珍稀药用植物白及光合与蒸腾生理生态及抗旱特性

以珍稀濒危药用植物白及(Bletilla striata)叶片为研究对象,应用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪分别在晴天和阴天进行光合生理生态特性研究。结果显示晴天Gs、Pn、Tr日变化呈现双峰型,阴天为单峰型;光合-蒸腾具有极显著线性正相关关系与良好的线性耦合关系(晴天和阴天的相关系数分别为0.883^**、0.954^**,回归直线斜率分别为2.38、3.78);PAR-Pn与PAR-Tr、Tl-Pn与Tl-Tr、Gs-Pn与Gs-Tr 的回归直线形态非常相似,除晴天Tl与Pn外,其余两两相关关系均达到了显著水平;PAR、Tl和Gs三个因子与Pn、Tr均表现为正相关关系,其中Gs是调控Pn与Tr的最主要因子。进行聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000) 渗透胁迫实验以评价白及抗旱能力,分析不同质量分数PEG6000(0、5、20、40、60g/L)下的白及幼苗叶绿素含量、叶片含水量、相对电导率3个生理指标,结果表明叶绿素含量与与胁迫浓度呈负相关(R²=0.7854),随着PEG质量分数的增加,叶片的叶绿素含量持续显著下降;叶片含水量与胁迫浓度呈负相关(R²=0.9936);相对电导率与与胁迫浓度呈正相关(R²=0.8755),相对电导率会随着PEG质量分数的增加而显著增加。试验结果综合分析显示白及为耐荫植物,抗旱能力不强。白及进行人工栽培应适当遮阴保持土壤与空气湿度。     

干旱胁迫对高山柳和沙棘幼苗光合生理特征的影响

为了解干旱河谷-山地森林交错带植物光合生理特征对干旱胁迫的响应。以交错带两种典型植物高山柳(Salix paraqplesia)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)为研究对象,研究其在不同程度的干旱胁迫条件下植株气体交换参数的日变化特征。干旱胁迫显著降低了两种植物叶片数、叶面积、叶片生物量、比叶面积、色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)和气孔限制值(Ls)等与光合生理过程密切相关的叶片指标,但增大了胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)和内禀水分利用效率(WUEi)。植物叶片的气体交换参数(如:Pn和gs)日变化并未完全随着光合有效辐射的增强和温度的升高而增加,全天以11:00最大,"午休"现象明显。相对而言,沙棘在干旱胁迫条件下表现出相对较高的叶面积、Pn、gs和WUEi,具有相对更强的适应干旱环境的能力,而高山柳对干旱胁迫更为敏感。     

干旱胁迫对高山柳和沙棘幼苗光合生理特征的影响

为了解干旱河谷-山地森林交错带植物光合生理特征对干旱胁迫的响应。以交错带两种典型植物高山柳(Salix paraqplesia)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)为研究对象,研究其在不同程度的干旱胁迫条件下植株气体交换参数的日变化特征。干旱胁迫显著降低了两种植物叶片数、叶面积、叶片生物量、比叶面积、色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)和气孔限制值(Ls)等与光合生理过程密切相关的叶片指标,但增大了胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)和内禀水分利用效率(WUEi)。植物叶片的气体交换参数(如:Pn和gs)日变化并未完全随着光合有效辐射的增强和温度的升高而增加,全天以11:00最大,"午休"现象明显。相对而言,沙棘在干旱胁迫条件下表现出相对较高的叶面积、Pn、gs和WUEi,具有相对更强的适应干旱环境的能力,而高山柳对干旱胁迫更为敏感。     

贝壳砂生境酸枣叶片光合生理参数的水分响应特征

以黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛优势灌木酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosus)为试验材料,模拟贝壳砂生境系列水分条件,测定分析酸枣叶片在系列水分梯度下的光合参数光响应及叶绿素荧光参数,阐明酸枣主要光合生理参数的水分响应特征。结果表明:(1) 酸枣叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)随土壤水分的增多先增大后减小, Tr对土壤相对含水量(Wr)的敏感程度大于Pn,因而WUE维持在较高水平。(2) 酸枣叶片Pn下降的原因在Wr > 25%时以气孔限制为主;Wr < 25%时以非气孔限制为主,光合机构受到不易逆转的破坏。(3) 酸枣叶片最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、表观量子效率(AQY)和光饱和点随土壤水分的增多先增大后减小,光补偿点、光抑制项(β)和光饱和项则先减小后增大。(4)在Wr为80%时,酸枣叶片PSⅡ反应中心的光化学转化效率最高。当Wr < 30%时,AQY和潜在光化学效率迅速减小,β迅速增大,酸枣光抑制明显。当Wr < 25%时,非光化学淬灭系数迅速减小,初始荧光迅速增大,酸枣PSⅡ受到不可逆的破坏。(5) Wr在11%-25%内为低产低效水,Wr在25%-58%内为中产中效水,Wr在58%-80%内为高产高效水,Wr在80%-95%内为中产低效水。贝壳砂生境酸枣叶片的光合作用对水分逆境具有较强的生理适应性和可塑性,在Wr为58%-80%内,酸枣光合生理活性较高,利于酸枣苗木生长。     

盐碱地马蔺光合生理特性的研究

研究了盐碱地生长的马蔺叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和水分利用效率（WUE）以及环境因素的日变化。结果表明,马蔺叶片Pn和Tr均呈现双峰曲线,具有光合午休现象。这种现象出现的原因是由于较高的太阳辐射引起叶片温度的升高,叶片的羧化效率(CE)和表观量子产额(AQY)的下降造成的。     

甜瓜幼苗叶片光合变化特性

为探讨甜瓜光响应变化特性与环境因子的关系,选择光响应曲线适宜测定的时段,以甜瓜幼苗为试材,将1 d分为3个时段:10:00-12:00、12:00-15:00和15:00-17:00,每个叶位叶片测定1 d,并采用直角双曲线修正模型拟合光响应曲线,研究不同时段下甜瓜叶片光响应曲线、光响应参数的变化趋势和不同叶位叶片光响应参数特性。结果表明:当环境中光合有效辐射增强,叶面温度(Tl)升高,空气相对湿度(RH)降低;当环境中光合有效辐射减弱,Tl降低,RH升高。10:00-12:00光响应曲线和12:00-15:00的第1-4叶光响应曲线呈双曲线,在强光下趋向饱和状况,12:00-15:00的第5叶光合速率和15:00-17:00光合速率在强光下出现明显的光抑制现象。1 d的不同时段均表现为10:00-12:00最大净光合速率(P_max)和光饱和点(LSP)最高,12:00-17:00降低;12:00-15:00光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)较高,其它两个时段较低,10:00-17:00光补偿点量子效率(φ_c)、气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)总体呈降低趋势,气孔限制值(L_s)升高。10:00-15:00相同时段测得的不同叶位叶片光响应参数,以第4-5叶光合性能较好,15:00-17:00以第3叶P_max最高,第5叶次之;10:00-17:00 G_s和C_i以第5叶较低,第1叶较高,L_s以第5叶较高,第1叶较低。RH为影响P_max的主要决策因子,测定时段、叶面饱和蒸汽压亏缺(Vpdl)和Tl为主要限制因子。10:00-12:00适宜进行光响应曲线测定,气孔限制为不同时段光合作用不同的主要因素,非气孔限制为影响不同叶位叶片光合作用的主要因素。     

濒危种四合木与其近缘种霸王水分关系参数和光合特性的比较

运用压力室-容积技术(P-V技术)对西鄂尔多斯地区特有的濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim.)和生长于同一生境的近缘种霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon (Bunge) Maxim.)的7个水分关系参数饱和含水量时最大渗透势(Ψ_s^sat) 、初始质壁分离时的渗透势(Ψ_s^tlp) 、初始质壁分离时渗透水相对含量(ROWC^tlp) 、初始质壁分离时的相对含水量(RWC^tlp) 、质外体水的相对含量(AWC) 、束缚水与自由水的比值(V_a / V₀),以及细胞最大弹性模量(ε^max)进行了测定,同时利用Li-6400光合作用测定系统测定了二者叶片气体交换参数的日变化,从生理生态学角度探讨了二者生存力、适应力的差异。结果表明:1)四合木的ε^max、ROWC^tlp值和RWC^tlp值均显著低于霸王,而Ψ_s^sat值Ψ_s^tlp值、AWC和V_a / V₀高于霸王。二者保持膨压的能力和方式不同,四合木表现为较小的细胞体积和较强的持水能力,主要以高的组织弹性来保持膨压,而霸王主要以增加细胞质浓度的渗透调节来维持膨压,弹性调节较弱。且四合木保持最大膨压的能力和维持最低膨压的极限渗透势低于霸王,耐旱性弱于霸王。2)自然条件下,四合木和霸王叶片的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)日进程均呈"双峰"曲线,主峰出现在11:00时,次峰出现在15:00时左右,光合作用的午间降低是由气孔导度(Gs)降低造成的。二者相比,四合木光合速率和水分利用效率(WUE)低于霸王,光合能力和对干旱环境适应能力弱于霸王。研究表明四合木在生理生态学方面的生存力、适应力弱于霸王。     

Guaduaamplexifolia光合季节动态

为了解国外引进的优良材用竹种Guadua amplexifolia在引种地福建省华安县的光合适应性,在自然条件下测定该竹种不同季节的光合及相关特征参数,并对不同季节的光合生理参数及其主要环境影响因子进行相关分析和通径分析。结果表明:其光响应特征参数具有明显的季节性差异,光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、光下暗呼吸速率(Rd)、最大净光合速率(Pn_max)均是7月最高,4月和10月次之,1月最低; 四个季节的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰型,其中4月“午休”不明显; 日均净光合速率4月>7月>10月>1月; 除空气相对湿度(RH)外,蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片温度(Tleaf)等生理因子和环境因子均与净光合速率(Pn)显著相关; 不同季节Pn的主要环境影响因子有所差异,1月Tleaf为Pn最大的环境影响因子,而10月RH的影响则明显增大。综合分析整个生长季节,各测定环境因子对Pn的影响大小顺序为VPD>PAR>RH>Tleaf。     

锥栗不同树体结构对光的响应

为探讨锥栗树体结构与光能利用的关系,从而为栗园标准化管理及优质丰产栽培提供科学依据,以8年生华栗4号锥栗为试材,研究了锥栗不同树体结构的相对光照强度、光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数,阐述了不同树体结构对锥栗光合性能及产量的响应。研究结果表明:(1)3种锥栗树形(开心形、小冠疏层形及自然圆头形)树体的净光合速率日变化(P_n)呈双峰曲线型峰值均出现在10:00,次峰值均在14:00,其中以开心形树体10:00的P_n最大为9.97μmol m~(-2)s~(-1);(2)锥栗不同树体结构的光合参数差异显著,开心形锥栗树体叶片的最大光合速率和光饱和点显著高于其他处理,而光补偿点和暗呼吸速率显著低于小冠疏层形和对照处理,表明开心形树体的光合性能较强;(3)叶绿素荧光参数显示开心形锥栗树体电子传递速率(ETR)显著高于其它两种树形及对照;(4)锥栗不同树体结构光合性状与产量的相关分析表明单株产量与P_n、蒸腾速率(G_s)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(F_v/F_0)、ETR及叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关。综上,开心形锥栗树体在光能利用效率方面优于自然圆头形和小冠疏层形有利于锥栗增产。     

施氮量对麻疯树幼苗生长及叶片光合特性的影响

采用盆栽土培的方法,研究了不同施氮量(对照N₀ 0 kg N/hm²、低氮N_L 96 kg N/hm²、中氮N_M 288 kg N/hm²、高氮N_H 480 kg N/hm²)对麻疯树幼苗生长、叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,麻疯树幼苗叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量、株高、地径、叶片数量、叶面积、根长、各组分生物量、叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)均随施氮量的增加先升高后降低,N_M处理下麻疯树幼苗长势最好,各气体交换参数值最高;施氮对麻疯树地上部分的促进作用远大于地下部分,施氮后根冠比显著降低;此外,麻疯树叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效量子产量(F'v/F'm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随施氮量的增加而升高,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)随施氮量增加而降低。适量施氮可通过增强叶绿体光化学活性、气孔导度和羧化能力而提高麻疯树幼苗的光合能力,促进生长;过高施氮对麻疯树幼苗光合与生长的促进效应降低。试验条件下,当年生麻疯树幼苗的最适施氮量为288 kg N/hm²。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.