The occurrence of Calanidae species in waters off Argentina

As food of planktivorous fish and likely good predictors of natural perturbations, members of the family Calanidae are recognised to be key species in ecosystems worldwide. The distribution and seasonal relative abundance of the Calanidae species occurring in the Argentine Sea were reviewed from published and unpublished data collected over the last three decades. Species are also figured in order to elucidate any possible taxonomic uncertainty. Calanoides cf. carinatus, Calanus australis and Calanus simillimus are the most abundant calanids in the region. The former two species typically inhabit inner and middle shelf waters decreasing offshore, while Calanus simillimus is distributed in the middle and outer shelf, its abundance increasing towards the shelf-break. The southern limit of the distribution of Calanoides cf. carinatus appears to be 46° S. Calanus australis is the most common large copepod in coastal and inner shelf waters off southern Patagonia. Neocalanus tonsus and Calanoides patagoniensis are a much rarer species. The latter is recorded in the southwestern Atlantic, for the first time, immediately east of Magallanes Strait and the Beagle Channel. The taxonomic status and worldwide biogeographic distribution of the region's calanids are briefly described and the patterns identified off Argentina are discussed in relation to the major hydrographic characteristics.     

Taxonomic status of three nominal species of Indo-Pacific symphurine tonguefishes (Symphurus: Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes)

The taxonomic status of three rarely captured, nominal species of Indo-Pacific symphurine tonguefishes,Symphurus trifasciatus (Alcock, 1894),S. microrhynchus (Weber, 1913), andS. holothuriae Chabanaud, 1948, is resolved.Symphurus microrhynchus, previously known only from three specimens, is redescribed based on 12 specimens.Symphurus holothuriae, previously reported only from the holotype, is a junior subjective synonym ofS. microrhynchus. Symphurus trifasciatus is redescribed based on six specimens, including the lectotype designated in this study.Symphurus microrhynchus is distinguished from congeners by a combination of meristic features, head and opercle shape, dorsalfin position, and features of its pigmentation. The species occurs in relatively shallow tropical waters from Zanzibar through French Polynesia (the only reported occurrence of a shallow-waterSymphurus from a locality on the Pacific Plate), including Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam, and northwestern Australia.Symphurus trifasciatus, known from deep waters along both coasts of the Indian subcontinent and adjacent waters, has an overall similarity in body shape and meristic features reminiscent of those inS. microrhynchus, but differs notably in having a longer and wider head, a distinctive opercle shape, number of scale rows on the head, and pigmentation pattern.     

越南杜鹃花科新记录——深裂树萝卜(英文)

报道了越南杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)1新记录种——深裂树萝卜(Agapetes lobbii C.B.Clarke)。该种产自越南北部莱州省(Lai Chau)的Sin Ho地区,凭证标本保存在越南科学技术院生态和生物资源研究所标本馆(HN)。     

An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae)

The yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799), is recorded in the waters of Vietnam for the second time. The morphological characteristics of this species are described. Identification keys, a checklist, and distribution data for sea snakes of Vietnam are provided, proceeding from museum collections and extensive analysis of the available literature. Thalassophis anomalus P. Schmidt, 1852 and Leioselasma melanocephala (Gray, 1849) are registered for the first time for Vietnamese waters.     

中国杜鹃花科植物新记录种——埃氏越橘

该文报道了国产杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)一新记录种,即埃氏越橘(Vaccinium eberhardtii Dop)。该种隶属于越橘属(Vaccinium)南烛组(Vaccinium sect. Bracteata),与同属于该组的南烛(V. bracteatum)和海岛越橘(V. wrightii)近缘,但与前者的区别在于花序梗、花梗、萼筒无毛,花冠球状坛形,药室背部明显具2个距,与后者的区别在于花梗较短,短于苞片,药室背后的距直立,长超过药管的一半。据文献记录,该种原来仅分布于越南中部和泰国,此次发现该种的分布范围可以北延至中国的广西东兴市的沿海地区,不仅丰富了越橘属分类、分布的数据,也为今后该属的分类学修订提供了新资料。凭证标本保存在中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)和中国科学院广西植物研究所标本馆(IBK)中。     

Symphurus hondoensis Hubbs, 1915, a valid species of western Pacific tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae)

Symphurus hondoensis Hubbs, 1915, originally described only from the holotype taken in 390–542 m in Suruga Bay Japan, has long been considered a junior synonym ofS. strictus Gilbert, 1905, known from waters off Hawaii, Japan, the Philippine Islands, and South Africa. Based on new information from the holotype and a specimen recently captured from deep waters (789–815 m) off Amami-Oshima Island, southern Japan,S. hondoensis is now established as a valid species.Symphurus hondoensis is unique among congeners in having the combination of a 1–2–3 pattern of interdigitation of proximal dorsal pterygiophores and neural spines, 10 abdominal vertebrae, 14 caudalfin rays, 111–113 dorsal-fin rays, 95 anal-fin rays, 59 total vertebrae, 105–106 scales in longitudinal series, blind side nearly as darkly pigmented as the ocular surface, and a black peritoneum. Recognition ofS. hondoensis increases the number of described species ofSymphurus in waters off Japan to three (S. orientalis Bleeker,S. strictus, andS. hondoensis), with at least one more underscribed species occurring in deepwater hydrothermal vent areas off southern Japan.     

Materials forPythium flora of Japan. X. Occurrence,identification and seasonality ofPythium spp. in three pond waters and mud soils in Osaka

Seasonal fluctuations ofPythium species in three pond waters and mud soils in Sakai, Osaka, were studied for periods of two years and 14 months, respectively. Thirteen species and four groups were isolated from the pond waters while nine species and three groups were obtained from the mud soils. The highest frequency and total number of species were recorded in the cold and moderately warm seasons and the lowest in summer. Most of the species isolated from the pond waters have been previously recorded from aquatic habitats.     

中国附生舌唇兰一新记录植物——窄唇舌唇兰

报道了2017年发现于云南孟连县勐马镇腊福大黑山贺莫村附近海拔2 145m中山湿性常绿阔叶林的一种附生兰科植物——窄唇舌唇兰[Platanthera angustilabris Seidenf.]在中国的新分布记录,该物种过去记录仅分布在缅甸、泰国和越南。窄唇舌唇兰与长瓣舌唇兰相近,但前者的窄披针形叶片长度可以达到15cm,后者的披针形叶片仅可达7cm。凭证标本存放于中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆(KUN)。     

越南冷水花属(荨麻科)一新记录种

报道了越南荨麻科(Urticaceae)冷水花属(Pilea Lindl.)一新记录种——基心叶冷水花(P.basicordata W.T.Wang ex C.J.Chen)。该种在越南Pu Hu自然保护区发现,与产自越南北部的P.balansae Gagnep.相似,主要区别在于其雄花序聚伞圆锥状,托叶大,叶先端渐尖或短尾状渐尖。     

Molecules and the Body Plan: TheHoxGenes of Cirripedes (Crustacea)

Among arthropods, Cirripedia (barnacles) are remarkable in that they completely lack abdominal segments. This feature prompted us to study theHoxgenes of three cirripede species, representing a wide array of the diversity of these organisms, a segmented sessile barnacle,Elminius modestus(Thoracica), the parasite of a crab,Sacculina carcini(Rhizocephala), and the burrowing barnacleTrypetesa lampas(Acrothoracica). Using PCR amplification of genomic DNA and cDNA and library probing, we have found seven clear cirripedian homologues of the eight homeoticHoxgenes known in insects, includinglabialandproboscipediahomologues, that were not previously reported in crustaceans. In addition we have isolated a divergentAntp-like gene, namedDiva, that we homologize to theftzgene of insects. The homeotic geneabdominalA(abdA) was not retrieved from any of these three cirripede species. By contrast, we have found all eight homeotic homologue genes, includingabdA, inUlophysema oeresundense, a crustacean possessing a well-developed abdomen, belonging to the Ascothoracica, generally thought to be the sister group of Cirripedia. Since we have found in barnacles homeobox-containing genes that are more divergent from theAntennapediatype than the typicalabdA, we believe that abona fide abdAgene would not have escaped our search. Hence, theabdAgene has been lost or is profoundly derived in sequence during the evolution leading to the cirripedian lineage. If confirmed, the lack ofabdAwould represent the first case in which the loss of a homeotic gene is correlated with a change in body plan during the evolution of metazoans.     

Speciation Versus Phenotypic Plasticity in Coral Inhabiting Barnacles: Darwin's Observations in an Ecological Context

Speciation and phenotypic plasticity are two extreme strategic modes enabling a given taxon to populate a broad ecological niche. One of the organismal models which stimulated Darwin's ideas on speciation was the Cirripedia (barnacles), to which he dedicated a large monograph. In several cases, including the coral-inhabiting barnacle genera Savignium and Cantellius (formerly Pyrgoma and Creusia, respectively), Darwin assigned barnacle specimens to morphological ``varieties' (as opposed to species) within a genus. Despite having been the subject of taxonomic investigations and revisions ever since, the significance of these varieties has never been examined with respect to host-associated speciation processes. Here we provide evidence from molecular (12S mt rDNA sequences) and micromorphological (SEM) studies, suggesting that these closely related barnacle genera utilize opposite strategies for populating a suite of live-coral substrates. Cantellius demonstrates a relatively low genetic variability, despite inhabiting a wide range of corals. The species C. pallidus alone was found on three coral families, belonging to distinct higher-order classification units. In contrast, Savignium barnacles exhibit large between- and within-species variations with respect to both micromorphology and DNA sequences, with S. dentatum ``varieties' clustering phylogenetically according to their coral host species (all of which are members of a single family). Thus, whereas Savignium seems to have undergone intense host-associated speciation over a relatively narrow taxonomic range of hosts, Cantellius shows phenotypic plasticity over a much larger range. This dichotomy correlates with differences in life-history parameters between these barnacle taxa, including host-infestation characteristics, reproductive strategies, and larval trophic type. Received: 18 January 1999 / Accepted: 9 May 1999     

Modeling variation in interaction strength between barnacles and fucoids

The strength by which species interact can vary throughout their ontogeny, as environments vary in space and time, and with the density of their populations. Characterizing strengths of interaction in situ for even a small number of species is logistically difficult and may apply only to those conditions under which the estimates were derived. We sought to combine data from field experiments estimating interaction strength of life stages of the barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides, on germlings of Ascophyllum nodosum, with a model that explored the consequences of variability at per capita and per population levels to the abundance of year-old algal recruits. We further simulated how this interaction affected fucoid germling abundance as the timing of their respective settlements varied relative to one another, as occurs regionally across the Gulf of Maine, USA. Juvenile S. balanoides have a weak estimated per capita effect on germlings. Germling populations are sensitive to variation in per capita effects of juvenile barnacles because of the typically large population sizes of the latter. However, high mortality of juvenile barnacles weakens the population interaction strength over time. Adult barnacles probably weakly facilitate fucoid germlings, but greater survival of adults sustains the strength of that interaction at the population level. Germling abundance is positively associated with densities of adult barnacles and negatively associated with that of juvenile barnacles. Metamorphosing cyprid larvae have the strongest per capita effect on germling abundance, but the interaction between the two stages is so short-lived that germling abundance is altered little. Variation in the timing of barnacle and A. nodosum settlement relative to one another had very little influence on the abundance of yearling germlings. Interactions between barnacles and germlings may influence the demographic structure of A. nodosum populations and the persistence of fucoid-dominated communities on sheltered rocky shores in New England. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

越南苦苣苔科植物国家级分布新记录——大苞漏斗苣苔

漏斗苣苔属(Raphiocarpus Chun)是分布于中国至中南半岛一带的小属,主要产于中国华南西南抵越南北部至中部,但之前中越两国共有分布的该属物种仅有3个种。大苞漏斗苣苔[Raphiocarpus begoniifolius(Lévl.)Burtt]一度被认为是中国的特有种,仅分布在中国的广西西北部、贵州西南部、云南东南部和湖北西北部,尚未见有在越南的相关研究报道。该文首次报道了越南植物区系中大苞漏斗苣苔的国家级分布新记录,使得中越两国共有分布的该属物种上升到了4个种,并着重讨论了大苞漏斗苣苔与其近缘种长筒漏斗苣苔[Raphiocarpus macrosiphon(Hance)Burtt]的区别特征,进一步完善了越南所分布的漏斗苣苔属植物检索表。根据中越两国的各自与联合野外考察工作对该种的濒危现状进行了讨论,为中越两国开展该种乃至该属植物的保育提供了直接证据。凭证标本保存于越南生物资源与生态研究所标本馆(HN)中。     

紫花苣苔属——广东省被子植物一新记录属

在广东省德庆县进行全国第四次中药资源普查时采集了大量标本,经过鉴定和查阅相关资料,确定其中一号标本为紫花苣苔属(Loxostigma Clarke)东兴紫花苣苔[Loxostigma dongxingensis(Chun ex K.Y.Pan)M9llerY.M.Shui]。该属及该种在广东尚无分布报道,这是首次发现。紫花苣苔属为草本或亚灌木,根状茎匍匐或不存在,花冠粗筒状,檐部二唇形,雄蕊4,花药顶端成对连着,两对雄蕊紧密靠合,种子两端具毛状附属物。紫花苣苔属目前共11种,我国、尼泊尔、锡金、不丹、印度、缅甸及越南北部均有分布,在我国11种全产,分布于四川、云南、贵州和广西,广东首次记录。目前广东省是紫花苣苔属自然分布的最东界。东兴紫花苣苔为多年生草本,具横走根状茎,茎高为20~60 cm,花冠粗筒状,黄色,下方肿胀,近基部之上、中部之下突然收缩呈缢缩状,檐部2唇形,雄蕊4,花药成对连着,分布于广西及越南北部,广东首次记录,发现地位于德庆县象牙山林场,种群沿山间溪流两侧分布,生于林下沟谷旁光线较暗处。     

Movements and Swimming Behavior of Three Species of Sharks in La Jolla Canyon, California

We tracked six individuals of three shark species, the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, great white, Carcharodon carcharias, and blue, Prionace glauca, near the submarine canyon off La Jolla, southern California during the summers of 1995 and 1997. The duration of tracking ranged from 2 to 38 h per shark. The mode of travel differed in one respect among species. The rate of movement of the endothermic species, the mako and white shark, exceeded that of the ectothermic species, the blue shark. Similarities among species were more common. Firstly, individuals of all three species swam in a directional manner. Secondly, individuals constantly moved up and down in the water column, exhibiting oscillatory or yo-yo swimming. Thirdly, members of the three species swam at the surface for prolonged periods. Finally, the movements of the mako and white sharks were at times loosely associated with bottom topography. We discuss the various adaptive advantages that have been proposed for these behavioral patterns. Oscillatory swimming has been attributed to the following: (1) heating the body in the warm surface waters after swimming in cold, deep water, (2) alternating between two strata of water, one carrying chemical information as to its source, and deriving a direction to that stratum's origin, (3) conserving energy by quickly propelling oneself upward with many tail beats and slowly gliding downward with few beats, and (4) descending to where magnetic gradients are steeper, more perceptible, and useful to guide migratory movements. At the surface, an individual would be able to swim in a straight line by using following features as a reference: (1) celestial bodies, (2) polarized light, or (3) the earth's main dipole field. Furthermore, an individual would conserve energy because of the greater ease to maintaining a warm body in the heated surface waters.     

The parasitoid complex affecting Choristoneura rosaceana and Pandemis limitata in organically managed apple orchards

Parasitism and density of obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and thethree-lined leafroller, Pandemis limitata(Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were studied in 1998–2001 in organically managed apple orchards in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. The density of the overwintered generation of leafrollers in spring was significantly higher than thedensity of the first generation in summer. There was a significant inverse correlation between the density of leafrollers and the percent parasitism within generation and therefore parasitoids may play a role in controlling leafroller density. Parasitism of the overwintered generation (means between 5.5 and 24.7%) was significantly lower than parasitism documented in the summer generation (means up to 67.9%). The parasitoid complex recorded as emerging from these leafrollerpopulations in 1998–1999 included 30 species, of which eight have not been previously recorded in the literature as parasitoids of either leafroller species. The most frequently occurring parasitoids included Apophuasimplicipes (Cresson) and two species of Glypta(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Macrocentrus linearis (Nees), Meteorus trachynotus Viereck, Apantelespolychrosidis Viereck, Apanteles atra (Ratzeburg) and Microgaster epagoges Gahan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Colpoclypeus florus (Walker) and one Sympiesisspecies (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). All of these more common parasitoids, except Glypta sp. 1 and M. epagoges, were recorded parasitizing leafroller hosts in both leafroller generations. The number of days to adult parasitoid emergence, when field collected parasitized hosts were held at 20°C, was recorded for four of the parasitoid species. Meteorus trachynotus was found to emerge early enough in spring toparasitize the few remaining overwintered early instar leafrollers. Glypta sp. 1, A. simplicipes and one Apanteles species emerged to coincide with the first generationin the summer.     

The freshwater medusae of the world – a taxonomic and systematic literature study with some remarks on other inland water jellyfish

Several medusa species have been described from inland waters in Australia, Eurasia, Africa and America. The chief objective of this study is to summarize all species described from freshwater and from saline lakes, because the knowledge about this group is sparse and scattered in the literature. I summarize all accessible literature to deduct how many species of freshwater medusae exist and to show their distribution, relation and their phylogenetic origin.All medusae described from freshwater except Halmomises are Olindiidae (Limnomedusae). More than 20 Olindiidae species (in 6 genera) have been recorded from freshwater. However, about half of them may not be valid species or have been described insufficiently or improperly. Within the genera Craspedacusta only 3 (or 5) species are certain (C. sowerbii, C. iseanum, C. sinensis (and maybe C. sichuanensis and C. ziguiensis)). The genera Limnocnida may consist of 6 species, three from Africa (L. tanganjicae, L. victoriae, L. congoensis) and 3 from India (L. indica, L. biharensis, L. nepalensis). The status of Astrohydra (from Japan), Mansariella and Keralika (both from India) is uncertain. Additionally, the present study suggests that Craspedacusta and at least one type of Calpasoma hydrants are identical and Astrohydra may be closely related to Craspedacusta and/or Calpasoma.A comparison of the freshwater medusae with species described from saline lakes and brackish sites (Australomedusae from Australia and Moerisia from Egypt, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Ganges Estuary) shows that these two groups are not closely related.     

Distribution of the Eelpout Lycodes soldatovi(Pisces: Zoarcidae) over the Continental Slope of the Sea of Okhotsk

The eelpout Lycodes soldatovi was found at depths of 153 to 1005 m in the Sea of Okhotsk; however, it usually inhabits the depth range of 400 to 800. The mean and maximum abundance and the biomass of this species were 198.5 and 1037 individuals per km² and 173.7 and 1275 kg/km², respectively. In view of the data on the distribution of young fish (up to 30 cm in total body length) and the reports on the absence of Lycodes larvae, a hypothesis was developed that this species spawns predominantly in the waters off western Kamchatka and eastern Sakhalin at the depth range of 700 to 900 m. Large individuals (>50 cm) exhibit higher migratory activity and are more tolerant of environmental conditions. That is why they are encountered throughout the distribution area of this species, even in subzero temperature areas. Lycodes soldatovi seems to be a typical inhabitant of the Sea of Okhotsk, except for the waters off the South and Central Kuril Islands and the Pacific waters off the North Kuril Islands.     

Fouling community of the red king crab, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralithodes camtschaticus</Emphasis> (Tilesius 1815), in a subarctic fjord of the Barents sea

We examined the species composition of red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) fouling communities in Dolgaya Bay, a small fjord of the Barents Sea, in August 2005 and 2006. In total, there were 13 species observed on 301 crabs collected from water depths of 5–90 m. Barnacles (Balanus crenatus; prevalence 42.9%) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis; 11.6%) were the most common epibionts, while amphipods (Ischyrocerus commensalis) were the most common symbionts (28.6%). Infestation rates in Dolgaya Bay were different from those in an “open” area of the Barents Sea (Dalnezelenetskaya Bay), probably due to differences in hydrodynamic conditions. Differences in infestation prevalence and intensity were detected neither between male and female crabs nor between crabs collected at 5–35 m versus 90 m depths. Prevalence of common fouling species increased with host size. Amphipods I. commensalis colonized the carapace and limbs in Dolgaya Bay less frequently than in Dalnezelenetskaya Bay, probably due to interspecific competition with barnacles occupying the dorsal parts of the host. Juvenile barnacles and mussels dominated the fouling communities on the crabs. The age of barnacles did not exceed 2–4 months. However, the presence of 4-year-old mussels suggests that these older mollusks have been directly transferred from mussel beds to the hosts. Our results indicate that colonization by epibionts and symbionts is generally not disadvantageous for the crab hosts, except for some possible negative impacts of amphipods occupying the gills.