基于红外相机技术的秋冬季城市森林公园獐的活动节律分析和生境选择

獐(Hydropotes inermis)是东亚特有种,其自然分布范围仅限于中国与朝鲜半岛,过度的人为干扰造成獐种群数量锐减和分布空间破碎化,形成孤立的岛屿化分布。为了解獐在岛屿化城市森林公园中的生存状况,我们利用红外相机技术在南京老山森林公园及周边对秋冬季獐进行监测,分析了其活动节律和生境选择偏好。2020年10月—2021年3月,共设置了35个相机位点,期间共拍摄獐的有效照片233张,有效探测次数245次,相对丰富度指数为10.7。獐的日活动节律呈双峰模式,分别在04:00—06:00和18:00—20:00达到高峰;獐活动节律存在月间变化,月活动高峰为12月;不同的温度区间对獐的活动有显著影响,环境温度4～6℃时獐的活动强度最大;广义线性模型结果表明,獐对常绿落叶阔叶林、优势灌丛高度≥120 cm的生境有显著偏好,且相对丰富度指数与距最近路口距离呈正相关,与干扰指数呈负相关。与其他大面积的自然保护区和水网地域相比,城市森林公园中的獐虽呈现出典型的晨昏活动模式但无明显的夜行性活动特点,对距最近水源距离呈随机选择。老山地区獐受干扰强度较大。因此,合理管控老山森林公园及周边地区的人类活...     

舟山及其邻近岛屿獐种群的初步研究

舟山海岛上的獐(Hydropotes inermis),定海县志(1923)已有简要记录。作者在1978年调查时发现,舟山岛及其邻近较大的岛屿上普遍有獐,1976年海岛獐单位面积产量,5倍于浙江大陆邻近10个县的产量(盛和林,1981)。为进一步合理利用和发展獐资源,继而对舟山岛獐的种群结构繁殖和种群增长等问题进行研究,同时又对邻近10多个岛屿进行了访问调查,兹将初步结果报道如下。     

“藏茵陈”的基原植物和药用亲缘学

详细比较藏药"藏茵陈"基原植物川西獐牙菜及其混淆品(代用品)抱茎獐牙菜、紫红獐牙菜、四数獐牙菜、红直獐牙菜、大籽獐牙菜、狭叶獐牙菜和椭圆叶花锚的外部形态特征及化学成分,澄清了这一类群在分类上的混乱,发现川西獐牙菜与紫红獐牙菜在习性,花部特征,种子形态和化学成分组成等方面相似性最高,印证了核基因ITS序列的结果。同时分析"藏茵陈"混淆的原因是多种来源和形态相似性造成的,讨论了"藏茵陈"鉴定的方法。通过对獐牙菜属系统关系的分析,提出紫红獐牙菜作为川西獐牙菜替代品的理论依据。     

舟山群岛獐的分布

1999年 7月至 2 0 0 0年 6月采用访问和样线法对浙江舟山群岛 2 5个岛上的獐的分布进行调查。结果显示獐在该地区主要分布在北纬 3 0°2 6′以南 ,东经 1 2 2°2 4′以西 ,且集中在西南诸岛上。较大岛屿獐的分布比例较高 ,1 0km2 以上的岛屿 81 2 5 %有獐分布。并且其周围小岛獐的分布比例也较高。所调查的 5个距离舟山本岛 3km范围内的小岛均有獐分布。獐所分布的岛屿随着离大陆和本岛距离的增加而减少。獐主要栖息在山丘上 ,但夜里常到农田觅食。2 1 47%有人居住岛上有獐分布。对獐分布影响较大的因素是离本岛和大陆的距离及岛屿面积 ;其次是人类活动 ,主要是偷猎 ;淡水水源影响不大 ;分布与岛屿形状无关。獐可以在岛屿之间迁游 ,从而影响分布。獐在舟山地区可能是原有分布的 ,几次地质变化可能对其产生一定影响     

江苏省发现雪鹀

正雪鹀(Plectrophenax nivalis)属雀形目鹀科(Emberizidae)。分布于北半球北部的广大区域,繁殖地位于北极区苔原冻土及海岸陡崖,越冬南迁。我国境内雪鹀分布范围较小,为北方亚种(P.n.vlasowae)。夏季在俄罗斯乌拉尔山系以西东北部向东沿至白令海峡一带繁殖(BirdLife International 2012),冬季则迁徙至俄罗斯远东地区、日本北海道(Brazil 2009),我国境内越冬见于新疆天山、阿尔泰山、内蒙古东部(常家传等1985)、黑龙江省及吉林省,也有迷鸟偶见于河北。主要栖息于低山丘陵和山脚平原地带,多在河边岩石和荒山小树林中的光裸地面活动。2012年11月11日在江苏如东小洋口曾发现两只雪鹀在堤岸上短暂停留,未拍摄到照片。2013年12月26日,在江苏省盐城珍禽国家级自然保护区境内的射阳县新洋港镇沿海湿地水产养殖塘附近(33°41'23.35″N,     

江苏盐城自然保护区獐栖息地的质量评价

本研究通过1999年3月至2000年11月期间的实地调查,利用地理信息系统(GIS)对江苏省盐城自然保护区及周边地区獐在产仔前期、产仔期以及产仔后期栖息地适宜性进行了评价,并对理想状况下獐的潜在栖息地和实际栖息地的范围及分布进行了比较。理想状况下3个不同时期獐的最适宜栖息地面积分别为361.0km2、267.5km2和338.5km2,主要分布在保护区核心区、东台市琼港镇南的新东乡滩涂;而实际在各个时期獐的最适宜栖息地面积只有44.75km2、36.00km2和54.50km2,仅为潜在栖息地的1/7左右。通过比较獐的潜在栖息地与实际栖息地的综合适宜性指数发现,整个研究地区适合獐生存的栖息地非常少,最适宜栖息地的面积不到总面积的1%,而不适宜的栖息地面积却达到40%,其余大部分均是次适宜的栖息地。由于獐的栖息地受到道路和居民等人为活动的影响,导致大量适宜栖息地丧失。为了有效地保护盐城保护区及周边地区的獐种群,建议减少对滩涂的各种开发活动,保护现有的适宜栖息地,引导当地居民合理利用滩涂资源。     

吉林向海发现白颊黑雁

正2018年5月3日傍晚在位于吉林省白城市通榆县的吉林向海国家级自然保护区鹤类核心区青年坝附近(44°59′51.5″N,122°17′52.1″E,海拔168 m)使用NIKON-D4相机800 mm定焦镜头拍摄到1只黑白相间雁类,拍摄距离约120 m。经查阅相关文献(段文科等2017)确定本次发现的鸟类为白颊黑雁(Branta leucopsis)。     

人类活动和滩涂变迁对苏北沿海地区獐分布的影响

结合查阅历史资料,访问当地群众和实地调查等方法,对獐在江苏沿海的历史分布以及人类活动和滩涂变迁对其分布的影响进行了研究。历史上,江苏沿海地区有大量适合獐生存的草滩,尤其是1128年黄河夺淮后,使江苏沿海的滩涂迅速淤涨,形成了大面积的适合獐生存的草滩。1855年黄河北归以后,滩涂淤涨减少,本世纪初开始,随着人类对滩涂围垦和开发的强度日益增加,獐分布面积日益减少。近20年来,獐的分布区开始破碎。目前,江苏沿海獐的分布已分裂为4个面积不足100km2的小区,如没有有效的措施保护獐的栖息地,该地区獐的灭绝将不可避免。     

东北地区鸟类新纪录——长嘴半蹼鹬

<正>笔者于2012年5月5日11∶48,在黑龙江省大庆市龙凤湿地自然保护区(51°23'28.2″N,122°03'32.9″E)拍摄到1只长嘴半蹼鹬Limnodromus scolopaceus,经查阅《黑龙江省鸟类志》《东北鸟类》《东北鸟类图鉴》《中国鸟类区系纲要》《吉林省野生动物图鉴(鸟类)》《辽宁省动物志(鸟类)》《中国鸟类分布与分布名录(第2版)》等文献资料后认定,长嘴半蹼鹬为东北地区的鸟类新纪录。拍摄时该鸟正在觅食。该鸟体长约30 cm。嘴长而直,约9 cm,黑色,嘴基部较前端颜色略淡一些。具白色眼圈、黑棕色贯眼纹。背部呈黑、褐色     

山东小高全新世早期遗址人类对獐的利用

小高遗址是山东地区近年来发现的一处全新世早期遗址,出土有大量的獐骨骼。本文主要从年龄结构、季节性特征及骨骼单元分布频率等角度对獐的骨骼进行研究。年龄结构的研究结果显示,人类的狩猎对象以7-24个月的青年和中年的个体为主;且越到晚期,未成年个体所占比例越高,这表明大多数獐是在接近或达到最大体重后成为人类的狩猎对象,且人类狩猎活动对獐的种群结构造成了一定影响。季节性研究结果显示,人类对獐的狩猎活动多发生在食物资源比较短缺的冬季及春季。骨骼单元分布频率和骨骼破裂程度研究表明,小高遗址可能还存在对骨髓的充分开发与利用。结合獐的生物学特征,我们认为,小高先民对獐的利用模式符合全新世早期动物资源广谱性和强化利用的特征,也表明人与动物之间存在着密切的互动关系。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).