HSV I感染L-02细胞对核不均-性核糖核蛋白H2（hnRNP H2）表达影响

单纯疱疹病毒（HSV I）对宿主细胞转录及mRNA修饰翻译通路的调控是一个系统的、复杂的体系，探索其具体机制将有助于了解病毒复制过程及与宿主细胞之间的相互作用。基于2-DE分析，人正常肝细胞L-02细胞核不均一性核糖核蛋白H2（heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2，hnRNPI-12）在感染HSVI前后存在表达差异，通过Western blot，Northern blot等技术方法验证其在病毒复制过程中不同时段对其表达影响。     

HSV I感染L-02细胞对核不均一性核糖核蛋白H2(hnRNP H2)表达影响

单纯疱疹病毒(HSV I)对宿主细胞转录及mRNA修饰翻译通路的调控是一个系统的、复杂的体系,探索其具体机制将有助于了解病毒复制过程及与宿主细胞之间的相互作用.基于2-DE分析,人正常肝细胞L-02细胞核不均一性核糖核蛋白H2(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2,hnRNP H2)在感染HSV I前后存在表达差异,通过 Western blot,Northernblot等技术方法验证其在病毒复制过程中不同时段对其表达影响.     

miR26a和miR939调控H1N1型流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的复制

摘要：【目的】研究发现microRNAs（miRNAs）可以参与调控病毒在宿主细胞内感染和复制的过程。作者研究了两条miRNAs对H1N1型流感病毒在宿主细胞内复制的影响。【方法】构建miR26a和miR939的高效表达载体,并将这两种表达载体转入MDCK细胞中,24 h后用H1N1型流感病毒感染转染后的MDCK (Madin dardy canine kidney) 细胞,接种72 h后,检测流感病毒的复制情况,研究miR26a和miR939对H1N1型流感病毒在MDCK细胞内复制的影响。【结果】实验结果表明,miRNAs的表达载体可以在细胞内高效表达miRNAs,不同的miRNAs对流感病毒在MDCK细胞中复制的调控作用不同, miR26a可以有效抑制流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的复制,而miR939则促进流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的复制的作用。【结论】细胞内miRNAs可以调控H1N1型流感病毒在宿主细胞中的复制过程,本文首次报导miR26a和miR939在流感病毒复制过程中的调控作用。     

H3N2型猪流感病毒M2蛋白表达分析

流感病毒的M2蛋白在流感病毒复制中起着重要作用,是抗流感病毒的靶标分子。本研究以提取的病毒基因组RNA作为模板,RT-PCR扩增H3N2亚型猪流感病毒M2基因,分别构建了重组原核表达载体和重组真核表达载体,建立了M2蛋白的原核和真核表达系统。通过大肠杆菌表达系统,制备了M2重组蛋白,并免疫大鼠制备了多克隆抗体。Western blotting和间接免疫荧光方法检测表明所制备的抗体能识别真核表达的M2蛋白和病毒感染细胞后表达M2蛋白,具有良好的特异性。重组M2真核表达载体转染Vero细胞,表达的重组M2蛋白大小为20kDa,定位于细胞浆中,与病毒感染细胞中的M2蛋白定位相同。Western blotting检测表明M2蛋白在病毒感染细胞12h后才能检出,晚于NS1、NP和M1,属于病毒复制的晚期蛋白,可作为病毒复制晚期的指示分子。本研究为弄清M2蛋白在病毒复制过程中的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

ERK1／2信号通路对黄芪苷Ⅳ抗H2O2诱导H9c2细胞氧化损伤的作用

目的：研究黄芪苷Ⅳ（AST）是否通过细胞外信号调节激酶1／2（ERK1／2）通路发挥对H2O2诱导的H9c2细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。方法：用200μmoL／L的H2O2处理细胞6h,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率,建立H2O2诱导的H9c2细胞氧化损伤模型;比色法测定细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性、总超氧化物歧化酶（T—SOD）和锰超氧化物歧化酶（Mn—SOD）活力以及丙二醛（MDA）含量;Western blot检测H9c2细胞ERK1／2蛋白的磷酸化水平。结果：在H2O2浓度为200μmol／L作用6h条件下,细胞存活率降低程度适中,实验结果重复性好,确定后续实验采用200μmol／L H2O2作用6h建立模型。与H2O2组比较,10mg／L及20mg／L AST均显著提高细胞存活率（P〈0．01）,使细胞培养液中LDH活性显著降低（P〈0．01）,T—SOD及Mn—SOD活力显著提高（P〈0．01）,MDA含量显著降低（P〈0．01）。10mg/L及20mg/L AST均显著增加H2O2损伤的H9c2细胞p—ERK1／2蛋白的表达（P〈0．01）,当用PD98059（ERK1／2的抑制剂）预处理后,AST的作用则被取消。结论：黄芪苷Ⅳ可以通过ERK1／2通路发挥对H2O2诱导的H9c2细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。     

禽流感病毒H9N2在人肺组织的复制

禽流感病毒H9N2亚型在多种陆禽流行并反复感染哺乳动物猪和人,其对公共卫生安全呈潜在巨大威胁。本文应用体外禽流感病毒H9N2亚型感染人肺组织和免疫组化实验,探讨禽流感病毒H9N2亚型跨种间感染人的机制、H9N2病毒在人肺组织复制特性及组织嗜性。结果显示,禽流感病毒H9N2亚型(Ck/GX/1875/04、Ck/GX/187/05)和季节性人流感病毒H3N2亚型(A/ST/602/05)均可感染人肺组织;免疫组化检测流感病毒核蛋白(Nucleoprotein,NP),病毒复制的主要靶细胞为肺泡细胞、呼吸细支气管上皮细胞和细支气管上皮细胞;免疫组化和免疫荧光双重染色法检测流感病毒感染肺泡类型,禽流感病毒H9N2亚型感染II型肺泡细胞。结果提示,禽流感病毒H9N2可适应宿主人以及在人肺上皮细胞有效复制,病毒持续感染人有助于病毒基因进化进而演变成大流行新型流感病毒的潜能。     

H9N2禽流感病毒反向遗传系统转录/表达载体的构建和验证

设计带有BsmBI、BsaⅠ或AarⅠ酶切位点的引物,用RT PCR扩增H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的8个基因全长片段,克隆入双向转录/表达载体pHW2000,并在PB2、PB1和NA基因中共引入了3个沉默突变标签.将其2个表面基因(HA和NA基因)加上任意1个内部基因,而其它5个内部基因来自A/WSN/33,进行了6种3+5组合形式的基因重排,把相应组合的转录/表达质粒共转染COS-1细胞,均产生了预期组合、有感染性的H9N2亚型流感病毒,表明亲缘关系遥远的流感病毒可以互相获取基因片段产生重组病毒,提示表面结构基因和单个内部基因不足以限制H9N2 AIV在哺乳动物细胞上的宿主范围,同时也验证了构建的8个转录/表达载体均能有效工作,为进一步研究H9N2亚型AIV基因结构与功能、AIV与宿主之间的关系打下了基础.     

细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶2在单纯疱疹病毒复制中的作用

细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶(CDK)与单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)等多种重要人类疾病病毒的复制密切相关.但具体哪种CDK是病毒复制所必需的还不清楚.本文用不同剂量的HSV-1-KOS株(以下简称HSV)感染CDK2功能缺陷型宿主细胞,结果发现HSV在CDK2功能缺陷型宿主细胞中的复制具有感染剂量依赖性;一步生长曲线分析结果表明其在CDK2功能缺陷型宿主细胞中的复制较在正常细胞延迟3h;感染6h时CDK2活性被诱导,9h时活性最大;CDK2活性增加后HSV-1即进入快速的裂解性复制.提示CDK2可能在HSV复制的启动中起着某种重要作用.     

转谷氨酰胺酶2抑制H1亚型流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的增殖

组织转谷酰胺酶(transglutaminase 2, TGM2)是一种普遍存在的多功能蛋白,与不同细胞的粘附和肿瘤形成有关。有证据表明,TGM2参与了宿主细胞与病毒间的相互作用,但是对于流感病毒在细胞内增殖的影响还未有报道。为了探究MDCK细胞中TGM2对H1N1亚型流感病毒增殖的影响,本研究构建了TGM2过表达和敲除的MDCK稳定细胞系,感染H1N1亚型流感病毒48 h后检测病毒NP和NS1蛋白mRNA和蛋白表达水平的变化,测定病毒滴度。结果显示,过表达TGM2能够有效抑制H1N1亚型流感病毒的NP、NS1基因的表达,而敲除TGM2可上调病毒NP、NS1基因的表达,其中NP蛋白的蛋白表达情况与mRNA水平一致。病毒增殖曲线结果显示,TGM2过表达后H1N1亚型流感病毒滴度显著降低,而敲除TGM2后结果相反,48h时病毒滴度在敲除细胞中达到高峰,进一步证明TGM2在MDCK细胞中参与对H1N1亚型流感病毒增殖的抑制。通过对流感病毒应答信号途径下游基因的表达分析发现,TGM2可能通过促进激活JAK-STAT分子途径和抑制RIG-1信号途径,抑制H1N1亚型流感病毒增殖。以上发现对于揭示...     

组织蛋白酶S抑制塞内卡病毒在IBRS-2细胞中的复制

[目的] 本研究旨在探究猪源组织蛋白酶S （cathepsin S,CTSS）对塞内卡病毒（Seneca Valley virus,SVV）复制的影响。[方法] SVV感染IBRS-2细胞,采用RT-qPCR在转录水平探究SVV感染对内源性CTSS表达的调控;采用ELISA测定SVV感染对CTSS酶活性的影响;通过Western blotting （WB）和RT-qPCR检测过表达CTSS对SVV复制及SVV诱导的抗病毒细胞因子的调控作用;合成针对CTSS的特异性siRNA,利用WB和RT-qPCR检测siRNA对CTSS的干扰效果以及CTSS被干扰后对SVV复制的影响。[结果] 结果表明SVV感染IBRS-2细胞能显著上调内源性CTSS表达并增强CTSS酶活性;过表达CTSS能显著抑制SVV在IBRS-2细胞中的复制,同时促进宿主抗病毒细胞因子的表达;siRNA-2947下调内源性CTSS表达进而促进SVV复制。[结论] CTSS通过增强宿主抗病毒细胞因子上调表达而抑制SVV复制,本研究为进一步深入探究宿主CTSS在抗SVV免疫应答中的作用及机制提供参考依据。     

Proteomic analysis of cells in the early stages of herpes simplex virus type‐1 infection reveals widespread changes in the host cell proteome

During infection by herpes simplex virus type‐1 (HSV‐1) the host cell undergoes widespread changes in gene expression and morphology in response to viral replication and release. However, relatively little is known about the specific proteome changes that occur during the early stages of HSV‐1 replication prior to the global damaging effects of virion maturation and egress. To investigate pathways that may be activated or utilised during the early stages of HSV‐1 replication, 2‐DE and LC‐MS/MS were used to identify cellular proteome changes at 6 h post infection. Comparative analysis of multiple gels representing whole cell extracts from mock‐ and HSV‐1‐infected HEp‐2 cells revealed a total of 103 protein spot changes. Of these, 63 were up‐regulated and 40 down‐regulated in response to infection. Changes in selected candidate proteins were verified by Western blot analysis and their respective cellular localisations analysed by confocal microscopy. We have identified differential regulation and modification of proteins with key roles in diverse cellular pathways, including DNA replication, chromatin remodelling, mRNA stability and the ER stress response. This work represents the first global comparative analysis of HSV‐1 infected cells and provides an important insight into host cell proteome changes during the early stages of HSV‐1 infection.     

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Synchronized Mammalian KB Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus

We examined the patterns of host cell and virus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in synchronized cultures of KB cells infected at different stages of the cell cycle with herpes simplex virus (HSV). We found that the initiation of HSV DNA synthesis, we well as the production of new infectious virus, is independent of the S, G1, and G2 phases of the mitotic cycle of the host cell. This is in contrast to data previously found with equine abortion virus. Because HSV replicates independently of the cell cycle, we were able to establish conditions that would permit the study of rates of HSV DNA synthesized in logarithmically growing cells in the virtual absence of cellular DNA synthesis. This eliminates the need for separation of viral and cellular DNA by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl. We found that HSV DNA synthesis was initiated between 2 to 3 hr after infection. The rate of DNA synthesis increased rapidly, reaching a maximum 4 hr after infection, and decreased to 50% of maximum by 8 hr. Evidence is also presented which suggests that HSV infection can inhibit both the ongoing synthesis of host DNA as well as the initiation of the S phase.     

Interactome analysis of herpes simplex virus 1 envelope glycoprotein H

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1) envelope glycoprotein H (gH) is important for viral entry into cells and nuclear egress of nucleocapsids. To clarify additional novel roles of gH during HSV‐1 replication, host cell proteins that interact with gH were screened for by tandem affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry‐based proteomics in 293T cells transiently expressing gH. This screen identified 123 host cell proteins as potential gH interactors. Of these proteins, general control nonderepressive‐1 (GCN1), a trans‐acting positive effector of GCN2 kinase that regulates phosphorylation of the α subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), was subsequently confirmed to interact with gH in HSV‐1‐infected cells. eIF2α phosphorylation is known to downregulate protein synthesis, and various viruses have evolved mechanisms to prevent the accumulation of phosphorylated eIF2α in infected cells. Here, it was shown that GCN1 knockdown reduces phosphorylation of eIF2α in HSV‐1‐infected cells and that the gH‐null mutation increases eIF2α in HSV‐1‐infected cells, whereas gH overexpression in the absence of other HSV‐1 proteins reduces eIF2α phosphorylation. These findings suggest that GCN1 can regulate eIF2α phosphorylation in HSV‐1‐infected cells and that the GCN1‐binding viral partner gH is necessary and sufficient to prevent the accumulation of phosphorylated eIF2α. Our database of 123 host cell proteins potentially interacting with gH will be useful for future studies aimed at unveiling further novel functions of gH and the roles of cellular proteins in HSV‐1‐infected cells.     

HSV-2miR-H4-5p负调节CDKL2基因表达并抑制ActD引起的Vero细胞凋亡

单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(herpes simplex virusⅡ,HSV-2)编码的microRNA-H4-5p(miR-H4-5p)可与病毒神经毒力蛋白ICP34.5mRNA互补结合并抑制其表达,从而降低病毒感染对细胞的毒力作用,以减弱细胞对病毒的免疫作用.但miR-H4-5p是否可靶向作用于宿主细胞基因目前仍不十分清楚.本研究证明,miR-H4-5p可通过靶向细胞周期依赖性激酶(cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2,CDKL2)基因表达抗防线菌素D(actinomycin D,Act D)诱导的非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(African green monkey kidney cells,Vero)细胞凋亡.生物信息学方法在线预测miR-H4-5p潜在靶基因CDKL2的结合位点,并构建双萤光素酶报告系统检测miR-H4-5p靶向作用.数据表明,miR-H4-5p可有效抑制萤光素酶的表达.q PCR和Western印迹数据表明,miR-H4-5p可在mRNA水平和蛋白水平抑制CDKL2表达.构建过表达载体pmR-mcherry/miR-H4-5p(cherry/H4-5p),将cherry/H4-5p与pmRmcherry空质粒转染至Vero细胞,转染24 h后加入终浓度为1μg/m L放线菌素D诱导细胞凋亡.MTT法、流式细胞术和Western印迹检测Bax、Bcl-2表达.数据表明,miR-H4-5p可抑制Act D诱导的Vero细胞活性降低.本实验提示,miR-H4-5p可通过靶向调节宿主细胞基因抑制细胞凋亡,可能以此方式共同参与HSV-2潜伏感染的建立.但是这种抑制凋亡作用的通路及其机制目前仍不清楚,miR-H4-5p是否可靶向更多的宿主基因仍需要进一步实验验证.     

Initial interaction of herpes simplex virus with cells is binding to heparan sulfate.

We have shown that cell surface heparan sulfate serves as the initial receptor for both serotypes of herpes simplex virus (HSV). We found that virions could bind to heparin, a related glycosaminoglycan, and that heparin blocked virus adsorption. Agents known to bind to cell surface heparan sulfate blocked viral adsorption and infection. Enzymatic digestion of cell surface heparan sulfate but not of dermatan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate concomitantly reduced the binding of virus to the cells and rendered the cells resistant to infection. Although cell surface heparan sulfate was required for infection by HSV types 1 and 2, the two serotypes may bind to heparan sulfate with different affinities or may recognize different structural features of heparan sulfate. Consistent with their broad host ranges, the two HSV serotypes use as primary receptors ubiquitous cell surface components known to participate in interactions with the extracellular matrix and with other cell surfaces.     

The Us3 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Inhibits T Cell Signaling by Confining Linker for Activation of T Cells (LAT) Activation via TRAF6 Protein

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is the most prevalent human virus and causes global morbidity because the virus is able to infect multiple cell types. Remarkably, HSV infection switches between lytic and latent cycles, where T cells play a critical role. However, the precise way of virus-host interactions is incompletely understood. Here we report that HSV-1 productively infected Jurkat T-cells and inhibited antigen-induced T cell receptor activation. We discovered that HSV-1-encoded Us3 protein interrupted TCR signaling and interleukin-2 production by inactivation of the linker for activation of T cells. This study unveils a mechanism by which HSV-1 intrudes into early events of TCR-mediated cell signaling and may provide novel insights into HSV infection, during which the virus escapes from host immune surveillance.     

Herpes simplex virus infection causes the accumulation of a heat-shock protein

A monoclonal antibody, produced from mice immunized with a herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cell extract, reacts with a molecule which is present in uninfected cells and which accumulates in large amounts during HSV 2 infection. In uninfected cells this molecule is growth regulated, in that exponentially growing cells have intense nuclear immunofluorescence, whereas confluent quiescent cells have little. It has a mol. wt. of 57 000 (p57) in exponential cells, and one of 61 000 (p61) in quiescent cells. In HSV 2-infected cells, p57 accumulates and nuclear and cytoplasmic immunofluorescence increases. In uninfected cells, p57 also accumulates during heat-shock treatment, and this is associated with a new immunofluorescence throughout the cytoplasm. We suggest that HSV 2 infection induces a cellular stress response which is involved in the shut-off of host cell polypeptide synthesis.