快速打破结缕草种子休眠方法的比较

用水和30%NaOH对结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud.)种子进行浸种处理,筛选能快速打破结缕草种子休眠的方法.结果表明:用水浸种6d,8d内发芽率仅为14.70%;用30%NaOH浸种120min,8d内发芽率也仅达28.00%;而用水浸泡2d后再用30%NaOH处理40min,8d内结缕草种子的发芽率达到了82.00%.说明用水和30%NaOH综合处理的方法可以快速有效打破结缕草种子休眠,缩短发芽周期,达到快速出苗的目的.     

珍稀濒危植物距瓣尾囊草种子散布及萌发特性

采用野外调查和室内实验相结合的方法,对距瓣尾囊草(Urophysa rockii)种子散布途径、散布方式和种子萌发特性进行初步研究.结果表明:距瓣尾囊草种子千粒重为0.6684±0.0038 g,以果实和种子为扩散单元进行扩散,具有自体扩散和水媒扩散两种方式.温度对距瓣尾囊草种子萌发有显著影响,20℃为最适萌发温度,发芽率达67.78％.低温(4℃)层积可有效提高种子发芽率和发芽势,随层积天数增加,发芽率和发芽势增加,但层积30 d和40 d发芽率和发芽势无显著性差异.光照和黑暗对种子萌发的影响差异不显著,光照不是其种子萌发的必需条件.实验证明,与用湿砂做发芽基质相比,用滤纸做发芽基质,其发芽率和发芽势均比前者高,因此滤纸是距瓣尾囊草种子萌发实验中更为适宜的发芽基质.     

结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud.)种子打破休眠方法的比较

结缕草 (ＺｏｙｓｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＳｔｅｕｄ .)为禾本科多年生草本植物 ,广泛分布于我国东部沿海地区 ,集中分布在我国的辽宁和山东境内 ,在胶东和辽东半岛有大面积的野生种群 ,是我国结缕草种子的主要产地。结缕草具有极其发达的根茎和匍匐茎 ,是适于放牧的优良牧草 ,也是抗逆性强、低矮密集型的优质草坪植物。然而 ,结缕草种子具有深休眠特性 ,在自然条件下发芽率低、发芽速度慢 ,从而给它的开发和利用带来了阻碍。近年来国内外已有一些学者对其深休眠的原因进行了研究。韩建国等认为该种子休眠为综合型休眠 ,颖苞对水分和空气的进…     

两种结缕草种子休眠及萌发特性

通过测定兰引Ⅲ号结缕草和青岛结缕草休眠种子和解除休眠种子的吸水率、呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性等萌发生理指标,探讨了结缕草种子的休眠类型。试验结果表明,解除休眠的结缕草种子的吸水率大于未处理的种子。解除休眠种子的呼吸强度、脱氢酶活性都有较大幅度的增长,显著高于未处理。结缕草种子萌发期需30～35℃高温和充足光照。两种结缕草种子的颖壳、种皮的透性障碍及种子内存在发芽抑制物质是导致种子休眠的主要原因,属于混合休眠类型。     

光温和赤霉素对跳舞草种子萌发的影响

以珍稀趣味药用植物跳舞草(Codariocalyx motorius)为材料,通过机械磨擦、不同温度、光照强度和GA_3处理以及不同栽培介质研究了其种子萌发特性,以寻找其繁殖环节中的主要限制因素,为迁地保育和大规模育苗提供可行依据.结果表明:机械磨擦可使跳舞草种子的发芽势、发芽率及发芽指数显著提高,种子种皮的机械抑制是导致其发芽率低的直接原因;其种子萌发的适宜温度范围20～30℃,25℃为最适温度;浓度为50～100 mg/L的GA_3处理的跳舞草种子萌发率高,且出苗整齐,根系粗壮,成苗率高;适度的遮光(30%)对跳舞草种子的萌发有促进作用,其发芽势、发芽率以及发芽指数最高;跳舞草的育苗基质可选用腐叶土:泥炭(1∶1),出苗率达到85.9%,经济合理.     

不同贮藏条件和发芽方法对羊草种子萌发的影响

贮藏条件(温度、水分和贮藏介质)和发芽方法(发芽床种类×播种方法)是影响羊草种子萌发的重要因素.研究了4种贮藏条件(4 ℃低温干贮、自然室温干贮和非盐碱土低温湿贮、盐碱土低温湿贮)、3种发芽床(滤纸、非盐碱土与盐碱土)和2种播种方法(表面与内部播种)对羊草种子发芽率的影响.结果表明,与室温干贮相比,低温干贮可以提高羊草种子的发芽速率和整齐度,但对最终发芽率没有显著影响.盐碱土低温湿贮显著降低羊草种子发芽率(28.8%);非盐碱土低温湿贮可显著提高羊草种子的发芽率(73.7%).6种组合发芽方法的发芽率大小和顺序依次为：非盐碱土表发芽法(89.3%)>纸间发芽法(68.0%)>纸上发芽法(64.0%)>非盐碱土内发芽法(61.3%)>盐碱土表发芽法(25.6%)>盐碱土内发芽法(6.0%).     

水稻低温发芽力QTL定位和遗传分析

以Kinmaze(粳稻)／DV85(籼稻)的重组自交系F10世代群体检测了影响水稻低温发芽力性状的数量性状基因座(QTL)。通过测定不同时期的低温发芽率,确定了15℃低温、第10d为检测低温发芽率的最适处理温度和时间,该条件下能够充分检测到品种的差异和分离群体的变异。通过设置对照,证明所检测的低温发芽率不受休眠及二次休眠的影响。15℃低温、第10d时,Kinmaze的发芽率达35％,DV85的发芽率只有7％,两亲本之间存在明显差异,该群体81个家系的低温发芽率变幅在0％～99％之间。QTL分析结果检测到5个与低温发芽力相关的基因座,分别位于第2、6、7、11和12染色体上。位于第2、6和11染色体上的qLTG-2、qLTG-6和qLTG-11贡献率分别为27．1％、17．1％和15．0％,对低温发芽力性状的增效基因来自DV85;位于第7、12染色体上qLTG-7和qLTG-12的贡献率分别为22．9％和8．8％,增效基因来自Kinmaze。其中,qLTG-6和qLTG-11在染色体上的位置与已报道的有关低温发芽力QTL位置相似,而qLTG-2、qLTG-7和qLTG-12为新检测的低温发芽力基因座。上位性分析结果显示,第3与第5染色体上存在影响低温发芽力的互作位点,其互作可以提高低温发芽力,而第7染色体上的两位点之间的互作降低了低温发芽力。     

白花蛇舌草种子发芽及化感部位的研究

目的:研究白花蛇舌草种子发芽的最佳条件及化感部位。方法:采用正交实验寻找种子发芽的最佳条件,用生物工程技术研究不同部位对种子萌发的影响。结果:白花蛇舌草种子在25℃,24 h、20%的光照强度,采用机械破碎贮藏12个月发芽率最高,并且光照强度的变化对种子发芽的差异具有显著性;白花蛇舌草提取液中醇提组、水提组、乙酸乙酯组均存在化感作用。结论:寻找到白花蛇舌草种子发芽的最佳条件,白花蛇舌草化感作用可能是多组分共同作用的结果。     

窄叶野碗豆种子的休眠与发芽特性

以青藏高原野豌豆属窄叶野碗豆(Vicia angustifolia)种子为材料,就其休眠类型、发芽对温度与水分的响应以及休眠破除方法进行了研究。结果显示:(1)窄叶野碗豆新鲜种子具有复合休眠特性,而贮藏种子仅具有物理休眠特性。(2)与贮藏种子相比,新鲜种子的发芽温度范围变窄,高温显著抑制其种子的发芽,在25℃条件下新鲜种子的发芽率仅为4%,而贮藏种子可达90%以上。(3)新鲜种子发芽对水分的要求较高,在-0.4 MPa以及10℃、15℃、20℃条件下,新鲜种子的发芽率分别为85%、55%、8%,而贮藏种子的发芽率分别为95%、91%、89%。(4)氟啶酮(FL)和赤霉素(GA3)对贮藏种子的发芽与发芽速率均无明显作用,但可显著提高新鲜种子的发芽速率;与贮藏种子相比,新鲜种子的发芽对脱落酸(ABA)的抑制作用更为敏感;除高浓度多效唑(PA)显著抑制新鲜种子的发芽外,其他浓度的PA对新鲜种子与贮藏种子均无显著影响。研究表明,脱落酸可能是引致窄叶野豌豆种子生理休眠的主要原因;硫酸及切破种皮处理均可破除贮藏种的物理休眠,其中硫酸处理20min效果最好。     

中华结缕草对卡那霉素敏感性的研究

通过室内发芽试验研究了卡那霉素对中华结缕草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,卡那霉素处理对中华结缕草种子萌发影响不显著,而不同浓度及不同处理时间则对其幼苗生长影响显著。随着卡那霉素处理浓度增高,中华结缕草的株高、根系生长及侧根发生受抑制程度加重,白化率增大;随着处理天数的延长,株高、根系生长量降低。综合各项指标,确定卡那霉素最佳浓度为75mg/L,最佳处理时间为6～10d。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.