting that PRI has a significant compensatory effect of root water uptake. For CI, the contribution of L(sr) in a half root zone to L(sr) in the whole root zone was ~50%. For FPRI, the L(sr) in the irrigated root zone was close to that of the whole root zone. As for APRI, the L(sr) in the irrigated root zone was greater than that of the non-irrigated root zone. In comparison, the L(sr) in the non-irrigated root zone of APRI was much higher than that in the dried zone of FPRI. The L(sr) in both the whole and irrigated root zones was linearly correlated with soil moisture in the irrigated root zone for all three irrigation methods. For the two PRI treatments, total water uptake by plants was largely determined by the soil water in the irrigated root zone. Nevertheless, the non-irrigated root zone under APRI also contributed to part of the total crop water uptake, but the continuously non-irrigated root zone under FPRI gradually ceased to contribute to crop water uptake, suggesting that it is the APRI that can make use of all the root system for water uptake, resulting in higher water use efficiency.  相似文献   

18.
It is widely believed that partial root drying (PRD) reduces water losses by transpiration without affecting yield. However, experimental work carried out to date does not always support this hypothesis. In many cases a PRD treatment has been compared to a full irrigated treatment, so doubt remains on whether the observed benefits correspond to the switching of irrigation or just to PRD being a deficit irrigation treatment. In addition, not always a PRD treatment has been found advantageous as compared to a companion regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatment. In this work we have compared the response of mature ‘Manzanilla‘ olive trees to a PRD and an RDI treatment in which about 50% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was supplied daily by localised irrigation. We alternated irrigation in the PRD treatment every 2 weeks in 2003 and every 3 weeks in 2004. Measurements of stem water potential (Ψstem), stomatal conductance (g s) and net CO2 assimilation rate (A) were made in trees of both treatments, as well as in trees irrigated to 100% of ETc (Control trees) and in Rain-fed trees. Sap flow was also measured in different conductive organs of trees under both PRD and RDI treatments, to evaluate the influence of alternating irrigation on root water uptake and tree water consumption. We found small and random differences in Ψstem, g s and A, which gave no evidence of PRD causing a positive effect on the olive tree performance, as compared to RDI. Stomatal conductance decreased in PRD trees as compared to Control trees, but a similar decrease in g s was also recorded in the RDI trees. Sap flow measurements, which reflected water use throughout the irrigation period, also showed no evidence of g s being more reduced in PRD than in RDI trees. Daily water consumption was also similar in the trees of the deficit irrigation treatments, for most days, throughout the irrigation period. Alternating irrigation in PRD trees did not cause a change in either water taken up by main roots at each side of the trees, or in the sap flow of both trunk locations and main branches of each side. Results from this work, and from previous work conducted in this orchard, suggest that transpiration is restricted in trees under deficit irrigation, in which roots are left in drying soil when water is applied by localised irrigation, and that there is no need to alternate irrigation for achieving this effect. Section Editor: R. E. Munns  相似文献   

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