富马酸二甲酯对斑马鱼胚胎早期发育的影响

为研究富马酸二甲酯对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎早期发育的影响,选取不同发育阶段的斑马鱼胚胎,用富马酸二甲酯进行染毒处理,观察胚胎形态发育的异常,计算其对不同发育时期胚胎的24 h、48 h半数致死浓度(LC50)和胚胎72 h孵化率,并考察富马酸二甲酯对胚胎血管发育的影响。结果表明,富马酸二甲酯影响斑马鱼胚胎的早期发育,呈剂量依赖性特点,并与开始处理的时间点有关。富马酸二甲酯引起2 hpf(受精后2 h,2 hours post-fertilization)、10 hpf、24 hpf斑马鱼胚胎死亡的24 h LC50值分别为:13.33μmol/L、17.98μmol/L、32.50μmol/L,48 h LC50值分别为:13.31μmol/L、16.35μmol/L、22.50μmol/L;长期低浓度富马酸二甲酯(≥6μmol/L)作用引起胚胎72 h孵化率下降。27.5μmol/L富马酸二甲酯作用后会显著降低胚胎血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2)的表达水平。     

硫代硫酸钠干扰斑马鱼胚胎发育并致畸

硫的衍生物潜在的威胁着胚胎的发育过程.斑马鱼被用于研究不同浓度（1×10-6～1 mol/L）的硫代硫酸钠（sodium thiosulfate, STS）对胚胎发育的影响,在解剖显微镜下实时观察斑马鱼胚胎发育的全过程.采用Western 印迹法检测乙酰化的微管蛋白——α-微管蛋白（acetylated tubulin, α-tubulin）和神经元增殖细胞核抗原（proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA）的表达,分别检测STS暴露后胚胎的运动神经元功能,神经元的增殖状态.发育中的斑马鱼胚胎暴露于0.1～1 mol/L STS,呈现出严重的发育迟缓,并且伴随多脏器畸形;暴露于10 μmol/L～10 mmol/L STS,胚胎呈现循环系统,神经系统以及颌面部畸形.胚胎在48 hpf (hours post fertilization)时,对STS的暴露敏感高于24 hpf和96 hpf.STS可能干扰细胞的增殖及运动神经元的正常分化.STS可能干扰正常的细胞骨架结构,并在胚胎发育晚期影响细胞增殖,对胚胎神经系统、循环系统及颌面部有致畸作用.     

壬基酚对金鱼（Carassiusauratus ）胚胎发育毒性的初步研究

目的:观察环境激素壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)对金鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应。方法:在繁殖季节选取雌雄健康成年金鱼,采用人工受精的方法获取金鱼受精卵于23℃培养箱孵育。将正常发育的囊胚早期金鱼胚胎(50枚胚胎/培养皿)分别暴露在1μmol·L~(-1)、4μmol·L~(-1)、8μmol·L~(-1)、12μmol·L~(-1)和16μmol·L~(-1)的NP实验液中,设空白对照。通过显微成像技术观察NP暴露对金鱼胚胎发育形态、不同发育阶段胚胎死亡率、受精后72小时(72 hpf)孵化率及畸形率的影响。从原肠期开始每隔12 h观察一次。结果:低浓度NP主要影响金鱼胚胎晚期发育,使其尾部脊索弯曲上翘;高浓度NP可导致金鱼胚胎卵凝结、发育延迟、组织坏死、尾部卷曲、体轴缩短并出现血栓。各发育阶段胚胎死亡率和72 hpf畸形率随NP浓度升高而增加,72 hpf孵化率则随NP浓度升高而降低;NP对金鱼胚胎24 h、48 h、72 h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为:16.28μmol·L~(-1)、8.27μmol·L~(-1)和6.52μmol·L~(-1)。结论:NP对金鱼胚胎具有明显发育毒性,金鱼胚胎对低浓度NP也具有较高敏感性,在评价环境激素胚胎发育毒性方面具有潜在应用价值。     

诺氟沙星对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性作用及对TGF-β1的影响

旨在通过观察不同浓度诺氟沙星对斑马鱼胚胎不同发育时期的毒性作用,以及对TGF-β1基因表达的影响。配制诺氟沙星浓度为0、10、20、40μmol/L,将斑马鱼胚胎暴露在上述浓度的诺氟沙星中。观察在胚胎不同发育时期,诺氟沙星对斑马鱼脊柱弯曲、心包囊肿、卵黄囊肿和死亡率的影响,以及使用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(q PCR)检测其对TGF-β1基因表达的影响。结果显示,诺氟沙星对斑马鱼的胚胎发育有明显影响,主要表现在脊柱弯曲、心包囊肿和卵黄囊肿,随着诺氟沙星暴露浓度的增大,胚胎的发育延迟,孵化时间延长,胚胎死亡率增加;当诺氟沙星暴露浓度为40μmol/L时,96 hpf的胚胎死亡率达到76.45%;与正常状态相比,暴露于不同浓度诺氟沙星的斑马鱼胚胎中TGF-β1基因的m RNA表达随发育时间延长而增加趋势减缓。说明诺氟沙星对斑马鱼胚胎发育的致畸作用与致死作用有显著的影响。提示水体中残留的诺氟沙星对鱼类的生殖与发育具有潜在的危害。     

慢性镉暴露对斑马鱼卵巢组织的氧化损伤和子代发育的母源影响

目的:采用半静态毒性实验方法,研究慢性镉暴露对性成熟斑马鱼卵巢组织抗氧化酶活性、脂质过氧化水平的影响及其母源传递毒性效应。方法:依据前期测定的96 h LC50,参考国家渔业标准,设置5个镉处理组(0.058、0.116、0.232、0.580、1.160 mg/L)和1个对照组,镉暴露21 d后,对卵巢组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性及脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量进行测定,并对其受精率、F1代胚胎孵化率及96 hpf幼鱼体长进行统计分析。结果:不同浓度镉暴露均导致卵巢组织SOD、CAT和GPx活性显著降低、MDA含量显著升高并呈浓度依赖效应。子代母源毒性分析显示,与对照组相比,0.232和0.580 mg/L浓度组受精率均显著下降,0.232 mg/L浓度组F1代胚胎孵化率显著降低;各浓度组受精后96 h幼鱼体长与对照组相比有显著性差异,且随着镉浓度的增加体长显著变短。结论:慢性镉暴露导致斑马鱼卵巢组织抗氧化酶活性受到显著抑制,对组织和细胞造成严重氧化损伤,并通过母源传递导致子代发育的毒性效应。     

五氯酚对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应研究

采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术,对环境激素类物质五氯酚的毒性进行测定,结果表明,五氯酚(PCP)对胚胎的特定作用时间段是卵产出至发育6 h之内;PCP对胚胎发育有明显的抑制作用,会造成胚胎发育的畸形或死亡,不同时间染毒产生的可观察毒理学终点各异;随着PCP对发育48 h斑马鱼胚胎作用时间的减短,其致死效应敏感性降低,其中0 hpf组的LC0值最小,为70.8μg·L^-1,24hpf组LC0值最大,为831.8μg·L^-1;斑马鱼胚胎对孵化后0时染毒的PCP最为敏感,PCP对胚胎产生急性毒性效应的敏感指标:心胞囊肿、血液循环障碍、无心律＞孵化率降低＞停滞发育作用;斑马鱼胚胎最敏感的指标为48 h血液循环障碍和48 h半致死效应.     

1-苯基-2-硫脲对斑马鱼胚胎发育与黑色素生成的影响

目的1-苯基-2-硫脲（PTU）可抑制斑马鱼胚胎黑色素的产生,保持斑马鱼透明,便于形态观察和信号检测。本文研究了PTU对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响和抑制斑马鱼胚胎黑色素生成,保持斑马鱼透明性的最佳浓度。方法用不同浓度PTU处理23hpf（受精后,hourspostfertilization,hpf）斑马鱼胚胎,作用57h后观察80hpf斑马鱼的形态学、生理学改变,计算死亡率和孵化率,测量心率和静脉窦-动脉球之间的距离。结果浓度为0．197mmo]／L、0．296mmol／LPTU可以有效抑制黑色素生成,保持斑马鱼整体透明,对斑马鱼心血管系统结构和生理功能无影响,且不影响斑马鱼正常孵化过程。随着PTU浓度的增加,斑马鱼死亡率增加,孵化率下降,出现心包水肿,心脏畸形等改变,心率下降,静脉窦-动脉球之间的距离增大。结论浓度不高于0．296mmol／L的PTU溶液能有效抑制斑马鱼黑色素生成,对斑马鱼心血管毒性研究无影响。     

双酚AF胁迫对斑马鱼早期发育相关基因的影响北大核心

[目的]探讨双酚AF胁迫对斑马鱼早期发育的影响。[方法]采用半静态染毒的方式暴露受精卵7d(0、5、50和500μg/L),通过显微观察与实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测孵化率及相关基因表达量变化。[结果]50、500μg/L BPAF暴露影响斑马鱼胚胎72 h孵化率,分别下降44.97%、49.44%;下丘脑trh基因在各暴露组无明显变化,而下丘脑crh基因在胚胎(幼鱼)期各暴露组分别上调了44.14%(40.45%)、38.55%(95.17%)、70.65%(83.25%);胚胎期垂体tsh-β基因表达水平在50、500μg/L浓度组显著上调,而幼鱼期tsh-β基因表达水平仅在50μg/L暴露组显著上调。[结论]双酚AF胁迫能够降低斑马鱼胚胎72 h孵化率,crh基因对BPAF胁迫较敏感,最低有影响浓度LOEC为5μg/L。     

双酚AF胁迫对斑马鱼早期发育相关基因的影响

[目的]探讨双酚AF胁迫对斑马鱼早期发育的影响。[方法]采用半静态染毒的方式暴露受精卵7d(0、5、50和500μg/L),通过显微观察与实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测孵化率及相关基因表达量变化。[结果]50、500μg/L BPAF暴露影响斑马鱼胚胎72 h孵化率,分别下降44.97%、49.44%;下丘脑trh基因在各暴露组无明显变化,而下丘脑crh基因在胚胎(幼鱼)期各暴露组分别上调了44.14%(40.45%)、38.55%(95.17%)、70.65%(83.25%);胚胎期垂体tsh-β基因表达水平在50、500μg/L浓度组显著上调,而幼鱼期tsh-β基因表达水平仅在50μg/L暴露组显著上调。[结论]双酚AF胁迫能够降低斑马鱼胚胎72 h孵化率,crh基因对BPAF胁迫较敏感,最低有影响浓度LOEC为5μg/L。     

迷迭香酸对氯化镉致斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的保护作用北大核心CSCD

通过考察氯化镉(CdCl2)对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应及迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid,RA)的干预作用,探讨镉的发育毒性机理。将受精1 h后的斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同浓度的CdCl2或含不同浓度RA的CdCl2溶液中,观察胚胎死亡、孵化及幼鱼畸形的情况。采用吖啶橙染色,定性观察胚胎细胞凋亡情况;以单细胞凝胶电泳法检测胚胎细胞的DNA损伤;以活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)荧光探针DCFH-DA染色法检测胚胎的ROS水平,硫代巴比土酸比色法测定胚胎脂质过氧化水平,5,5-二硫二硝基苯甲酸比色法测定胚胎的还原谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)水平;光泽精化学发光法检测胚胎还原型辅酶(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,NADPH)Ⅱ氧化酶(NADPH oxidase,Nox)活性。结果显示,RA浓度依赖性地抑制了CdCl2诱导的胚胎死亡和幼鱼畸型,同时提高了胚胎孵化率。RA可浓度依赖性地改善CdCl2诱导的胚胎ROS和MDA(malonic dialdehyde)水平升高、GSH/GSSG比值降低和Nox活性升高,抑制CdCl2诱导的胚胎细胞凋亡。RT-PCR结果显示,RA对CdCl2诱导的胚胎Cu/Zn-Sod基因表达上调和Bcl-2/Bax水平下调也有明显改善作用。结果说明,CdCl2对斑马鱼胚胎发育具有毒性,可活化Nox,促进ROS生成,造成胚胎细胞氧化胁迫损伤以至胚胎细胞凋亡,而RA可抑制Nox活化,改善氧化胁迫状态,从而对CdCl2的发育毒性起保护作用。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.