壳聚糖对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性和内源激素水平的影响

为探究壳聚糖对增强玉米幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的生理生化机制,以玉米(Zea mays L.)杂交种‘郑单958’为试验材料,采用室内Hoagland水培法,探讨外施100mg·L~(-1)壳聚糖对镉胁迫(80mg·L~(-1))不同时间(0h、24h、48h、72h和96h)下玉米幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性和内源激素水平的影响。结果显示:(1)镉胁迫显著抑制玉米幼苗根系生长,并诱导根系活性氧产生、抗氧化酶活性增加、内源激素的平衡受到破坏。(2)镉胁迫下,外施壳聚糖处理96h后根系干重提高16.1%,根系的O-·2产生速率和H2O2含量分别降低9.1%和19.2%,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高32.5%、20.4%和21.3%,IAA、ZR和GA含量分别增加34.4%、40.4%和42.5%,ABA含量减少19.1%,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA和GA/ABA分别提升66.1%、73.5%和76.0%。研究表明,壳聚糖能够调控镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根系内源激素的含量及平衡,减轻胁迫对抗氧化酶系统的破坏,增强其清除活性氧的能力,从而降低镉胁迫对根系的毒害,提高玉米幼苗对镉胁迫的抵抗能力,为玉米抗逆栽培提供了理论及试验依据。     

脱落酸对甜椒幼苗抗寒性的诱导效应及其机理研究

以砂培甜椒幼苗为材料,先用不同浓度脱落酸(ABA)进行灌根处理,再分两组分别于常温(25℃～30℃)生长7 d(常温苗)或低温驯化(10℃～15℃)30 d(驯化苗)之后进行低温胁迫(5℃)处理,分析幼苗的生长状况及其细胞质膜伤害、渗透调节物质、活性氧清除系统、内源激素的变化特征,以探讨脱落酸对甜椒抗寒性的诱导效应及机理.结果显示,(1)各浓度ABA对甜椒常温苗和驯化苗的株高、茎重均无显著影响,但显著促进驯化苗的侧根生长,在低温胁迫下,显著降低驯化苗叶片的呼吸速率;(2)常温苗的相对电导率仅在10 mg/L ABA处理中比对照显著降低,而驯化苗在各处理浓度下均显著降低,MDA含量表现出与此类似的变化;(3)叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、钾离子等渗透调节物质含量在各浓度ABA处理常温苗和驯化苗中均有所增加,但仅脯氨酸含量的增加达到显著水平.(4)各浓度ABA处理都一定程度上提高了常温苗的SOD活性,显著降低了常温苗的CAT和POD活性,H2O2积累量均显著降低,但对于驯化苗,1.0 mg/L和10 mg/L ABA处理却显著降低其SOD活性,POD和CAT活性无显著差异,H2O2积累量也无显著变化.(5)茎尖的ZR、JA-Me含量及IAA/ZR、均与对照无显著差异,但IAA、ABA含量、ABA/ZR比值明显提高,其中1.0和10 mg/L处理的内源ABA含量以及10 mg/L处理的ABA/ZR比值显著高于对照.研究表明,脱落酸能通过降低甜椒幼苗呼吸速率,提高叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、钾离子等渗透调节物质以及ABA的积累来诱导增强甜椒幼苗的抗寒性,减少活性氧自由基的产生和累积量,从而减轻低温胁迫造成的伤害,且低温驯化条件下比常温下效果更加明显.     

外源脱落酸对小麦幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试材,采用水培法研究了100mg/L镉(Cd2+)胁迫条件下施用外源脱落酸(ABA)对小麦幼苗生长及某些生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)100mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,小麦叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高,植株生长受到抑制;(2)外源ABA能够明显提高Cd2+胁迫小麦幼苗的根系活力,增加其叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性,促进其脯氨酸积累,降低MDA的含量,并以5.0μmol/L ABA的效果最明显;(3)1.0～5.0μmol/L外源ABA不同程度地缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,且5.0μmol/L时效果最明显,其株高、根长、总干重分别比单一Cd2+胁迫处理显著提高6.73%、149%和10.52%,而10.0μmol/LABA反而加重了Cd2+对小麦幼苗生长的伤害。因此,适宜浓度的外源ABA能够通过增加体内保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量来缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强小麦幼苗的抗Cd2+胁迫能力,并以5.0μmol/L ABA处理效果最好。     

叶面喷施6-BA对高温胁迫下甜椒幼苗生长和叶片生理生化指标的影响

以‘P13201’甜椒品种为材料,在光照培养箱内采用营养液栽培法,研究了叶面预喷施不同浓度6-BA(5、10、20、50μmol/L)溶液对高温胁迫(40℃/30℃昼/夜)下甜椒幼苗的生长及生理生化指标的影响,探讨缓解甜椒高温胁迫的最佳6-BA浓度。结果显示:(1)高温胁迫致使甜椒幼苗的各生长指标及叶绿素含量显著下降,且10μmol/L 6-BA处理下的株高、茎粗、地上干重、根干重与常温对照(28℃/18℃昼/夜)差异不显著,其幼苗的地上鲜重、根鲜重、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总含量在各处理中降幅也最小。(2)高温胁迫下甜椒幼苗叶片的PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)显著下降,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)显著升高;相比其他处理组,10μmol/L 6-BA溶液处理下的各荧光参数变化幅度最小,特别是NPQ与对照差异不显著。(3)甜椒叶片中O-·2产生速率、抗氧化酶(SOD、APX、POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率受高温胁迫后显著增大,但10μmol/L 6-BA溶液处理下O-·2产率、MDA含量及相对电导率显著小于T0处理(蒸馏水+高温)下的各值,而其SOD、APX、POD活性则表现相反,相比T0处理,显著升高了50.5%、79.4%、50.3%。研究表明,高温显著抑制了甜椒幼苗正常生长,致使叶片中各抗逆生理生化指标变幅大增,而叶面喷施适宜浓度的6-BA有利于高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的升高及光能的捕获与转换,有效缓解高温胁迫伤害,维持甜椒幼苗的正常生长,并以10μmol/L 6-BA溶液处理效果最好。     

镉胁迫对烟草根抗氧化能力和激素含量的影响

采用水培试验,研究了镉胁迫对烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)根内的超氧阴离子含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、抗氧化系统SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR活性、膜质过氧化水平及激素IAA、ABA、GA3、ZR含量的影响。结果显示烟草根中的超氧阴离子含量随着镉浓度增大而升高;镉浓度为5mg/L时,可溶性蛋白质含量增加,但随着镉浓度增加,可溶性蛋白质含量急剧下降;SOD、CAT、APX活性在镉浓度为5mg/L时上升,但随着镉浓度升高其活性下降;POD,GR活性在镉浓度为5-25mg/L时上升,在镉浓度为50mg/L时下降,但仍高于对照;MDA含量随着镉浓度增加而升高;IAA氧化酶活性在镉浓度5mg/L时下降,但随着镉浓度的升高而降低;IAA含量在镉浓度为5mg/L时上升,但随着镉浓度增加,IAA氧化酶活性升高,导致IAA含量逐渐下降;镉胁迫对烟草根中ABA合成表现为促进作用;GA3含量在镉浓度为5mg/L时上升,但随着镉浓度的增加其含量逐渐下降;ZR含量在镉胁迫下迅速减少。     

GA3、6-BA对金钗石斛生长发育及生物碱含量的影响

在金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile Lindl.)高分蘖期前用GA3和6-BA进行浸根处理,分析GA3和6-BA对金钗石斛生长发育及生物碱含量的影响.结果表明:GA3、6-BA处理使金钗石斛SOD、POD活性升高,可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量增加; 用0.5～1.0mg·L-1GA3和10 mg·L-16-BA处理可使金钗石斛的总生物碱含量分别增加6.7%～10.1%和3.4%;石斛碱的含量不受GA3和6-BA的影响.0.5～1.0 mg·L-1 GA3和10～50 mg·L-1 6-BA处理可使金钗石斛生物产量分别增加13.3%～30.7%和17.3%～40.0%,有效分蘖率提高63.2%～68.9%和63.1%～82.1%,GA3可显著促进茎的延长生长.内源IAA含量在5-8月份较高,其中以6月份含量最高(4.84 μg·g-1),1月份最低(2.97 μg·g-1);内源ABA含量在1月份达最高(0.61 μg·g-1).用含有1.0 mg·L-1 GA3和50 mg·L-1 6-BA的激素营养液处理可以显著提高金钗石斛生物产量(比CK增产38%),而且总生物碱含量也增加5.6%.     

生长调节剂对青榨槭扦插生根及其氧化酶活性的影响

以青榨槭为材料,采用L9(33)正交试验研究了生长调节剂α-萘乙酸 (NAA)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)和赤霉素(GA3)对青榨槭扦插生根及生根过程中过氧化物酶(POD)、吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的影响.结果显示:NAA 、IBA和GA3处理均显著提高了青榨槭插条生根率、生根数量和根长,并以NAA的影响最大;400 mg/L IBA+400 mg/L NAA+20 mg/L GA3组合处理的插条生根效果最好,其生根率、生根数和根长分别达88.5%、6条和15.88 cm,分别比无生长调节剂对照显著增加108%、200%和285%;NAA 、IBA和GA3处理可提高青榨槭插穗POD活性,降低IAAO活性,加速PPO活性高峰的出现.研究表明,生长调节剂可以调节青榨槭插穗的POD、IAAO和PPO活性,有效缩短青榨槭插穗生根时间,显著提高其生根率.     

二倍体和四倍体杂交兰幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应差异分析

为探究不同倍性杂交兰（Cymbidium hybrid）对低温胁迫的生理响应差异,对低温胁迫下（昼温10℃、夜温4℃）二倍体杂交兰以及四倍体杂交兰株系T1和T2幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、MDA和叶绿素含量,O-·2产生速率以及SOD、POD和CAT活性的动态变化进行了测定和分析;在此基础上,比较了二倍体和四倍体杂交兰的耐低温特性差异。结果显示：随着胁迫时间的延长,二倍体杂交兰和四倍体杂交兰株系T1和T2幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量,O-·2产生速率以及POD和CAT活性总体呈逐渐增加的趋势;叶绿素含量呈逐渐下降的趋势;SOD活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,并分别在胁迫后第9天和第6天达到峰值。在常温（25℃）下恢复生长3d后,二倍体杂交兰和四倍体杂交兰株系T1和T2幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量,O-·2产生速率以及SOD、POD和CAT活性均降低,而叶绿素含量升高。总体上,二倍体杂交兰叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD、POD和CAT活性的增幅明显小于四倍体杂交兰,MDA含量和O-·2产生速率的增幅则大于四倍体杂交兰,而叶绿素含量的降幅则明显大于四倍体杂交兰。综合分析结果表明：在低温胁迫下,四倍体杂交兰叶片中渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性均较高,其对低温的耐性强于二倍体杂交兰。     

植物生长物质在胚培养法挽救陈年小麦种质中的作用

以陈年小麦离体胚为外植体,MS培养基为基本培养基,附加5种植物生长物质2,4-D、NAA、KT、6-BA、GA3进行单因子和正交试验,研究植物生长物质在陈年小麦离体胚萌发中的作用。单因子试验结果表明：单独使用6-BA 1．0mg／L、GA3 2．5mg/L均能在一定程度上促进陈年小麦离体胚出芽和生根,出芽率分别为70．0％和77．5％,比对照分别提高了21．7％和29．2％;生根率分别为63．3％和72．2％,比对照分别提高了21．3％和30．2％。正交试验结果显示GA3对陈年小麦离体胚的萌发影响显著,最佳植物生长物质组合为2,4-D2．0mg／L NAA 1．1mg／L 6-BA0．5mg/L GA3 4．0mg/L,出芽率为82．5％,生根率为60．0％,比对照分别提高了32．5％和17．5％。     

ABA对低温胁迫下小桐子幼苗耐冷性及甜菜碱积累的影响

旨在探讨外源脱落酸(ABA)对低温胁迫下小桐子幼苗耐冷性及甜菜碱积累的影响。用150μmol/L ABA处理低温胁迫下的小桐子幼苗,研究其对小桐子幼苗存活率,根系活力,电解质渗漏率,MDA含量,甜菜碱含量及其代谢关键酶BADH活性和Jc BADH基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,外源150μmol/L ABA处理可显著提高低温胁迫下小桐子幼苗的存活率和根系活力,降低电解质渗漏率和MDA含量;ABA也提高了低温胁迫下小桐子幼苗的甜菜碱含量,上调了BADH的活性和Jc BADH的表达水平。因此,ABA可提高低温胁迫下小桐子幼苗的耐冷性,并且在ABA诱发的小桐子幼苗耐冷性的提高过程中,甜菜碱发挥着重要作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.