达氏鳇不同发育期胚胎对低温的耐受研究

研究了达氏鳇12个发育期胚胎经过不同低温（2 ℃、3 ℃、5 ℃、7 ℃和8 ℃）处理12 h、24 h、2 d、3 d、6 d、10 d、15 d、20 d和30 d后的孵化率和仔鱼成活率.结果表明,卵黄栓期、隙状胚孔期、神经管闭合期胚胎在2～8 ℃水温下,处理24 h后孵化率为0;卵裂期、囊胚早期、原肠中期胚胎在2～8 ℃水温下,处理3 d后孵化率低于30%;囊胚晚期、原肠早期、眼基期、尾芽期、心跳期和尾达头部期胚胎在5～8 ℃水温下,处理3 d后孵化率、仔鱼成活率超过70%;随低温处理时间延长,胚胎和仔鱼的死亡率增加,处理时间与孵化率、仔鱼成活率呈负相关;囊胚晚期、原肠早期、眼基期胚胎在5 ℃水温下耐受力较强,处理10 d后孵化率、仔鱼成活率超过70%.本研究表明,达氏鳇胚胎发育过程中囊胚晚期、原肠早期和眼基期胚胎可以在某一低温下进行短期保存,其孵化率、仔鱼成活率与常温（16～17 ℃）下没有显著差异.这对于达氏鳇胚胎（受精卵）的长途运输有重要意义.     

外源激素、温度和亲本规格对大刺鳅人工催产及孵化的影响

综合分析比较了温度、外源激素和亲本规格3种因子对野生大刺鳅(Mastacembelus armatus)人工催产及孵化的影响, 结果显示: 大刺鳅催产及孵化的适宜水温为24—32℃, 最佳繁育水温为28℃, 效应期为(39.43±2.87)—(58.43±1.25)h, 孵化历时为(44.35±0.5)—(75.74±0.63)h, 效应时间和孵化历时随着水温升高逐渐缩短, 呈负相关; 亲本规格直接影响其催产及孵化效果。经外源激素催产后小规格亲本比大规格亲本性腺更早成熟, 催产效益期较短。产卵量、受精率和孵化率3个指标与亲本规格呈正相关, 规格越大产卵量越高卵子质量越好; 在适宜的剂量范围内3种外源激素组合均能部分实现催产。综合分析各项指标, 2种激素混合配方(DOM+LRH–A₂)的催产和孵化效果均较差, 3种外源激素混合使用(HCG+DOM+LRH–A₂)的效果最好, 适合用于大刺鳅繁育, 最佳催产剂量为1000 IU+5 mg+6 μg。     

不同水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育的影

本文研讨了各种人控恒温和自然水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育周期,各发育阶段以及卵裂同步率等的影响。在水温9.6±3.6℃到23℃之间,中华绒螯蟹的胚胎均能发育;最适发育水温为18—23℃。29℃以上,胚胎不能发育。变温对胚胎发育有益。胚胎在卵裂阶段对水温特别敏感,水温越高,卵裂虽然越快,但卵裂期同步率越低;胚胎处在自然水温中,经过低温,卵裂期同步率最高。     

鳜鱼人工繁殖的生态生理学特性

在鱖鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)苗种培育过程中,适时投喂适口饵料鱼是成功的关键。要掌握好鳜鱼人工养殖期中的不同水温,催情剂组合与效应时间、胚胎发育时间、胚后內源性营养期之间的关系,才能有效地制订鳜鱼和饵料鱼催产的计划,使鳜鱼苗适时地获得适口饵料。因此研究鱖鱼人工繁殖的某些生态生理学特性,对鱖鱼繁殖     

不同水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育的影响

本文研讨了各种人控恒温和自然水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育周期,各发育阶段以及卵裂同步率等的影响,在水温9．6±3．6度到23度之间,中华绒螯蟹的胚胎均能发育;最适发育水温为18－23度,29度以上,胚胎不能发育,变温对胚胎发育有益,胚胎在卵裂阶段对水温特别敏感,水温越高,卵裂虽然越快,但卵裂期同步率越低;胚胎处在自然水温中,经过低温,卵裂期同步率最高。     

新疆北鲵人工繁殖初步研究

近年来,我们进行了新疆北鲵的室外和室内的人工驯养和繁殖研究,成功地繁殖出了新疆北鲵。研究表明,新疆北鲵繁殖期为4－6月,产卵和胚胎发育水温在8－14℃,历时40—46天,胚胎和胚后发育分为25期,各期形态特征与小鲵科其他物种基本相似,不同的是刚孵化出的幼体无平衡器,变态完成时间长,幼体在水中发育约二年左右外鳃才消失,显示该物种的独特性;对野外产卵胶囊进行人工卵化和培育成功,为发展种群数量打下了基础。     

温度对尖裸鲤胚胎发育及其仔稚鱼生长性状的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究温度对尖裸鲤（Oxygymnocypris stewartii）胚胎发育及仔稚鱼生长性状的影响，旨在掌握温度对其早期发育的影响。结果表明，随着温度的升高，胚胎的孵化时间缩短，发育速度加快。在平均水温5 ℃、8 ℃、11 ℃、14 ℃和17 ℃下，尖裸鲤的胚胎孵化时间分别为530.78 h、366.12 h、214.22 h、220.63 h、153.95 h，温度和孵化时间呈幂函数关系，有效积温在水温为11 ℃时最低，为2 356.4 h ·℃。尖裸鲤胚胎不同发育时期在不同温度下的累计时间均呈现指数函数关系。随着温度的升高，孵化率呈现先降低后升高的趋势，水温范围在11 ~ 17 ℃时，温度系数Q10值和Q13值最接近2。尖裸鲤初孵仔鱼全长与温度间呈现三次多项式函数，全长与温度之间不存在显著性关系；而初孵仔鱼卵黄囊体积与温度间呈现显著性的二次多项式函数。综合各项指标表明，尖裸鲤胚胎的适宜孵化水温为11 ~ 17 ℃，仔稚鱼的适宜生长水温为14 ~ 17 ℃。     

寡齿新银鱼胚胎发育及其与温度的关系研究

在平均水温分别为１４．２、１５．６、１６．５、２３．４和２４．５℃时,寡齿新银鱼胚胎孵化时数依次为１４２、１１９、１０８、６８和６１ｈ．胚胎发育时序可分为１０期．温度与胚胎孵化时间呈幂函数关系,Ｈ＝６８６１．１９８８×Ｔ－１．４７１７;积温与胚胎孵化时间亦呈幂函数关系,Ｈ＝１．６０８１×１０－８×Ａ３．０１５１．     

威宁趾沟蛙早期胚胎发育的观察

用从野外采集受精卵室内观察的方法研究了威宁趾沟蛙的早期胚胎（8～25期）发育过程。结果表明：受精卵在水温为15±1℃的条件下从囊胚早期到鳃盖褶完成期需要519．23±1．57h,早期胚胎发育的特点是：大多数胚胎的孵化是在肌肉效应期;鳃盖褶完成中、后期胚体能到水面上活动;胚体纵轴伸长出现在神经褶后期;出水孔始于鳃盖褶完成期的胚体左侧靠前处;左侧鳃盖褶先发育完成。     

孵育温度对虾蟹幼体质量影响的初步研究

研究了亲体催产、幼体孵化和幼体培养温度对斑节对虾和中华绒螯蟹胚胎及早期幼体生长发育的影响．在实验温度（中华绒螯蟹,17～21℃;斑节对虾,26～30℃）范围内,胚胎及幼体的生长发育随温度升高而加快,但幼体的大小和蜕皮变态存活率随温度升高而降低．虾蟹幼体孵育的温度效应决定于亲体催产温度及升温方式、幼体孵化温度和培养温度．着重探讨了孵育温度等环境条件对幼体质量的影响,并提出从虾蟹胚胎和幼体发育期间能量代谢和物质代谢等途径开展进一步研究．     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.