滇西北地区冬虫夏草和阔孢虫草的遗传分化研究

应用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术对来自云南西北部高黎贡山和丽江玉龙雪山的６个冬虫夏草Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ．）Ｓａｃｃ．,来自德钦地区三个地方的８个阔孢虫草Ｃ．ｃｒａｓｓｉｓｐｏｒａ Ｚａｎｇ,Ｙａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｌｉ以及来自云南昆明的一个蛹虫草Ｃ．ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｉｓ （Ｖｕｉｌｌ）Ｆｒ．进行分析。１８个随机引物获得的ＲＡＰＤ谱带清晰并呈现多态。遗传距离分析表明,冬虫夏     

螅状独缩虫(Cachesium polypinum)遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术对武汉的汉口（ＣＰ－１）、汉阳（ＣＰ－２）和武昌（ＣＰ－３）三个地区缘毛类的螅状独缩虫（Ｃａｃｈｅｓｉｕｍ ｐｏｌｙｐｉｎｕｍ）进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明：这种动物存在广泛的变异,三个地域群体之间的遗传相似度为０．６５２２－０．７３８５（平均值为０．６９２１）,各群体之间遗传相似度大小依次为：ＣＰ－２－ＣＰ－３〉ＣＰ－１－ＣＰ－２〉ＣＰ－１－ＣＰ－３。本文对     

烟草黑胫病菌株亲缘关系的RAPD分析

从２２０个ＲＡＰＤ（ＲａｎｄｏｍＡｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄＰｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃ　ＤＮＡｓ）随机引物中所选出的多态扩增性强的２１个引物对来源不同的刀个烟草黑胫病菌株进行全基因组ＤＮＡ遗传多样性分析和指纹构建。选用引物对受试菌株进行ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ扩增,共产生２４３条ＤＮＡ标记图带,其中１９１条为多态性图带,多态检测率为７８．６％。利用ＵＰＧＭＡ（ＵｎｗｅｉｇｔｈｔｅＰａｉｒ－ｇｒｏｕｐ　ＭｅｔｈｏｄＷｉｔｈＡｒｉｔｈｍｅｔｉｃ　Ａｖｅｒａｇｅ）软件对受试菌株间的遗传距离进行聚类分析构建系统树状图,受试对个菌株被划分为５个遗传聚类组即（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ）。结果证明供试菌株具有丰富的遗传多样性,虽各自的遗传背景差异显著,但其亲缘关系相近,遗传聚类组的划分与菌株的地理来源未有明显的相关性。     

中国猕猴类的蛋白多态性及其遗传分化关系

采用蛋白电泳分析技术研究了来源于我国和越南的猕猴属（Ｇｅｎ ｕｓＭａｃａｃａ）５个种（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔｔａ、Ｍ．ａｒｃｔｏｉｄｅｓ、Ｍ．ａｓｓａｍｅｎｓｉｓ、Ｍ．ｔｈｉｂｅｔａｎａ、Ｍ．ｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌａｒｉｓ）的蛋白多态性及其遗传分化关系。共分传座位３０个。在分析的１９只恒河猴中,３０个遗传座有位９个座位表现出多态性,多态座位百分比Ｐ＝０．３,平均等位基因数Ａ＝１．４,平均杂合度Ｈ＝０．０１０４５     

HSP_(70)基因表达对高粱育性的影响(英文)

高粱细胞质雄性不育系３１９７Ａ（３Ａ）在常温条件下是不育的（Ｆｉｇｓ．１１＆２）,经热激（４５℃）诱导不同程度地恢复了育性（Ｆｉｇｓ．１３＆４）,为研究其不育机理提供了线索。热激２ｈ后,３Ａ中即可产生一类线粒体热激蛋白（ＨＳＰｓ）。其中,分子量为７０ｋＤ的ＨＳＰ７０含量最高,也最为稳定。不过,３Ａ中ＨＳＰｓ的稳定性弱于保持系３１９７Ｂ（３Ｂ）（Ｆｉｇ．２,Ｐａｎｅｌｓ１～４）。放线菌素Ｄ抑制ＨＳＰｓ的合成,而氯霉素无此作用（Ｆｉｇ．２,Ｐａｎｅｌｓ５＆６）,表明：ＨＳＰｓ是由核基因编码、在细胞质中合成、再跨膜转运到线粒体中的。３Ａ幼穗经热激后,线粒体的总蛋白量猛增了２．７倍（Ｆｉｇ．３）,达到３Ｂ的水平,育性亦变为可育的。Ｆｉｇ．４表明：ＨＳＰ７０反义链ｃＤＮＡ（Ｒ１）能进入到３Ｂ花药细胞中,并与靶ＲＮＡ（ＨＳＣ７０ｍＲＮＡ）结合,而对照、正义链ｃＤＮＡ（Ｄ）链无此反应。由此、再增加一个通用保守序列的反义链ｃＤＮＡ（Ｒ２）、共两个探针（Ｒ１、Ｒ２）,可以检测到：３Ａ在常温下没有能力合成ＨＳＣ７０ｍＲＮＡ（Ｆｉｇ．５）,而在热激条件下,转变为有能力（Ｆｉｇ．６）。启示：３Ａ在热激条件下由不育转变为可育     

采用RAPD和ISSR标记探讨中国疣粒野生稻的遗传多样性

用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）和ｉｎｔｅｒ－简单重复序列（ＩＳＳＲ０标记对分别来自中国海南和云南２０个居群的疣料野生稻（Ｏｒｙａｚ ｇｒａｎｕｌａｔａ （Ｎｅｅｓ ｅｔ Ａｒｎ． ｅｘ Ｗａｔｔ．））混合样品,以及海南（Ｍ５）和云南（Ｍ２７）２个居群各２０个植株的遗传多生进行了检测。在混合取样的居群中,２０个ＲＡＰＤ引物和１２个ＩＳＳＲ引物分别扩增出２０９个１２２条带,多态条带比率９ＰＰＢ）分别     

大豆灰斑病菌生理小种的RAPD标记

运用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲａｎｄｏｍａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃＤＮＡ,ＲＡＰＤ）技术对发生于中国东北的大豆灰斑病菌（Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒｉｄｉｕｍｓｏｊｉｍｕｍ）的１０个生理小种进行基因组ＤＮＡ多态性分析,用１３个１０－核苷酸随机引物获得了１１１个ＲＡＰＤ标记,其中８６．５％具有多态性,通过聚类分析确定了供试小种间的亲缘关系,试验证明,ＲＡＰＤ技术分析大豆灰斑病菌遗传传变异可提供大量     

用RAPD和AFLP的方法对中国卤虫（Autemia）种及亲缘关系的研究

利用ＲＡＰＤ（随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ）和ＡＦＬＰ（扩增片段长度多态性）技术对不同种及种群卤虫的关系进行分析。１０１个随机引物对４种卤虫Ａ．ｆｒａｎｃｉｓｃａｎａ、Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ、Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ和Ａ．ｐａｒｔｈｅｎｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａ基因组ＤＮＡ进行扩增,平均每个种获得７５１条带,其中４５８条带为多态性标记,每个引物提供平均７．４个标记信息,聚类结果表明Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ是不同于其他旧大陆两性生殖卤虫     

烟草黑胫病菌株亲缘关系的RAPD分析

从２２０个ＲＡＰＤ（Ｒａｎｄｏｍ Ａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄ Ｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃ ＤＮＡｓ）随机引物中所选出的多态扩增性强的２１个引物对来源不同的３３个烟草黑胫病菌株进行全基因组ＤＮＡ遗传多样性分析和指纹构建。选用引物对受试菌株进行ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ扩增,共产生２４３条ＤＮＡ标记图带,其中１９１条为多态性图带,多态检测率为７８．６％。利用ＵＰＧＭＡ（Ｕｎｗｅｉｇｔｈｔｅｄ Ｐａｉｒ－ｇｒｏｕｐ Ｍｅｔｈ     

普通小麦与冰草间杂种的细胞遗传学及其自交可育性

为了进一步研究冰草属（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎ Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．）的Ｐ染色体组与小麦染色体组间的遗传关系和评价Ｐ染色体组在属间杂种自交可育性上的遗传效应,获得了普通小麦品种Ｆｕｋｕｈｏ（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ ｃｖ．Ｆｕｋｕｈｏ,２ｎ＝４２;ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）与３个不同来源的四倍体冰草（Ａ．ｃｒｉｓｔａｔｕｍ＜Ｌ．＞Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．,２ｎ＝２８;ＰＰＰＰ）间的杂种（２ｎ＝３５;ＡＢＤＰＰ）。结果表明     

Experimental infection of Dirofilaria immitis in raccoon dogs

Canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is a nematode that naturally parasitizes in the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) as final hosts. Japanese raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) also are known to be susceptible to infection by the parasite. However, prevalence of this infection among free-ranging raccoon dogs is low and so is the worm burden. To examine the susceptibility of the raccoon dog to D. immitis infection, 3 raccoon dogs and 2 beagles were inoculated 4 times with 25 third-stage larvae (L3s) of D. immitis at 3-wk intervals. Worms were recovered from 2 raccoon dogs and both domestic dogs. The average percentage of recovery (2.3%) of the raccoon dogs was almost 10 times lower (24.5%) than that of the domestic dogs, but there was no significant difference in the body length of worms recovered from 2 types of hosts. To examine microfilaremia, 2 raccoon dogs were infected with 100 L3s. Microfilaremia was observed for 180 days postinoculation (PI) but disappeared at about 300 days PI. The raccoon dog was mildly susceptible to infection with D. immitis, but surviving worms developed and matured normally.     

Evaluation of genetic biodiversity in farm-bred and wild raccoon dogs in Poland

The aim of the study was to analyze the intra- and inter-group diversity in farm-raised and wild raccoon dogs with the use of molecular markers. Genetic differences between the particular raccoon dog groups were observed, accompanied by a relatively high intra-group genetic variation. It was noted that the wild raccoon dogs were characterized by the highest genetic diversity, compared to the three study groups of farm-bred raccoon dogs. Wild raccoon dogs and farm-bred raccoon dogs constitute separate phylogenetic groups. The results obtained suggest that farm breeding may lead to differentiation into a different phylogenetic lineage than that of the wild raccoon dogs. In each case, the genetic distance between the animals bred on the individual farms was lower than the distances between the farm-raised and wild animals. Since the Polish farm breeding is based entirely on phenotype ranking, the genotype of "native" animals is still closely related to that of wild animals.     

Population genomics of the raccoon dog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nyctereutes procyonoides</Emphasis>) in Denmark: insights into invasion history and population development

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) has a wide distribution in Europe and is a prominent example of a highly adaptable alien species. It has been recorded sporadically in Denmark since 1980 but observations since 2008 suggested that the species had established a free-ranging, self-sustaining population. To elucidate the origin and genetic patterns of Danish raccoon dogs, we studied the population genomics of 190 individuals collected in Denmark (n = 141) together with reference captive individuals from Poland (n = 21) and feral individuals from different European localities (Germany, Poland, Estonia and Finland, n = 28). We used a novel genotyping-by-sequencing approach simultaneously identifying and genotyping a large panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (n = 4526). Overall, there was significant indication for contemporary genetic structuring of the analysed raccoon dog populations, into at least four different clusters, in spite of the existence of long distance gene flow and secondary admixture from different population sources. The Danish population was characterized by a high level of genetic admixture with neighbouring feral European ancestries and the presence of private clusters, non-retrieved in any other feral or captive populations sampled. These results suggested that the raccoon dog population in Denmark was founded by escapees from genetically unidentified Danish captive stocks, followed by a recent admixture with individuals migrating from neighbouring Germany.     

An Epidemic of Sylvatic Rabies in Finland

When rabies reappeared in Finland in April 1988, the country had been rabies free since 1959. Soon a picture of sylvatic rabies become evident, its main vector and victim being the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Between 8 April 1988 and 16 February 1989, 66 virologically verified cases were recorded (48 raccoon dogs, 12 red foxes, 2 badgers, 2 cats, l dog and 1 dairy bull) in an area estimated at 1700 km2 in south-eastern Finland. The greatest distance between recorded cases was 67 km. A positive reaction with monoclonal antibody p-41 indicated that the virus was an arctic-type strain. A field trial on oral immunization of small predators was initiated in September 1988 using Tübingen fox baits according to the Bavarian model of bait distribution. Each bait contained 5*107 TCID50/ml modified live rabies virus (SAD-B19). The 6 months’ surveillance indicate a seroconversion rate of 72% (N=126) in the raccoon dog population, 67% (N=56) in the red foxes and 13% (N=16) in the badgers, when titers ≥1.0 IU/ml are considered seropositive. In the whole follow-up period, no statistically significant difference could be detected between the raccoon dogs and red foxes in the rate of seroconversion or in the uptake of tetracycline from the baits. Notably high antibody levels were recorded in both raccoon dogs and red foxes within 4–5 months after vaccination. Of the seropositive animals, the proportion of animals with titers 3.0 IU/ml or greater was higher in raccoon dogs (73%) than in red foxes (51%) (x2= 5.29, p< 0.05). The trial shows that raccoon dogs can be immunized against rabies in the field with vaccine baits originally developed for controlling sylvatic rabies in foxes.     

Helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Lithuania

Red foxes and raccoon dogs are hosts for a wide range of parasites including important zoonotic helminths. The raccoon dog has recently invaded into Europe from the east. The contribution of this exotic species to the epidemiology of parasitic diseases, particularly parasitic zoonoses is unknown. The helminth fauna and the abundance of helminth infections were determined in 310 carcasses of hunted red foxes and 99 of raccoon dogs from Lithuania. Both species were highly infected with Alaria alata (94·8% and 96·5% respectively) and Trichinella spp. (46·6% and 29·3%). High and significantly different prevalences in foxes and raccoon dogs were found for Eucoleus aerophilus (97·1% and 30·2% respectively), Crenosoma vulpis (53·8% and 15·1%), Capillaria plica (93·3% and 11·3%), C. putorii (29·4% and 51·5%), Toxocara canis (40·5% and 17·6%) and Uncinaria stenocephala (76·9% and 98·8%). The prevalences of the rodent-transmitted cestodes Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia polyacantha, T. crassiceps and Mesocestoides spp. were significantly higher in foxes than in raccoon dogs. The abundances of E. multilocularis, Mesocestoides, Taenia, C. plica and E. aerophilus were higher in foxes than those in raccoon dogs. A. alata, U. stenocephala, C. putorii and Echinostomatidae had higher abundances in raccoon dogs. The difference in prevalence and abundance of helminths in both animals may reflect differences in host ecology and susceptibility. The data are consistent with red foxes playing a more important role than raccoon dogs in the transmission of E. multilocularis in Lithuania.     

Prevalence of dirofilarial infection in raccoon dogs in Japan.

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) is known to acquire canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection. We surveyed the prevalence of heartworm infection in free-ranging raccoon dogs in the Nishi-Tama (Tokyo) and Kanagawa areas of Japan. A total of 75 raccoon dog carcasses, including 29 animals from the Nishi-Tama area and 46 from the Kanagawa area, were necropsied between 1992 and 1993. Eight out of 75 raccoon dogs were found to be infected (overall 10.7%). The prevalence of infection was 6 and 16% in Nishi-Tama and Kanagawa, respectively. Microfilarial production was observed in the uterus of one female adult dog.     

从健康狐狸、貉粪中检出犬冠状病毒的两种基因型

取某养殖场健康狐狸 (6 1份 )、貉 (2 4份 )粪样 ,用套式PCR(RT-nPCR)方法检测犬冠状病毒 (CCV)并进行基因型鉴定。结果显示 :狐狸粪样中有 4 3份 (70 . 5 % )为CCVⅡ型阳性 ,2 9份 (47. 5 % )为CCVⅠ型阳性 ,两型混合感染2 5份 ,占 4 1 0 % ,两型总感染率为 77 .0 %。 2 4份貉粪样中 ,2 2份为CCVⅡ型阳性 (91 .7% ) ,其中 16份为CCVⅠ型、Ⅱ型混合感染 (6 6 . 7% )。分别取狐狸和貉粪样中CCVⅠ、Ⅱ型阳性PCR产物各 2份 (共 8份 )进行测序 ,均与CCV的M基因序列相符 ,证实PCR结果非假阳性。序列及系统进化分析表明 ,CCVⅠ型与源于意大利腹泻犬的CCVⅠ型 (AF5 0 2 5 83)同源性最高 (96 . 7%～ 98. 1% ) ;CCVⅠ、Ⅱ两种基因型同源性为 88. 3%～ 89. 7% ,在进化树中处于两个大的分支上 ;同为CCVⅡ型 ,狐狸源与貉源序列也存在多个位点差异。首次在貉粪中检出CCV ,证实在健康狐狸、貉群体中存在CCV流行 ,且CCVⅠ、Ⅱ型并存。     

Spatial use and interaction of the invasive raccoon dog and the native red fox in Central Europe: competition or coexistence?

The main objective was to discover extent of interference and/or exploitative competition between the native red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the introduced, invasive raccoon dog (Nyctereues proconoides) in the intensively used, agricultural landscape of northeast Germany (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) using very high frequency (VHF) radio telemetry. We recorded location data for 12 foxes and 16 raccoon dogs between July 2004 and December 2006. Species had similar average home range sizes estimated in each season (K95). Home ranges of adjacent raccoon dogs and foxes overlapped from 0.5 to 74.5 % with a mean of 26.4 %. We found a significantly different home range overlap index between the species showing that raccoon dog ranges shifted between seasons to a greater extent than red fox ranges. The raccoon dog differed significantly from the red fox in its use of habitat types, preferring dense vegetation cover and avoiding open areas. The red fox displayed less preference for or avoidance of specific habitat types. Moreover, an almost neutral inter-specific interaction index ranging from ?0.12 to 0.12 indicates that raccoon dogs and red foxes ignored each other. It is concluded that widespread and available resources and differences in spatial use patterns prevent competition between red foxes and raccoon dogs in the agricultural landscape of northeast Germany.     

Endocrine response to fasting in the overwintering captive raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an omnivorous canid utilizing the passive wintering strategy in the boreal climate. Farmed raccoon dogs (n=12) were randomly assigned into two study groups on 26 November 2003. Between 3 December 2003 and 27 January 2004, half of the animals were fasted for 8 weeks and plasma weight-regulatory hormone concentrations determined on 26 November and 30 December 2003 and on 27 January 2004. The plasma peptide YY, ghrelin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations increased due to food deprivation, while the T4 and Acrp30 concentrations decreased. Furthermore, the plasma GH concentrations were higher in the fasted raccoon dogs than in the fed animals, which had higher plasma insulin, glucagon, and T4 concentrations. However, fasting had no effect on the plasma leptin concentrations. The results confirm previous findings with unchanged leptin levels in fasting carnivores. Increased GH levels probably contribute to increased lipolysis and mobilization of fat stores. Ghrelin can also enhance lipolysis by increasing the GH levels. The decreased levels of T4 may reduce the metabolic rate. The plasma dopamine concentrations decreased due to fasting unlike observed previously in rats. Together with the unaffected adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol concentrations, this suggests that food deprivation in winter does not cause stress to the raccoon dog but is an integral part of its natural life history.     

A comparative analysis of MC4R gene sequence, polymorphism, and chromosomal localization in Chinese raccoon dog and Arctic fox

Numerous mutations of the human melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R) gene are responsible for monogenic obesity, and some of them appear to be associated with predisposition or resistance to polygenic obesity. Thus, this gene is considered a functional candidate for fat tissue accumulation and body weight in domestic mammals. The aim of the study was comparative analysis of chromosome localization, nucleotide sequence, and polymorphism of the MC4R gene in two farmed species of the Canidae family, namely the Chinese raccoon dog (Nycterutes procyonoides procyonoides) and the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). The whole coding sequence, including fragments of 3'UTR and 5'UTR, shows 89% similarity between the arctic fox (1276 bp) and Chinese raccoon dog (1213 bp). Altogether, 30 farmed Chinese raccoon dogs and 30 farmed arctic foxes were searched for polymorphisms. In the Chinese raccoon dog, only one silent substitution in the coding sequence was identified; whereas in the arctic fox, four InDels and two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5'UTR and six silent SNPs in the exon were found. The studied gene was mapped by FISH to the Chinese raccoon dog chromosome 9 (NPP9q1.2) and arctic fox chromosome 24 (ALA24q1.2-1.3). The obtained results are discussed in terms of genome evolution of species belonging to the family Canidae and their potential use in animal breeding.