新疆喀什机场净空区鸟害综合评估

为了解新疆喀什机场净空区鸟类群落特征,给机场鸟击防范提供数据支持,预防鸟击发生,2017年3月—2019年5月,采用样线法和样点法对净空区10个区域的鸟类群落进行了定期调查,并持续统计了跑道和滑行道两侧548张防鸟粘网的鸟情数据。结果共记录鸟类15目31科73种,其中,留鸟12种(16%),夏候鸟16种(22%),冬候鸟12种(16%),旅鸟30种(41%)和迷鸟3种(4%)。分布型以泛北方种(85%)为主,其中,北方广布种30种(41%)、古北型16种(22%)、全北型16种(22%)。多样性分析显示,春、夏、秋季的多样性指数高,冬季较低。而空地-杂草区、绿洲-农田区、城郊居民区、湿地-水库区、粮食储备库的多样性指数较高,垃圾场的较低。根据鸟类体质量、集群数量、遇见频率、生境利用率及飞行高度等对飞机的影响,对鸟害危险等级进行了评估:严重危险的是红隼Falco tinnunculus(38.78)、秃鼻乌鸦Corvus frugilegus(36.38)、凤头百灵Galerida cristata(25.45)和麻雀Passer montanus(25.50)。基于以上研究结果总结鸟情特点,各项分析指数(包括548张鸟网信息)依次为春秋夏冬,虽然冬季种类比较少,但一些种类的数量却比较大,需要提防。最后,为喀什机场鸟击防范提出合理化建议。     

新疆青格达湖湿地自然保护区及周边地区的鸟类

青格达湖位于新疆天山以北、乌鲁木齐市附近。采用样线调查法、定点取样法、瞬时扫描统计法等,同时借助鸟网捕捉,分析青格达湖自然保护区及周边区域鸟类分布与数量状况。结合近10年(2002~2013年)上百次野外调查的资料,共记录鸟类225种,分属18目53科124属。这几乎占新疆鸟类资源的48%。全部18个目中,体型较小的雀形目种类数量最多(约83种),占37%。而非雀形目的种类,以隼形目(猛禽)、雁形目(游禽)、鸻形目(涉禽)等排在前列,种类都超过20种。然而,它们多属于候鸟,停留期短暂。居留型分析,留鸟为28种、夏候鸟52种、冬候鸟24种、旅鸟87种、漂泊鸟(迷鸟)约34种。同样可见青格达湖区是鸟类迁徙的一个重要驿站或停留地(水鸟104种,占46%),而不是主要繁殖地或越冬地,候鸟(包括旅鸟、迷鸟等)达197种,占总鸟种数的87%,多数属于季节性出没的种类。种群数量消长具有周期性(大小年)、季节性(双峰)、突变性、不确定性及难预测等特点。在天山北部地区,受高山和沙漠阻隔,鸟类迁徙的方向不都是"南来北往",而是沿着天山山脉北部湖群呈东西方向迁徙,多与气流方向一致。北疆漫长的冬季,有半年时间,鸟类数量和活动频率下降,是一个相对平静的"鸟荒"时期。夏季,因为农业灌溉,青格达湖几乎被排空,水鸟难以栖息。另外,有约43种鸟类(占19%)属于国家重点保护物种,需要格外加强管理和种群保育。但由于兵团农六师军垦区单一化种植模式、机械化耕作制度及大量使用农药等,造成一些地区鸟类绝迹,种群数量和季节性活动受到了遏制,希望有关部门予以关注。     

重庆江北机场鸟击特点分析及防范建议

为了解鸟击规律,作者收集了重庆江北机场2009—2013年的鸟击事件信息并对鸟击残骸进行送检,共收集鸟击事件信息189起,其中白天77起,占40.74%,夜间112起,占59.26%。鸟击数据显示:春、夏、秋季是鸟击高发季节;8月和11月为白天鸟击高发月份;夜间鸟击高发在春季(4、5月)和秋季(8、9、10月);鸟击多发种类有小云雀、家鸽、家燕、金腰燕、白鹡鸰、池鹭、大杜鹃及蝙蝠等。结合江北机场鸟类群落调查数据分析发现:在飞行区集群活动的鸟种容易成为鸟击的高危物种,鸟击发生频率与鸟类生活习性关系密切;迁徙鸟类是江北机场鸟击的最大威胁。本文根据分析结果提出了一些相应的预防措施。     

海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林林下鸟类群落研究

从 2 0 0 0年 5月到 2 0 0 2年 3月 ,用网捕法对海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林 (包括原始林和次生林 )林下鸟群落进行研究。共张网 3 992 .7网· h,捕到林下鸟 3 12只 40种 ,隶属于 6个目 11个科。林下鸟群落虽然以小于 2 5g重的雀形目鸟类占优势 ,但许多个体较大的非雀形目鸟类也到林下活动 ,最大个体重达 3 70 g,大于 10 0 g重的个体占整个林下鸟生物量的比例较大。尖峰岭热带山地雨林中的林下鸟以食虫鸟为主 ,食虫鸟占整个林下鸟种数的 70 .0 %、鸟数量的 77.56% ;食果鸟虽然占第 2位 ,但其所占比例较小。林下鸟的种类组成和密度存在季节变化。留鸟是林下鸟最重要的成分 ,留鸟占鸟类种类的比例超过 85% ,留鸟的捕获数量占整个捕获鸟类数量的比例超过 90 % ;迁徙鸟的种类和数量均较少 ,对林下鸟群落的季节变化影响不大。原始林与演替 40 a后的次生林林下鸟平均网捕率相近但林下鸟群落种类组成不同 ,其种的相似性仅为 0 .3 5。     

广东车八岭常绿阔叶林林下鸟群落组成和结构

2006年11月-2007年4月,用网捕法对广东车八岭常绿阔叶林林下鸟群落的组成和结构进行了研究.共张网1781.3h·网,捕到23种309只鸟,分属3个目10个科.林下鸟主要以雀形目为主,灰眶雀鹛(Alcippe morrisonia)和灰树鹊(Dendrocitta formosae)为优势种.从食性上看,车八岭常绿阔叶林林下鸟以食虫鸟为主,网捕到的食虫鸟共13种143只,食虫鸟占整个网捕鸟种类的56.5%、鸟数量的46.3%.车八岭常绿阔叶林中画眉科鸟类占有高的比例.     

煤气炮和声波驱鸟器有效距离的评估

鸟击事故主要发生在机场区域,通过使用驱鸟设备减少机场鸟类活动是预防鸟击的主要措施之一。本研究以家鸽和红隼两种高危险鸟类作为受试对象,选择沈阳桃仙国际机场使用的煤气炮和定向声波驱鸟器,观察在设备正常运行期间鸟类位于不同距离上的行为反应,探究两种驱鸟设备的有效作用距离以及效果。结果表明: 家鸽和红隼在距离煤气炮驱鸟器10、30 m时的警戒、逃跑行为显著高于对照,而在50 m处的各种行为次数与对照没有显著差别。家鸽和红隼在距离定向声波驱鸟器50、100 m时能够显著引起警戒和逃跑行为,在300 m处仍能显著引起红隼的警戒行为。可见,煤气炮的有效驱鸟距离为30 m,定向声波的有效驱鸟距离可达300 m,即定向声波的驱鸟效果要强于煤气炮。本研究可为机场引进驱鸟设备以及合理使用提供依据。     

甘肃黑河内陆河湿地自然保护区候鸟多样性

甘肃黑河为我国第二大内陆河,位于其中游的黑河湿地自然保护区为内陆河流湿地生态系统自然保护区。2008年分季节采用样线法和样点法调查该保护区湿地、农田村庄、人工林和荒漠4种生境的鸟类种类和数量。调查共记录保护区分布的鸟类17目35科116种,其中夏候鸟73种(占鸟类种类的62.93%),迁徙过路鸟20种(占17.24%),留鸟17种(占14.66%),冬候鸟6种(占5.17%)。其中,属于《湿地公约》的水禽56种。在湿地生境共记录鸟类70种,占保护区鸟类种数的60.34%,其中繁殖期在湿地生境栖息的鸟类有50种,绝大部分为夏候鸟(47种),留鸟只有3种;迁徙季节分布有44种鸟类,其中迁徙过路鸟(只在迁徙季节见到)有17种,占迁徙季节鸟类种类数的38.64%。村庄农田、人工林以及荒漠生境中,繁殖期和迁飞期共记录鸟类57种,夏候鸟有33种,留鸟有17种,迁徙过路鸟只有3种。甘肃张掖黑河湿地保护区是众多水禽在我国西北地区的重要繁殖地和迁徙停歇地,是我国候鸟迁徙西部路线上的关键区域。     

北京常见鸟类鸣声特征分析及其在驱鸟技术中的应用

针对民航业、农业中的人鸟冲突问题,在保护鸟类的前提下,以鸟声驱赶设备为代表的无伤害驱鸟技术成为近年的研究热点.收集北京常见的鸟类--喜鹊Pica pica、灰喜鹊Cyanopica cyana的正常鸣声、受惊鸣声及其天敌苍鹰Accipiter gentilis的正常鸣声进行研究.利用声谱分析方法测量音节的持续时间(Ds)、主能峰频率(Fhp)、基频(Ff)、组成句子的音节个数(Ns.v)和句型等声学特征参数.发现北京地区所采集上述鸟种的鸣声句法结构简单,句型为相同音节的不断重复.在利用鸣声录音制作鸟声驱鸟设备时,此类鸟声便于编辑、修改和使用,并可通过变换多种方式提高使用效果,从而为缓解人鸟冲突提供更多无伤害方法建议,更好地保护鸟类.     

南京禄口国际机场昆虫月际发生规律及其与鸟类关系

掌握机场鸟类发生与草坪昆虫种类及数量间的关系有助于从食物链角度控制机场鸟类数量,降低鸟击风险。2015年3—11月采用网捕法和陷阱法调查了南京禄口国际机场草坪地上和地表昆虫,通过机场鸟情日常巡视工作记录飞行区内的鸟类种类和数量,通过解剖捕获的机场鸟类标本的嗉囊和胃确定其食物种类。调查共采集和鉴定出昆虫纲13目99科123种,26221头,优势类群为半翅目、膜翅目、双翅目、革翅目和鞘翅目,优势科为网蝽、摇蚊、蚜科和长蝽。地上和地表昆虫群落的密度和物种丰富度的月际变化均为单峰模式,地上昆虫和地表昆虫的发生高峰分别在8月(10头·m~(-2)和59种)和9月(113头·杯~(-1)和36种)。日常巡视共记录鸟类9目21科41种,活动高峰期为7—10月。鸟类素囔和胃检结果表明,昆虫、豆科和禾本科种子是鸟类的主要食物来源。Pearson相关性分析表明,杂食性鸟类月际发生量与昆虫月际发生数量呈显著正相关(P0.05),并且也分别与直翅目、膜翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目昆虫的月际发生量呈显著正相关。广义线性回规模型结果表明,禄口机场3—11月的鸟类月际发生量可通过直翅目昆虫的月际发生数量进行预测。研究表明,禄口机场鸟类发生与草坪昆虫种类和数量密切相关,通过喷撒农药和定期割草等手段来降低禄口机场昆虫尤其是直翅目昆虫数量将有助于机场鸟击防范工作。     

上海虹桥国际机场飞行区植被与鸟类的关系

2008年3月～2009年2月,通过实地样方调查、样方植株烘箱处理和鸟类直接观察及样本解剖,对土道面区不同草高的所选样区进行植被、草丛动物和鸟类的研究,并对相关数据进行处理分析.调查结果显示: 1) 春季菊科、百合科、旋花科和葡萄科等蜜源植物开花会招引来大量昆虫,秋季禾本科、茄科、豆科和葡萄科等结实植物的果实又会为大量的昆虫以及鸟类提供食物; 2) 植被的生物量在一定程度上影响着鸟类种类数变化; 3) 植被和草丛动物的多样性指数具有极其显著正相关性,但鸟类与植被、草丛动物的多样性指数则不具有相关性; 4) 从各样区鸟类遇见率指数来看,各种鸟类对草高的喜好有着一定的差异.据此提出防范机场鸟击相关的对策和建议.     

Winter habitat associations of seed-eating passerines on Scottish farmland

CapsuleExtensive surveys highlighted the importance of weedy fodder brassicas, stubbles and open farmland landscapes to declining birds.

Aims To determine habitat associations of seed-eating passerines on Scottish farmland in winter, and recommend appropriate conservation measures.

Methods Transect surveys were carried out on farmland in 100 1-km squares, containing 2885 fields, across Scotland. Birds, crops, field boundary features and weeds were recorded on three visits. Bird–habitat associations were examined using logistic regression models.

Results Seed-eating passerines were highly concentrated: 100 fields (1.4% of the area surveyed) held half the total count. The highest field densities of birds were recorded in fodder brassica crops and stubbles, averaging 12 and 3.3 birds/ha respectively. In fodder crops, weedier fields held many more birds. Multiple regression analysis emphasized the importance of fodder crops, stubbles and farmyards and suggested that declining bird species preferred more open landscapes. Several bird species were associated with fields containing very weedy patches, and/or weeds of the family Chenopodiaceae. These features were commonest in fodder brassicas. Many of the crop types found to be important as bird habitats in winter have declined in area in Scotland; the availability of seed food in such habitats may also have diminished. Such changes may partly explain recent population declines.

Conclusions Agri-environment measures for seed-eating passerines should support the widespread provision of small areas of seed-rich wintering habitats, such as weedy fodder brassicas and stubbles, especially in open (0–10% woodland and scrub) landscapes in areas with mild winters.     

Validation of the doubly labeled water technique for measuring energy metabolism in starlings and sparrows

I have tested the idea that doubly labeled water (DLW) can accurately predict CO2 production in savannah sparrows, song sparrows, white-throated sparrows, starlings, and a single house sparrow by comparing DLW estimates with those obtained simultaneously by capturing expired CO2 in Ascarite. In addition I used the energy balance method to see if metabolic rates generated from DLW measurements accurately reflected the actual metabolic rates of these birds. I found close agreement in DLW and the gravimetric and energy balance methods, with DLW underestimating CO2 production on average by -3.5% in sparrows, and -7.1% in starlings. Similarly, the energy balance method indicated a -3.1% underestimate by DLW for sparrows and a -5.1% for starlings. The DLW method can yield reasonable estimates of CO2 production in a variety of passerine birds.     

Winter use of wild bird cover crops by passerines on farmland in northeast England

Capsule Declining farmland species were more abundant in these crops which can be matched to the birds' requirements.

Aims To assess the use of seed-bearing crop by a range of bird species in winter.

Methods The study was carried out over three winters at a site in County Durham (England). Eleven bird species were represented, five of which are nationally targeted for conservation action.

Results Bird abundance was significantly higher where wild bird cover crops were present. Kale Brassica napus and Quinoa Chenopodium quinoa were the most used crop species, although cereals and linseed were also used.

Conclusion Simple crop mixtures can be designed to meet the needs of farmland bird communities. Our results suggest that seed production may be limited within government agri-environment schemes by restrictions on fertilizer use. The agronomy of seed-bearing crops for birds requires further investigation.     

鸟市贸易威胁野生鸟类生存——以哈尔滨道外花鸟鱼市场为例

为探讨鸟市贸易对野生鸟类的威胁与影响,给当地野生动物保护部门实施监管提供科学依据,于2016年11月—2017年11月对黑龙江省哈尔滨市最大鸟市——道外花鸟鱼市场进行调查。结果发现:(1)共记录6目34科83属117种18 729只鸟类,其中野生鸟类5目32科77属108种11 662只。有出售国家保护鸟种黄胸鹀 Emberiza aureola、猛禽及非法捕猎工具的现象。(2)所有被贩卖的野生鸟类中,在黑龙江省有分布的共69种,数量达9 707只。相关分析结果表明,黑龙江省有分布的野生鸟类是鸟市非法捕捉及贩卖的主要对象。(3)贩卖量为春、秋季多,夏、冬季少,7—10月鸟类迁徙季节时最多,占总贩卖量的45.2%,说明鸟类秋季迁徙是非法猎捕的高峰期。(4)调查中发现较多的南方鸟种(32.4%)也一定程度上说明野生鸟类非法运输的严重性。建议当地林业和草原局及时加强对道外花鸟鱼市场的监管,在鸟类迁徙季节从非法捕捉和运输环节实施严厉打击。     

The effects of agriculture on farmland bird assemblages on the Agulhas Plain, Western Cape, South Africa

Coastal Fynbos on the Agulhas Plain of the Western Cape, South Africa, has been transformed extensively by crop and pastoral agriculture. Many bird species, e.g. sunbirds, nightjars and mousebirds have consequently been affected negatively by the reduction of suitable habitat for daily requirements. However, populations of certain bird species, especially granivores and omnivores, such as sparrows, larks and pipits, as well as Egyptian Geese and Helmeted Guineafowl have proliferated on the Agulhas Plain. This study investigates the effects of agricultural development on overall bird diversity on the Agulhas Plain. In 1998, twice monthly transect counts at 13 farmland sites recorded 106 bird species. Fifteen species occurred at 75% or more of the sites. Highest avian diversity was recorded at the sites with a mixture of crops and Coastal Fynbos (Mixed regime). A small number of species, e.g. sunbirds, are reliant on the natural Coastal Fynbos for their survival. With the exception of the Mixed regime that gained 50 species, all the other agricultural regimes reflected a loss of diversity when compared with Fynbos. To provide more suitable habitat for a greater diversity of birds, mixed landscapes should be maintained, and further destruction of natural Fynbos habitat should be prevented.     

Distribution and abundance of forest birds in Ghana

Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Owusu, E.H., Asamoah, S. & Owusu-Boateng, K. 2000. Distribution and abundance of forest birds in Ghana. Ostrich 71 (1 & 2): 262–268.

Forest reserves within the Ghanaian rain forest have been classified into categories (Condition I-VI) on the basis of their botanical importance and status of the vegetation. We present data on the distribution and abundance of avifauna of 28 Condition II and III forest reserves in southern Ghana based on line transect counts and mist-net captures. A total of 227 species were recorded for all the sites; species records for individual sites ranged from 78–119. The dominant groups in the overall survey were Muscicapidae (represented by 40 species), Pcynonotidae (21) and Cuculidae (12). The most abundant bird species in the Ghanaian forests were Yellow-whiskered Greenbul, Green Hylia, Green Pigeon and Olive Sunbird. Species encounter rates ranged from 16.7 to 50.7 species per km with individual bird encounter rates of 27.9 to 172.0 birds per km. Capture rates in mist-nets ranged from 1.2 to 3.9 birds per 100 metre net-hr (mnh). A total of 183 species were recorded in Condition II forest as compared with 167 in Condition III forests. The effects of forest condition and vegetation types on the total number of species recorded were, however, not statistically significant. The Similarity Index for bird communities within Condition II and III forests was 0.72. Bird species composition in the two forest types also differed: e.g., seven primary forest species, as well as 40% of the species associated with primary and matured secondary forest which were recorded in Condition II forests, were absent from Condition III forests. Bird communities of Moist Evergreen, Upland Evergreen and Moist semi-Deciduous were more similar than communities in the Wet Evergreen forest type. The implication of the results for conservation of the Ghana's forests is discussed.     

The role of farm structure on bird assemblages around a Kenyan tropical rainforest

Although it is clear that the farmlands neighbouring fragmented forests are utilized by some forest birds, it is not clear how birds in general respond to farmland habitat mosaic. An effort was made to determine how bird density and foraging assemblages were influenced by farm structural characteristics and distance from forest edge. Thirty farms up to a distance of 12 km around Kakamega forest in western Kenya were studied. Farm structure entailed size, hedge volume, habitat heterogeneity, woody plant density, plant diversity and crop cover. Birds were surveyed using line transects and DISTANCE analyses and classified into six feeding guilds and three habitat associations. Size of farms increased away from the forest, as woody plant density, plant diversity, indigenous trees and subsistence crop cover declined. The most important farm structure variable was hedge volume, which enhanced bird species richness, richness of shrub‐land bird species and insectivorous bird density (R = 0.58, P < 0.01). Bird density increased with tree density while indigenous trees were suitable for insectivores and nectarivores. There were very few forest bird encounters. Agricultural practices incorporating maintenance of hedges and sound selection of agroforestry trees can enhance conservation of birds on farmland, though, not significantly for forest species.     

Use and husbandry of captive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in scientific research: a review of current practice

We reviewed the use of captive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in scientific research published between 2000 and 2004. We estimated the numbers of birds used and documented their origin and the range of husbandry regimes employed with the aim of comparing current practice with the new European guidelines for husbandry of laboratory animals. Over the five-year period, 106 primary articles report the use of an estimated total of 2490 captive starlings. The majority of birds were caught from the wild either as adults or fledglings, and only 3% were hand-reared from chicks. There was considerable variation in husbandry. In the majority of cases, standards fell below those currently recommended as best practice in the UK and cited in new European guidelines. The median volume of home cages employed was 0.42 m3 (0.13-5.1 m3, interquartile range), whereas current recommendations suggest a minimum of 1.0 m3 for a singly-housed bird. The median volume of space allowed per bird was 0.13 m3/bird (0.08-1.05 m3/bird, Q1-Q3), whereas current recommendations suggest a minimum of 0.33 m3/bird. Only 27% of the articles mentioned providing any form of environmental enrichment for birds in their home cages. We recommend that more research be conducted into the welfare of starlings to inform legislation and guidelines, and thus maximize the welfare of captive animals.     

Distinct carbon sources indicate strong differentiation between tropical forest and farmland bird communities

The conversion of forest into farmland has resulted in mosaic landscapes in many parts of the tropics. From a conservation perspective, it is important to know whether tropical farmlands can buffer species loss caused by deforestation and how different functional groups of birds respond to land-use intensification. To test the degree of differentiation between farmland and forest bird communities across feeding guilds, we analyzed stable C and N isotopes in blood and claws of 101 bird species comprising four feeding guilds along a tropical forest-farmland gradient in Kenya. We additionally assessed the importance of farmland insectivores for pest control in C₄ crops by using allometric relationships, C stable isotope ratios and estimates of bird species abundance. Species composition differed strongly between forest and farmland bird communities. Across seasons, forest birds primarily relied on C₃ carbon sources, whereas many farmland birds also assimilated C₄ carbon. While C sources of frugivores and omnivores did not differ between forest and farmland communities, insectivores used more C₄ carbon in the farmland than in the forest. Granivores assimilated more C₄ carbon than all other guilds in the farmland. We estimated that insectivorous farmland birds consumed at least 1,000 kg pest invertebrates km^?2 year^?1. We conclude that tropical forest and farmland understory bird communities are strongly separated and that tropical farmlands cannot compensate forest loss for insectivorous forest understory birds. In tropical farmlands, insectivorous bird species provide a quantitatively important contribution to pest control.