佛坪国家级自然保护区植物群落物种多样性特征

用物种多样性指数（Simpson指数和Shannon指数）、均匀度指数（Pielou均匀度）和物种丰富度,对佛坪国家级自然保护区主要高等植物群落物种多样性进行了测度。结果表明：森林群落的多样性程度高于灌丛和草甸,落叶阔叶林高于针叶林,栎林高于杨桦林。群落物种多样性有随海拔高度的升高而降低的趋势。物种多样性在森林群落垂直结构上的分布特点,表现为一般乔木层与灌木层接近但低于草本层。     

大明山云贵山茉莉群落物种多度分布的Weibull模型

物种多度分布的分析对于了解群落物种多样性具有重要意义。Weibull模型是拟合物种多度分布的重要模型之一。在采用倍程对物种多度分组的基础上,用Weibull模型分别拟合广西大明山保护区云贵山茉莉群落乔木层、灌木层以及乔木+灌木物种的多度分布,结果三者均符合Weibull分布。由此表明所提出的方法应用于物种多度分布研究是理想的,从而完善了Weibull模型在物种多度分布上的应用。     

暖温带若干落叶阔叶林群落物种多样性及其与群落动态的关系

 分析比较了暖温带中部至西南部20个落叶阔叶林群落类型的物种多样性,结果表明：1)一般情况下,乔、灌、草3个层次的物种丰富度(Sp)和多样性指数(D和H′)多为乔木层<灌木层<草本层,但均匀度指数(Ea)则多以灌木层居高;2)处于亚顶极阶段的森林群落各层次多样性指数(D和H′)特征是乔木层<草本层<灌木层;3)当群落处于顶极亚顶极阶段时,群落各层次的均匀度指数均在0.5以上;4)以群落总体重要值为测度指标来测度群落的总体物种多样性指数和均匀度指数时,发现群落总体Simpson多样性指数(D)可用于判断群落稳定性的高低,即总体多样性指数D低于或接近0.5的群落其稳定性较差或为特殊生境下的群落类型;当总体多样性指数D高于0.5时有两种情况：群落的均匀度指数Ea大于D的群落为地带性群落类型,它们有很高的稳定性,相当于顶极群落,而Ea小于或与D接近的群落具有较高的物种丰富度,在群落的演替动态方面处于顶极的前期,相当于亚顶极群落。     

粤北南方红豆杉植物群落的物种多样性和种群格局

在用样方法取样的基础上 ,分析粤北南方红豆杉生长地植物群落的物种多样性和种群分布格局 ,结果表明 :在调查地南方红豆杉出现于 5种类型的群落中 ;从物种多样性指数的平均值来看 ,灌木层的物种多样性大于乔木层 ,但乔木层和灌木层之间的 Shannon指数和群落均匀度无明显的差异 ;从乔木层和灌木层的变异系数看 ,丰富度、Shannon指数和群落均匀度均表现为乔木层 >灌木层。所调查的南方红豆杉生长地的植物群落的多样性指数和均匀度高于其他类群的南亚热带常绿阔叶林 ,但低于海南岛的热带雨林类群。南方红豆杉生长地植物群落中各优势种群均呈集群分布 ,且集群强度也都较高。南方红豆杉种群在大多数样地中亦呈集群分布     

山西霍山森林群落林下物种多样性研究

在野外获得样方的基础上,采用多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数等对山西霍山森林群落林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明,多数森林群落林下灌木层多样性指数和均匀度指数均高于草本层,而丰富度指数则相反。灌木层和草本层物种多样性指数的顺序为:针阔叶混交林>针叶林>落叶阔叶林,主要是由于针阔叶混交林兼有针叶林和落叶阔叶林的共同特征,因而具有较高的多样性。灌木层和草本层多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数在海拔梯度上呈单峰曲线变化趋势,即中海拔(1500 m)高度上物种多样性最大,这主要是由于在这一海拔范围内水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致。     

北京松山自然保护区森林群落物种多样性及其神经网络预测

物种多样性是群落结构和功能复杂性的一种度量,物种多样性的空间分布格局受许多环境因子的影响.运用多样性指数,多层感知器网络,分析了松山保护区森林群落物种多样性与群落类型、结构和生境之间的关系.结果表明:(1)大果榆+山杨混交林、油松+青杨混交林物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度均较高,而大果榆林、华北落叶松林的各项指数值均较低.Patrick指数和Shannon-Weiner指数在森林群落中均表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;Pielou指数在榆林中表现为草本层＞乔木层＞灌木层,而在其他森林群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层.(2)功能层物种多样性在海拔梯度上的变化趋势不同,在乔木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度随海拔的升高逐渐降低;在灌木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度均呈比较明显的单峰曲线变化趋势;在草本层,丰富度和多样性随海拔的升高都呈下降趋势,而在草本层,均匀度变化不大.(3)用多层感知器网络预测功能层多样性效果很好,结果发现坡向对乔木层和灌木层物种多样性的影响最大,而海拔高度对草本层物种多样性的影响最大.     

太行山南段森林群落物种多样性研究

分别用多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数对山西太行山南段森林群落的物种多样性及其与环境的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)3个植被型的物种多样性指数的顺序为:落叶阔叶林>温性针阔叶混交林>温性针叶林.(2)落叶阔叶林中各群系的物种多样性指数的顺序为:漆树 青麸杨林>鹅耳枥 青榨槭林>青檀林>辽东栎林>栓皮栎林>白桦林>红桦林>山杨 白桦林.(3)温性针叶林中各群系的物种多样性指数的顺序为南方红豆杉林>油松林>白皮松林>侧柏林.(4)物种丰富度指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;多样性指数的趋势则为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;各群落灌木层物种均匀度指数大于乔木层和草本层,乔木层均匀度与草本层相差不明显.(5)各群落多样性指数在海拔梯度上表现出明显的规律,呈单峰曲线变化,即中等海拔高度上的群落物种多样性较高,而高海拔和低海拔多样性较低,这主要是由于在中海拔(大约1 500 m)地段水热条件组合较好、人类活动干扰较少所致.     

云居山栓皮栎群落特征及多样性研究

栓皮栎群落是我国暖温带和亚热带落叶阔叶林的重要森林群落类型之一,也是赣北珍稀森林群落之一,在森林演替和植物资源利用中占有重要的地位。通过对江西云居山栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)群落进行实地调查,采用区系分析、生活型谱分析、物种多样性和双向聚类等方法对其群落特征进行了研究,发现云居山自然保护区栓皮栎群落结构简单,层次明显,多样性程度不高。物种调查及区系研究结果显示,云居山栓皮栎群落维管束植物共计43科56属70种,植物区系主要以泛热带、东亚及北美间断、北温带分布为主,表现出从温带区系向热带区系过渡的特征;生活型谱以高位芽植物为主(占70%),其他生活型相对较少,反映出中亚热带森林以高位芽植物为主的特点。群落物种丰富度、多样性指数均为乔木层小于灌木层和草本层,均匀度指数分析表明,乔木层为聚集分布、灌木层和草本层为均匀分布。双向聚类分析表明,调查的5个样地均为栓皮栎群落,以乔木层物种多度可将5个样地分为3类,组成群落的24个主要物种可分为10类。     

退化土地植被恢复群落物种多样性与生物量分配格局

研究了湘西北女儿寨小流域7种典型植被恢复群落生物量的空间分配格局、物种多样性特征及其相互关系。结果表明:1)润楠次生林乔木层生物量最高,马尾松天然林灌木层生物量最大,油桐人工林草本层生物量最高,乔木层最低,毛竹-杉木林灌木层与草本层生物量最小,群落总生物量以马尾松天然林群落最高,荒草灌丛群落最低。2)乔木层物种以润楠次生林最丰富,多样性指数最高,物种分布最均匀;灌木层物种丰富度以毛竹-杉木混交林最高,油桐人工林多样性与均匀度指数最大,优势度最小,荒草灌丛群落的物种丰富度、多样性及均匀度最低;草本层物种丰富度以油桐人工林最高,马尾松天然林最低,杉木人工林草本层多样性指数与均匀度指数最大,润楠次生林优势度最高;群落总体物种丰富度以油桐人工林最高,润楠次生林群落的多样性指数最高,种群分布最均匀,荒草灌丛群落的多样性、均匀度与优势度都最低。3)女儿寨小流域退化土地物种丰富度与群落生物量之间的关系可用"S"曲线较好地描述,双曲线能较好地描述群落多样性指数、群落均匀度指数与生物量之间的关系,而生态优势度与生物量之间为非性线关系。     

黄土高原马栏林区主要森林群落物种多样性研究

应用丰富度指数(S)、多样性指数(H1)、优势度指数(D)和均匀度指数(Js)对子午岭马栏林区的主要森林群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:41个样地共记录草本151种,灌木111种,乔木33种。马栏林区森林植物群落其总体多样性是混交林>纯林>人工林;不同森林群落各层的物种多样性基本都表现为灌木层>草本层>乔木层;物种多样性乔木层以油松(Pinus tabulaeformis) 辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)混交林和落叶阔叶混交林较高,灌木层以油松 白桦(Betula platyphylla)混交林、白桦林和天然油松林多样性较高;草本层则是人工刺槐 (Robinia pseudoacacia)林、白桦林和山杨(Populus davidiana)林多样性较高。人工刺槐林和人工油松林在乔木层和灌木层多样性指数都较低。物种均匀度乔木层是落叶阔叶混交林最高,人工油松林和人工刺槐林最低;灌木层各群落的均匀度较为接近;草本层则表现为人工刺槐林均匀度最高,混交林最低。β多样性分析显示人工刺槐林与其它森林群落相异性较大,而辽东栎林、天然油松林和油松 白桦混交林均与油松 辽东栎混交林的相异性较小。研究表明多树种营造混交林可以增加群落的多样性,建造具有较高物种多样性的群落应种植混交林取代单一物种的人工纯林,在选择树种时应优先考虑乡土树种。     

秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究 Ⅱ演替系列的群落α多样性特征

应用物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数、Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数、Ａｌａｔａｌｏ均匀度指数研究了太白山弃耕地植物群落次生演替过程中的群落α多样性动态特征,结果表明,群落在由一年生草本植物群落阶段向多年生草本植物群落、灌丛、混交林阶段的演替过程中,群落多样性指数逐渐上升,至混交林阶段达到最高值。若以分布在这一垂直地带的代表性森林群落锐齿栎林为演替进一步发展的方向,则由多样性指数在锐齿栎混交林、锐齿栎林阶段呈下降趋势。不同演替阶段不同生长型的多样性指数变化规律为：在演替的初期,草本层多样性指数＞灌木层＞乔木层;在混交林阶段,这３个不同生长型的多样性指数相差无几,乔木生长型稍占优势;在锐齿栎混交林和锐齿栎林阶段,灌木生长型的物种多样性最大,草本次之,乔木生长型的物种多样性则迅速降低。首次利用群落各生长型的叶层相对厚度和相对盖度作为加权参数,对群落总体的物种多样性指数进行了测度,结果表明,这种加权处理是比较合理的。     

秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究

应用物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数、Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数、Ａｌａｔａｌｏ均匀度指数研究了太白山弃耕地植物群落次生演替过程中的群落α多样性动态特征,结果表明,群落在由一年生草本植物群落阶段向多年生草本植物群落、灌丛、混交林阶段的演替过程中,群落多样性指数逐渐上升,至混交林阶段达到最高值。若以分布在这一垂直地带的代表性森林群落锐齿栎林为演替进一步发展的方向,则由多样     

鼎湖山植物物种多样性动态

鼎湖山自然保护区于1982年分别在针叶林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林内建立了3个永久样地。样地建立前,针叶林常受到人类的干扰,其它2种一直受到较好的保护。本文植物物种动态的研究和分析基于对3个样地在1982年和1994年的两次调查。结果表明,物种多样性的顺序是阔叶林＞混交林＞针叶林。就乔木（DBH>2.5cm）而言,3个样地的物种多样性和均匀度指数从1982年至1994年都已增长。除阔叶林外,两次调查的结果差别很大,这是因为在保护之下它们正产生进展演替。至于林下层植物则正好相反,除阔叶林外,针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林的多样性及均匀度指数均下降。物种的丰富度和个体数的变化同多样性指数变化一致。物种的组成变化符合演替规律,随着针叶林发展成为混交林,混交林发展成为阔叶林,其林冠变得较为密集,因而有更多的耐阴植物侵入,而一些喜光（不耐阴的）种消失。研究结果表明,人类的干扰将降低植物的物种多样性,而保护将使物种多样性得到恢复和提高。     

Regional‐scale directional changes in abundance of tree species along a temperature gradient in Japan

Climate changes are assumed to shift the ranges of tree species and forest biomes. Such range shifts result from changes in abundances of tree species or functional types. Owing to global warming, the abundance of a tree species or functional type is expected to increase near the colder edge of its range and decrease near the warmer edge. This study examined directional changes in abundance and demographic parameters of forest trees along a temperature gradient, as well as a successional gradient, in Japan. Changes in the relative abundance of each of four functional types (evergreen broad‐leaved, deciduous broad‐leaved, evergreen temperate conifer, and evergreen boreal conifer) and the demography of each species (recruitment rate, mortality, and population growth rate) were analyzed in 39 permanent forest plots across the Japanese archipelago. Directional changes in the relative abundance of functional types were detected along the temperature gradient. Relative abundance of evergreen broad‐leaved trees increased near their colder range boundaries, especially in secondary forests, coinciding with the decrease in deciduous broad‐leaved trees. Similarly, relative abundance of deciduous broad‐leaved trees increased near their colder range boundaries, coinciding with the decrease in boreal conifers. These functional‐type‐level changes were mainly due to higher recruitment rates and partly to the lower mortality of individual species at colder sites. This is the first report to show that tree species abundances in temperate forests are changing directionally along a temperature gradient, which might be due to current or past climate changes as well as recovery from past disturbances.     

Responses of species abundance distribution patterns to spatial scaling in subtropical secondary forests

To quantify and assess the processes underlying community assembly and driving tree species abundance distributions(SADs) with spatial scale variation in two typical subtropical secondary forests in Dashanchong state‐owned forest farm, two 1‐ha permanent study plots (100‐m × 100‐m) were established. We selected four diversity indices including species richness, Shannon–Wiener, Simpson and Pielou, and relative importance values to quantify community assembly and biodiversity. Empirical cumulative distribution and species accumulation curves were utilized to describe the SADs of two forests communities trees. Three types of models, including statistic model (lognormal and logseries model), niche model (broken‐stick, niche preemption, and Zipf‐Mandelbrodt model), and neutral theory model, were estimated by the fitted SADs. Simulation effects were tested by Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Results found that the Fagaceae and Anacardiaceae families were their respective dominance family in the evergreen broad‐leaved and deciduous mixed communities. According to original data and random sampling predictions, the SADs were hump‐shaped for intermediate abundance classes, peaking between 8 and 32 in the evergreen broad‐leaved community, but this maximum increased with size of total sampled area size in the deciduous mixed community. All niche models could only explain SADs patterns at smaller spatial scales. However, both the neutral theory and purely statistical models were suitable for explaining the SADs for secondary forest communities when the sampling plot exceeded 40 m. The results showed the SADs indicated a clear directional trend toward convergence and similar predominating ecological processes in two typical subtropical secondary forests. The neutral process gradually replaced the niche process in importance and become the main mechanism for determining SADs of forest trees as the sampling scale expanded. Thus, we can preliminarily conclude that neutral processes had a major effect on biodiversity patterns in these two subtropical secondary forests but exclude possible contributions of other processes.     

Geographical and climatic gradients of evergreen versus deciduous broad‐leaved tree species in subtropical China: Implications for the definition of the mixed forest

Understanding climatic influences on the proportion of evergreen versus deciduous broad‐leaved tree species in forests is of crucial importance when predicting the impact of climate change on broad‐leaved forests. Here, we quantified the geographical distribution of evergreen versus deciduous broad‐leaved tree species in subtropical China. The Relative Importance Value index (RIV ) was used to examine regional patterns in tree species dominance and was related to three key climatic variables: mean annual temperature (MAT ), minimum temperature of the coldest month (MinT), and mean annual precipitation (MAP ). We found the RIV of evergreen species to decrease with latitude at a lapse rate of 10% per degree between 23.5 and 25°N, 1% per degree at 25–29.1°N, and 15% per degree at 29.1–34°N. The RIV of evergreen species increased with: MinT at a lapse rate of 10% per °C between ?4.5 and 2.5°C and 2% per °C at 2.5–10.5°C; MAP at a lapse rate of 10% per 100 mm between 900 and 1,600 mm and 4% per 100 mm between 1,600 and 2,250 mm. All selected climatic variables cumulatively explained 71% of the geographical variation in dominance of evergreen and deciduous broad‐leaved tree species and the climatic variables, ranked in order of decreasing effects were as follows: MinT > MAP  > MAT . We further proposed that the latitudinal limit of evergreen and deciduous broad‐leaved mixed forests was 29.1–32°N, corresponding with MAT of 11–18.1°C, MinT of ?2.5 to 2.51°C, and MAP of 1,000–1,630 mm. This study is the first quantitative assessment of climatic correlates with the evergreenness and deciduousness of broad‐leaved forests in subtropical China and underscores that extreme cold temperature is the most important climatic determinant of evergreen and deciduous broad‐leaved tree species’ distributions, a finding that confirms earlier qualitative studies. Our findings also offer new insight into the definition and distribution of the mixed forest and an accurate assessment of vulnerability of mixed forests to future climate change.     

福建梅花山常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性及其海拔梯度格局

常绿阔叶林是福建梅花山国家级自然保护区地带性植被。采用样带与典型群落调查法对区内的常绿阔叶林14400m2样地展开调查,并对植物多样性海拔梯度格局进行分析,结果表明：（1） 群落植物物种丰富度、Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数的均值分别为64.42、10.75、5.75、3.50、0.58,且这5种指数在各样带间差异极为显著,并随海拔的升高均呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在海拔700m~900m。（2） 群落各层次的植物物种丰富度、Shannon Wiener指数均呈现灌木层（包括幼树和层间植物）〉乔木层〉草本层的特征。乔木、灌木层物种丰富度与乔木层Shannon Wiener指数在海拔梯度上的样带间差异极显著,变化趋势与群落相似;灌木层与草本层Shannon Wiener指数以及草本层物种丰富度随海拔梯度变化不明显。因此,梅花山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局呈现单峰分布,并支持中间高度膨胀模式（mid domain model）。     

Patterns in woody species diversity, richness and partitioning of diversity in forest communities of tropical deciduous forest biome

The regressive succession model hypothesizes tropical savanna-woodlands to be a degraded stage of primary deciduous forests. Species diversity, richness and evenness of woody species in savanna-woodlands, secondary deciduous forests and mature deciduous forests of central India were compared to test if the regressive succession explained pattern in species richness, diversity, functional diversity and basal area. At the plot scale (0.1 ha) secondary deciduous forests and savanna-woodlands had similar species diversity, a pattern not consistent with the regressive model of deciduous forest succession, and mature deciduous forests had greater species diversity and richness (p<0.05). When examined at a larger scale or community scale by pooling all plots within a community type, the trend in diversity persisted even with greater effort allocated to sampling of secondary deciduous forests. Species richness at the community scale was greatest in secondary deciduous forest as expected from species area relationship. The communities shared 28 woody species but the species composition was significantly different between the communities. I suggest that conservation of tropical deciduous forests based on regressive succession model is problematic.     

Species Diversity and Altitudinal Gradient Patterns of Evergreen Broad leaved Forest in MeihuashanNational Natural Reserve,Fujian Province

In China, evergreen broad leaved forests (EBLFs) is one of the most important vegetation types which was widly distributed in subtropical area, and it plays a very important role in the global biological diversity and natural environment conservation also. In order to reveal species diversity and altitudinal gradient patterns of evergreen broad leaved forest in Meihuashan National Natural Reserve, Fujian Province. Five altitude transects were set up at a vertical interval of 200m between 375m and 1300m above sea level in the EBLFs distribution areas, and twenty four quadrats(14400m2) had been surveyed. Species richness(S), species richness index (dGl), Simpson index (D), Shannon Wiener index (H′), Pielou evenness index (J) had been used for analysis of species diversity and altitudinal gradient pattern of EBLFs. The average value of S, dGl, H′,J and D were 64.42, 10.75, 5.75, 3.50, 0.58 respectively. The difference of community species diversity index(S, dGl, D, H′, and J) was extremely significant between transects, and the altitudinal gradient patterns of species diversity presented the unimodal variable trend, with a peak in the mid altitude(700m-900m). The species richness and Shannon Wiener index of different layer were ranked as shrub layer (include young tree and the plants between layers)>arbor layer>herb layer. The species richness of tree and shrub layer, and Shannon Wiener index of tree layer were significantly different between at transects, and trends of altitude gradient was similar to community. The Shannon Wiener index of shrub layer and herb layer, and the species richness of herb layer did not change significantly along elevation gradient. Therefore, plant species diversity distribution pattern presented a unimodal variable trend along an elevation gradient, and supported “mid domain model” in EBLFs of Meihuashan National Nature Reserve.