转cry1C基因抗虫稻谷对黄粉虫生长发育的影响

【目的】研究转cry1C基因抗虫水稻(T1C-19)稻谷对黄粉虫生长发育的影响,为转Bt基因水稻的推广和应用提供理论支持。【方法】在试验室条件下,分别用100%T1C-19稻谷、100%明恢63(MH63)稻谷、62%T1C-19稻谷、62%MH63稻谷和正常饲料饲喂黄粉虫幼虫直至其化蛹,比较各处理组体重、存活率、幼虫历期、化蛹率和羽化率等检测指标。【结果】正常饲料组、62%T1C-19稻谷组和62%MH63稻谷组的黄粉虫幼虫体重几乎都显著高于100%T1C-19稻谷组和100%MH63稻谷组,但T1C-19和MH63组间差异不显著;此外,5组间的存活率、幼虫历期、化蛹率及羽化率差异均不显著。【结论】黄粉虫可通过取食转cry1C基因稻谷暴露于Cry1C蛋白中,但黄粉虫的生长发育没有受到明显的负面影响;转cry1C基因稻谷可作为饲料原料用于黄粉虫养殖。     

饲料种类和饲养密度对黄粉虫幼虫生长发育的影响

室内研究了饲料种类、饲养密度对黄粉虫幼虫生长速度、死亡率、化蛹率和虫体营养成分的影响.结果表明：（1）黄粉虫幼虫平均每头增重大小顺序为：C组（麦麸＋菜叶）＞ B组（麦麸）＞A组（白菜叶）＞D组（饥饿）,密度1～4头/cm^2的黄粉虫幼虫平均每头增重幅度大于6～8头/cm^2的处理组.（2）黄粉虫幼虫总死亡率的大小顺序分别为：A组、C组＞D组＞B组,8头/cm^2＞2～6头/cm^2＞1头/cm^2;自然死亡率的大小顺序分别为：B组、C组＞A组＞D组,8头/cm^2＞1～6头/cm^2;自相残杀死亡率的大小顺序分别为：A组、C组、D组＞B组,8头/cm^2＞4～6头/cm^2＞1～2头/cm^2;自相残杀死亡率占总死亡率比例的大小顺序分别为：D组＞A组、C组＞B组, 4～8头/cm^2＞2头/cm^2＞1头/cm^2.（3）黄粉虫幼虫化蛹率的大小顺序分别为：C组＞A、B、D组,1～2头/cm^2＞4头/cm^2＞6～8头/cm^2.（4）黄粉虫幼虫干物质含量的大小顺序分别为：B组＞ C组＞D组＞A组,8头/cm^2 ＞6头/cm^2＞1头/cm^2、4头/cm^2＞2头/cm^2;不同饲料条件下虫体中氮、磷含量的大小顺序为：D组、A组＞B组、C组;饲养密度对黄粉虫幼虫氮、磷含量均没有明显的影响.（5）在生产中,饲料以精饲料和青饲料合理搭配为宜,如果考虑化蛹繁殖,密度以2头/cm^2为宜;如果不考虑化蛹繁殖,则黄粉虫幼虫密度可以提高到4头/cm^2.     

饲养密度对洋虫生长发育的影响

在30℃下,研究了饲养密度对洋虫Palembus dermestoides(Fairmaire)幼虫生长发育的影响,并用Weibull频数分布函数探讨了饲养密度对洋虫幼虫存活率的变动影响。结果表明:饲养密度对幼虫存活率影响明显,存活曲线均属于Ⅰ型;但对幼虫体重增长的影响并不显著,饲养密度以0.51~1.53头/cm2为宜,密度过低或过高都使幼虫存活率下降、历期延长,在低密度下幼虫化蛹后的蛹较重,更适合种群的繁衍。     

低浓度毒死蜱对斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长

毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos,CPF)是一种广泛使用的有机磷杀虫剂,多以低浓度形式长期存在于自然环境中.通过在标准人工饲料中添加低浓度毒死蜱,研究其对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius生长发育和食物利用的影响,结果表明:低浓度毒死蜱能刺激昆虫生长,显著增加幼虫和蛹的体重,10 μg/kg处理第3 d幼虫体重和化蛹后重量分别比对照增加86.4%和20%;低浓度毒死蜱也能加快昆虫的生长速度,缩短幼虫发育历期,10μg/kg处理幼虫发育历期低于对照1.1±0.02 d.低浓度毒死蜱对5龄幼虫的食物利用影响不明显,但可显著增加6龄幼虫相对生长率、食物利用率和食物转化率,10μg/kg处理分别比对照增加56%,29%和16%.     

发酵牛粪对黄粉虫幼虫生长发育的影响

为寻找大型养殖场牛粪资源化与产业化利用途径,本文探讨了杂食性黄粉虫转化与利用牛粪的可行性.将牛粪和黄粉虫常规饲料(65％麦麸、30％玉米面、5％豆粕)按梯度比例混合后,用有益微生物菌群(EM)发酵,筛选出FD1、FD2(牛粪含量分别为60％、80％)两组发酵饲料作为处理,以常规饲料为对照(CK)进行黄粉虫幼虫饲养试验,研究不同发酵料对黄粉虫幼虫生长曲线、死亡率、化蛹率、抗氧化系统等的影响,评价黄粉虫幼虫对发酵牛粪饲料的适应性.结果表明:与CK相比,虽然FD1处理黄粉虫幼虫生长周期延长了20 d,死亡率有所上升,但黄粉虫幼虫单体取食总量增加49％ (P＜0.01),末龄幼虫单体质量增加28％(P＜0.01),粗脂肪含量提高26％(P＜0.05),不饱和与饱和脂肪酸含量的比值比CK高32％(P＜0.05),抗氧化酶活性显著增强,对发酵饲料表现出良好的适应性;而FD2处理各项指标均比CK差,表现出较低的适应性.表明在FD1处理条件下,可利用黄粉虫3龄幼虫对牛粪进行资源化利用,具有较好的应用前景.     

薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲生长发育的影响

【目的】探讨入侵杂草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的利用价值, 及其在棕榈害虫二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinoceros生态防控中的应用前景。【方法】采用浸渍法和室内饲喂法, 研究了薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲取食量、 卵孵化、 化蛹、 羽化及幼虫发育等的影响。【结果】薇甘菊提取物对二疣犀甲具有很好的生长发育调节活性。拒食活性研究结果表明, 在不同供试浓度下, 其对二疣犀甲3龄幼虫均表现拒食活性, 且拒食率与处理浓度呈正相关。薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲的卵后, 孵化率明显降低, 且孵化期延长, 10 mg/mL提取物处理后孵化率仅达66.66%, 孵化期比对照延迟3 d, 同时初孵幼虫死亡率也高达40.43%。采用添加薇甘菊提取物的饲料饲喂1龄幼虫后, 幼虫体重增长减缓, 在处理浓度为10和5 mg/g时, 处理后90 d体重增加量分别为3.83 g和4.53 g, 而对照组体重增加量达到6.87 g。薇甘菊提取物处理老熟幼虫后, 对其化蛹具有抑制作用, 造成化蛹率降低, 化蛹时间延长及蛹的畸形。经薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲蛹后, 成虫羽化率降低, 羽化时间明显延长, 且畸形成虫数量增加, 主要表现为翅无法正常伸展、 虫体瘦小、 无法正常爬行等。【结论】薇甘菊具有开发为生物源昆虫生长调节剂、 并在二疣犀甲防控中应用的潜力。     

敲减神经肽F基因(npf)对亚洲玉米螟取食、生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】神经肽F(neuropeptide F, NPF)是无脊椎动物特有的一类神经肽,因其C末端是苯丙氨酸(F)而命名,参与昆虫的取食、生物节律、学习记忆等多种生理功能的调控。本研究旨在明确NPF对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis生长发育的影响,为害虫防治提供重要依据。【方法】采用一种基于工程菌高效合成靶向昆虫基因的dsRNA的方法经济有效地敲降npf,用低浓度(0.01%)和高浓度(0.02%)dsNPF和dsGFP(对照)分别饲喂亚洲玉米螟1龄初、3龄初和5龄初幼虫直至化蛹,检测5龄幼虫平均取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫产卵量,以及幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期和成虫寿命。【结果】从亚洲玉米螟1, 3和5龄初幼虫开始饲喂0.01%和0.02% dsNPF时,与饲喂相应浓度dsGFP的对照相比,除个别点外,5龄幼虫的取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫单雌产卵量均显著降低,幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期均显著延长,成虫寿命显著缩短。且dsNPF处理幼虫的龄期越早对发育的影响越大。其中0.01% dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫和0.02% dsNPF处理的3龄幼虫有90%的个体在蛹期死亡,而0.02%dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫有90%的个体在幼虫期死亡。【结论】结果提示NPF对亚洲玉米螟的发育和取食具有调控作用,这为探索新型绿色的害虫防治提供了依据。     

磁场对黄粉虫生长影响的探讨

地球是个大磁体,在地球上的各种生物都受其影响。我们探讨了磁场作用对黄粉虫TenebriomolitorL．这一资源昆虫生长发育的影响。1材料与方法试验在室内进行。从1991年4月25日黄粉史前蛹期开始至1991年9月22日下一代黄粉虫幼虫期结束。1．1方法：处理组将“SC—B型康乐磁”（北京延庆磁疗器械厂产品）放在20×20×5cm的铁盒中。磁铁磁场强度中心为90Oe,靠中心409Oe,中间370Oe,外缘100Oe。把黄粉虫放入有小孔的塑料瓶内,放在康乐磁上面。对照组不放康乐磁,其它条件相同。1．2观察：化蛹重复22次,放22头;羽化重复11次,各放虫一对;…     

温度对黄粉虫幼虫生长发育及体液免疫防御能力的影响

【目的】探究饲养温度对黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor幼虫生长发育和体液免疫防御的影响。【方法】测定了不同温度（18, 22, 26和30℃）下饲养的黄粉虫幼虫的发育历期、蛹重、化蛹率;采用抑制区分析法测定了不同温度下饲养的免疫（用生理盐水将大肠杆菌Escherichia coli配制成1×104个菌体/μL悬浮液,用微量注射器将其注入虫体腹部的背面,每头幼虫注射1 μL）和非免疫(注射生理盐水)黄粉虫幼虫血淋巴的抑菌和溶菌酶活性,通过分光光度法测定了其酚氧化酶活性。【结果】结果显示,黄粉虫幼虫发育历期随饲养温度的上升而明显缩短（P<0.0001）,而不同温度下蛹重（P=0.067）与化蛹率（P=0.869）差异不显著。免疫组黄粉虫幼虫血淋巴的抑菌、酚氧化酶和溶菌酶活性随饲养温度上升而降低：抑菌和酚氧化酶活性随温度变化差异极显著（P<0.0001）,溶菌酶活性差异显著（P=0.013）。【结论】本研究结果表明,温度对黄粉虫的生长发育和免疫防御具有较大的影响,低温下黄粉虫幼虫的发育历期延长,但其体液免疫防御能力明显增强。     

低温对麦红吸浆虫滞育解除及蜕皮激素受体基因EcR和热激蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90表达水平的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确破茧率和破茧所需时间作为典型的专性幼虫期滞育昆虫麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana滞育解除指标的可行性,探讨蜕皮激素受体基因EcR和热激蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90在低温解除滞育中的作用。【方法】9月上旬采自田间的麦红吸浆虫滞育幼虫在低温(4℃)和自然变温处理不同时间(0~90 d)后转移至24℃化蛹,调查幼虫的破茧率、化蛹率及破茧和化蛹所需时间;采用qPCR技术分析4℃低温终止滞育并在24℃下恢复发育的幼虫EcR, Hsp70和Hsp90的mRNA水平。【结果】不同时间低温(4℃)和自然变温处理的麦红吸浆虫滞育幼虫破茧率和化蛹率以及破茧和化蛹所需时间均存在显著差异。未经低温(4℃)处理的幼虫在水分满足的条件下破茧率为71.3%,但均不能化蛹;低温(4℃)处理60 d内,随着处理时间的延长破茧率和化蛹率逐渐升高,破茧和化蛹所需时间逐渐缩短;与4℃低温处理30~60 d相比,自然变温处理30~60 d的幼虫化蛹率显著较低;4℃低温处理60 d和自然变温处理90 d后幼虫的化蛹率均超过91%。低温(4℃)处理显著提高了麦红吸浆虫幼虫EcR, Hsp70和Hsp90的表达量,其中处理30 d时其表达量最高,随着低温(4℃)处理时间的延长,表达量逐渐降低,大部分幼虫滞育解除后表达量趋于恒定。【结论】低温能显著促进麦红吸浆虫的滞育解除,效果优于9-10月自然变温;破茧率及破茧所需时间可作为评判麦红吸浆虫幼虫滞育强度的参考,但不能独立作为滞育解除的指标;EcR,Hsp70和Hsp90的表达水平与滞育强度密切相关,在麦红吸浆虫滞育解除中发挥潜在作用。     

两种色型黄粉虫的生长发育、存活与饲料利用效率比较研究（英文）

黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor L.是一种重要的资源昆虫, 根据60日龄幼虫的体壁颜色, 通过连续12代的自然选育, 获得了黄、 黑2种色型黄粉虫。为进一步给黄粉虫优良品种培育提供科学的理论依据, 本实验首先对选育出的2种色型黄粉虫的生长发育、 存活及饲料利用效率进行了比较研究。结果表明： 2种色型黄粉虫的孵化率和化蛹率均约为83%和97%, 无显著差异; 但黄色型成虫的羽化率（♀：95%, ♂：91%）却明显高于黑色型成虫的羽化率（♀： 82%, ♂： 83%）。2种色型黄粉虫的卵和蛹历期均约为7 d和10 d, 亦无显著差异; 但黑色型幼虫较黄色型幼虫发育更快、 更整齐。黑色型幼虫共历经12~15龄, 黄色型幼虫历经12~17龄, 并且2种色型黄粉虫幼虫均以历经14龄居多, 历经14龄的黄、 黑2色型黄粉虫幼虫的比例分别为27%和53%。以14龄计, 黄、 黑2色型黄粉虫从卵至成虫的总历期分别为171 d和151 d。此外, 黄色型幼虫对饲料的平均利用效率明显高于同日龄黑色型幼虫, 黄色型幼虫的平均饲料消化率（AD）、 转化率（ECD）和利用率（ECI）分别为66.5%, 50.6%和33.6%, 而黑色型幼虫的平均饲料消化率（AD）、 转化率（ECD）和利用率（ECI）分别为62.1%, 46.8%和29.1%; 但2种色型黄粉虫同日龄幼虫的生长率和存活率差异不显著。综合上述结果可知, 黑色型黄粉虫较黄色型黄粉虫发育更快、 更整齐, 而黄色型黄粉虫对饲料的平均利用效率明显高于黑色型黄粉虫。这为进一步培育黄粉虫优良品种提供了有益参考。     

室内条件下莱氏猛叩甲对松墨天牛和黄粉虫的捕食能力

【目的】本研究旨在明确莱氏猛叩甲Tetrigus lewisi老熟幼虫分别对黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor和松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus末龄幼虫和蛹的捕食量的差异,评估莱氏猛叩甲的捕食能力,为松墨天牛M.alteratus的有效治理找到潜在的高效生物防治因子。【方法】于2014年11月在浙江富阳昌东村马鞍山砍下松墨天牛虫害木,通过林间野外调查,明确松墨天牛和莱氏猛叩甲的发生情况;将野外采集到的莱氏猛叩甲幼虫带回室内,分别饲喂黄粉虫和松墨天牛的末龄幼虫和蛹,每天记录捕食量,确定莱氏猛叩甲的捕食能力。【结果】野外调查中,我们在松墨天牛幼虫蛀食的坑道中发现了莱氏猛叩甲幼虫和松墨天牛幼虫被取食后的残体;在采集到1 094头松墨天牛幼虫的危害木内,共采得莱氏猛叩甲末龄幼虫36头,约为松墨天牛幼虫数量的3%。室内捕食实验表明,5 d内莱氏猛叩甲捕食黄粉虫幼虫总量为3.2头,平均每天捕食约0.6头,而捕食松墨天牛幼虫总量为8.0头,平均每天捕食约1.6头,莱氏猛叩甲对松墨天牛的总捕食量显著高于对黄粉虫幼虫的总捕食量(P0.0001);4 d内莱氏猛叩甲捕食黄粉虫蛹总量为5.6头,平均每天捕食约1.4头,而捕食松墨天牛蛹总量为7.8头,平均每天捕食约2.0头,莱氏猛叩甲对松墨天牛蛹的捕食量显著高于黄粉虫蛹(P=0.028)。回归分析还表明,莱氏猛叩甲幼虫的捕食量不受叩甲个体大小的影响。【结论】莱氏猛叩甲普遍分布在松墨天牛发生区,同时发现松墨天牛被取食后的残体,表明莱氏猛叩甲是松墨天牛的捕食性天敌。莱氏猛叩甲均能捕食黄粉虫和松墨天牛的幼虫和蛹;相比于捕食黄粉虫,莱氏猛叩甲对松墨天牛的幼虫和蛹具有更好的捕食效率,具有很好的生物防治前景,是未来松墨天牛治理潜在高效生物防治因子。     

Effects of maternal diet on fecundity and larval development in the 'primitive' granivorous carabid Amara (Curtonotus) macronota

Granivory is one of the most specialized food habits in the Carabidae and has been reported for species from the tribes Zabrini and Harpalini. Most studies of carabid granivory have been conducted using specialized granivorous species, and few have examined primitive ones. This study examined effects of maternal diet on fecundity and larval development in Amara ( Curtonotus ) macronota (Solsky) (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a member of the most basal clade of the tribe Zabrini; a previous study indicated that larvae of this species are omnivores with a tendency toward carnivory. Three diet types, Tenebrio molitor L. larvae, mixed seeds [ Bidens frondosa L. (Asteraceae), Setaria spp., and Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler (both Poaceae)], and T. molitor larvae + mixed seeds, were used as maternal diets, and larvae were reared on T. molitor larvae + mixed seeds (optimal diet) or T. molitor larvae (suboptimal diet). Fecundity differed significantly among treatments, with individuals fed the T. molitor larvae + mixed seeds diet having the highest fecundities and the mixed seeds diet producing the lowest values. Larval development [survival and duration of development through pre-overwintering stages (first and second instars)] was not significantly affected by either maternal or larval diets, but the addition of seeds to the maternal diet had a weak negative effect on larval survival. These results are in contrast with findings from specialized granivorous carabids, in which both adults and larvae performed best with pure-seed diets. Recent molecular phylogenies indicate that these specialized granivorous carabids belong to derived lineages, while A. macronota is the most basal clade of each tribe. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that carabid granivory has evolved gradually from ancestral carnivory, with omnivorous habits occurring as a transient state.     

Carabid larvae as predators of weed seeds: granivory in larvae of Amara eurynota (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Up to date we do not have much information about predation on seeds by larvae of ground beetles. One of the reasons why such knowledge is important is that granivorous larvae contribute to predation of weed seeds. In this study, the food requirements of larvae of autumn breeding carabid species Amara eurynota (Panzer) were investigated in the laboratory and a hypothesis, that they are granivorous was tested. Insect diet (Tenebrio molitor larvae), three seed diets (seeds of Artemisia vulgaris, Tripleurospermum inodorum or Urtica dioica or a mixed diet (T. molitor + A. uulgaris) were used as food. For larvae of A. eurynota, seeds are essential for successful completion of development, because all those fed pure insect diet died before pupation. However, differences in suitability were observed between pure seed diets. Larvae fed seeds of A. vulgaris had the lowest mortality and fastest development of the seed diets. Those fed seeds of T. inodorum had also low mortality, but the development was prolonged in the third instar. In contrast, development of larvae reared on seeds of U. dioica was slowest of the tested diets and could not be completed, as all individuals died before pupation. When insects were included to seed diet of A. vulgaris (mixed diet), the duration of development shortened, but mortality remained the same when compared to seed diet of A. vulgaris. According to the results it was concluded that larvae of A. eurynota are granivorous. A mixed diet and seed diets of A. uulgaris and T. inodorum were suitable and insect diet and seeds of U. dioica were unsuitable diets in this experiment.     

Development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on larva of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae).

Biological control has been reducing the use of chemical products against insect pests, especially predatory Pentatomidae. Species of this group can present high variations in their life cycle as a result of their diet. Thus, the objective of this research was to study nymph development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (St?l, 1860) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae (T1), compared to those fed on Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (T2) and Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae (T3) at a temperature of 25 +/- 0.5 degrees C, relative humidity of 70 +/- 2%, and photophase of 12 h. Predators fed on B. mori showed duration of the nymph phase (18.68 +/- 1.02) similar to those fed on T. molitor (18.32 +/- 1.49). Pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and number of egg masses, besides eggs and nymphs per female, were higher with B. mori (5.83 +/- 2.02; 15.00 +/- 7.40; 8.42 +/- 1.84; 296.69 +/- 154.75; and 228.55 +/- 141.04, respectively) while longevity of males and females of P. distinctus was 25.76 +/- 16.15 and 35.00 +/- 16.15 days with T. molitor, and 20.57 +/- 13.60 and 23.46 +/- 12.35 days with B. mori, respectively.     

黄粉甲低温贮存对管氏肿腿蜂发育和繁殖的影响

寄主的活动能力和营养状况是影响寄生蜂繁育效果的主要因素。以黄粉甲蛹为寄主,筛选其最佳贮存温度和时间,达到短时间内降低寄主活动能力的同时,保证其有充足营养满足寄生蜂发育所需,对于管氏肿腿蜂的规模化生产有重要意义。在9,3,-3,-9℃条件下,分别贮存黄粉甲TenebriomolitorL.蛹5,15,25,35和45d对管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guaniXiaoetWu发育、存活以及增殖的影响。结果表明,寄主活动能力随贮存温度的降低而减弱,有利于管氏肿腿蜂的寄生,寄生率和蜂种存活率不断升高;寄主的不同贮存对寄生蜂卵孵化率影响小于对幼虫存活率影响,而对蛹羽化率则无任何影响。管氏肿腿蜂各阶段历期与寄主贮存温度和时间有着一定关系,-3和-9℃条件下,寄主贮存时间越长,所接寄生蜂产卵前期越短;不同贮存温度和时间的寄主间,寄生蜂卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的持续时间存在一定差异,最短分别为3.39,6.27和15.15d,而对预蛹期无显著差异;幼期的变化趋势同产卵前期。寄主经不同温度和时间贮存后,所繁育的管氏肿腿蜂最高产卵量为33.19粒/雌、最高出蜂量为20.07头/雌、雌雄最高性比可达17.53∶1,分别是CK的2.21,3.17和1.26倍。总体而言,寄主经-9℃贮存15~25d后最有利于繁蜂,其中-9℃贮存15d出蜂量最高。单雌出蜂量较现有报道提高3倍。     

光照强度与光周期对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的影响

为探究光照对虎斑乌贼受精卵孵化的影响,确定其胚胎发育的最佳光照条件,本研究采用单因子试验方法,分析了不同光照强度(10、30、50、70、90 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)和光周期L∶D(24 h∶0 h、18 h∶6 h、12 h∶12 h、6 h∶18 h、0 h∶24 h)对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的影响.结果表明: 不同光照强度对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的孵化率、卵黄囊断裂率、培育周期、初孵幼体体质量与胴长均影响显著;而对孵化周期和幼体出膜7 d后存活率无显著影响.其中孵化率、培育周期、初孵幼体体质量与胴长随着光照强度的增强先增大后减小,而卵黄囊断裂率则逐渐增大.最适光照强度为30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,此光照强度下孵化率为(90.0±4.1)%,卵黄囊断裂率为(7.3±1.5)%,培育周期为(25.50±0.35) d,孵化周期为(8.10±0.89) d,初孵幼体体质量为(0.213±0.011) g,胴长为(1.013±0.022) cm,出膜7 d后存活率为(97.1±4.0)%.不同光周期对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的孵化率、培育周期、孵化周期均影响显著,而对卵黄囊断裂率、初孵幼体体质量、胴长和幼体出膜7 d后存活率无显著影响.其中孵化率和孵化周期随着光照时间的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化.最适光周期为LD(12 h12 h),此光周期下孵化率达(88.7±1.8)%,卵黄囊断裂率为(8.7±1.8)%,培育周期为(25.00±0.50) d,孵化周期为(7.00±3.20) d,初孵幼体体质量为(0.209±0.005) g,胴长为(0.998±0.026) cm,出膜7 d后存活率为(96.8±7.1)%.说明弱光照强度30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和半日光照强度L∶D(12 h∶12 h)更有利于虎斑乌贼的胚胎孵化.在实际生产中,应避免阳光直射,采取适当的遮光措施.     

Differential effects of pH and temperature on embryonic development in the British newts (Triturus)

Changes in the water quality and temperature relationships of ponds may affect the structure of amphibian assemblages. The survival, time to hatching, hatching size and hatching stage of newt embryos were studied in the three British species ( Triturus cristatus, T. helveticus and T. vulgaris ), at two temperatures and two pHs. All T. cristatus embryos failed to hatch at pH 4.5, whereas over 80% of T. helveticus and T. vulgaris embryos hatched successfully at the same pH. At pH 7.5, T. cristatus survival was the same as the other two species, after the 50% mortality due to the homomorphism of chromosome 1 was taken into account. Temperature had no effect on survival of embryos. Time to hatching was two to four times longer at 12°C than at 17°C. Low pH shortened development time in T. vulgaris but not in T. helveticus . Low pH, but not temperature, affected size at hatching, with T. helveticus and T. vulgaris embryos emerging at a smaller size and earlier stage of development under acidic conditions. This reduction of size at low pH affected T. vulgaris more than T. helveticus . We predict that T. cristatus embryos will be the most vulnerable of the three species to acidification in nature. Warm ponds will result in rapid embryonic development, but T. helveticus and T. vulgaris larvae hatching in acid ponds will do so at a smaller size and earlier stage of development. The pattern of vulnerability to acidification within amphibian assemblages may change during ontogeny.