南亚热带森林不同演替阶段土壤种子库的初步研究

本文对鼎湖山不同演替阶段的森林（马尾松林、针阔叶混交林、季风常绿阔叶林）的土壤种子库进行了初步研究．分别从各个阶段的样地内抽取４或８个１×１ｍ的小样地,分三层（共１０ｃｍ厚）采集土样,带回实验室,通过萌发法观察记录其土壤种子库状况．通过统计分析,其结果如下：１．种子数量和物种多样性一般随演替发展而减少,种子数目以３—５ｃｍ厚土层为最多．２．各演替阶段土壤种子库的种类组成均以草本植物为主．３．在光照和湿度基本一致的情况下,萌发种子数与温度成正相关．４．雨季取的种子数目较旱季多,且种类组成有所不同．这是因为南亚热带森林内植物种子的休眠期短,在旱季采集土样时许多种的种子尚未下落．５．种子库组成与地上植物相关性不明显,但演替早期阶段的相关性比演替后期更密切。     

南亚热带森林演替过程中土壤线虫群落结构变化

森林演替会通过改变植物群落组成和土壤环境影响土壤生物群落, 反过来, 土壤生物群落的变化也会对生态系统的演替产生反馈作用, 但迄今南亚热带森林演替过程中土壤生物群落的变化特征尚不清晰。本研究以广东省鼎湖山的南亚热带森林演替序列(马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林-针阔叶混交林-季风常绿阔叶林)为对象, 研究了森林演替过程中土壤线虫多样性和群落结构的动态变化及其影响因素。通过采集不同演替阶段的土壤样品, 分析和比对了不同演替阶段土壤线虫的多度、多样性、群落组成、土壤线虫生态指数以及土壤理化性质的差异。结果表明: (1)在南亚热带森林演替过程中, 针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林土壤线虫的α多样性显著高于马尾松林, 但土壤线虫总数和各营养类群多度及其相对丰度并无显著变化; (2)针阔叶混交林中土壤线虫富集指数显著高于马尾松林, 表明其土壤养分状况要好于马尾松林, 而季风常绿阔叶林土壤线虫结构指数较高, 表明其受干扰程度较低; (3)针阔叶混交林的土壤含水量和土壤理化性质(除土壤总磷含量)已达到季风常绿阔叶林的水平, 但两者的土壤pH值均显著低于马尾松林, 而土壤pH值和土壤含水量是影响土壤线虫群落动态变化的主要因素。综上所述, 南亚热带森林中土壤线虫多度、多样性和群落结构对森林演替的响应略有不同, 演替过程中土壤环境因素的趋同是导致针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林中土壤线虫多样性和群落特征相似的主要原因。     

4种不同演替阶段森林群落物种组成和多样性的比较研究

通过空间变化代替时间差异和样方法等手段,对浙江省马尾松林针叶（针叶林）、马尾松针阔叶混交林、中龄常绿阔叶林和近熟常绿阔叶林4种不同演替阶段森林群落的物种组成和多样性、群落间相似性进行了研究。结果表明,23个样地共记录维管植物53科105属170种。随着演替的进行,群落物种数、各层次的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数基本上呈现先下降后上升的趋势,并以针阔叶混交林最低,估计跟先锋物种的消失和后期物种的出现这一更替有关。随着演替的进行,各群落间的Jaccard相似性系数逐渐降低,其中针阔叶混交林和中龄常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最高,马尾松与近熟常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最低。群落主成分分析也得出相似的结果。群落之间的差异主要体现在物种组成尤其是乔木层的组成上;针阔叶混交林是物种丰富度和物种多样性较低的一个群落,但它与其它群落间的相似性较高,并已储存了常绿阔叶林中的大部分物种,对演替起着承前启后的作用。     

生境片段化对千岛湖马尾松林内土壤种子库的影响

土壤种子库是森林群落更新的主要来源之一,对森林的演替和恢复等具有重要意义。生境片段化现象正日益严重地影响着森林群落,并可影响森林土壤种子库。研究了千岛湖地区的大陆及岛屿次生马尾松林内土壤种子库的组成及其影响因素(e.g.,岛屿面积,形状指数,隔离度和距岛屿边缘距离等)。根据大陆和岛屿的面积及边缘梯度,采用大数量小样方法,分别在土壤种子库最大化(初冬,2015年12月)和最小化(晚春,2016年4月)时期对马尾松林内土壤进行了机械取样。对土壤样品进行萌发实验,检测了两个时期的土壤种子库上层(0—2 cm)和下层(2—5 cm)种子组成,并通过广义线性混合效应模型等手段分析其影响因素。结果显示:(1)所有316个土壤样本中,萌发出幼苗1422株,隶属于29科、40属、41种。其中,木本植物幼苗占13种1024株,草本占28种398株。(2)Jaccard指数和相关性分析均显示初冬、晚春时期的土壤种子库组成具有很高的相似性;土壤种子库上、下层组成的相似性也很高。(3)广义线性混合效应模型分析显示,在大陆和岛屿上,土壤种子库下层种子含量低于上层;而大陆样地土壤种子库中的木本植物种子数较岛屿样地高。岛屿上,土壤种子库中的种子数随土层的加深而降低;随边缘梯度升高也下降,尤其是草本植物的种子。对于岛屿上的木本植物,不耐阴种的种子数量远大于耐阴种,尤其是土壤下层。表明千岛湖地区马尾松林内土壤种子库组成受到生境片段化的影响,进而可能作用于该类型森林群落的演替。     

浙江省生态公益林植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性的变化

在浙江省生态公益林区域的现状植被中分析了6种主要群落类型的物种组成和多样性的变化格局,包括演替系列中的2种灌丛、松优势林、2种混交林和常绿阔叶林。结果表明含松较多的灌丛和松优势林常分布在环境退化较严重(土层瘠薄)的生境中,其中灌木层主要由阳性的映山红、木、白栎等组成,常绿阔叶林优势种木荷、青冈、苦槠、甜槠等在其中偶见,因此推断其自然恢复为常绿林的速度慢;含常绿阔叶树较多的灌丛及含松较少的混交林分布在土层较厚处,木荷、青冈、苦槠、甜槠等的频度和重要值都较大,较容易自然恢复为常绿阔叶林。各种群落中物种多样性指数——Gleason、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson指数基本上以常绿阔叶林为最高,其次是含松较少的混交林,含松较多的灌丛和松优势林各种多样性指数最低。本研究显示我国中亚热带东部森林植被恢复途径有3条:(1)灌草丛→针叶林(松)→针(松)阔混交林→常绿阔叶林;(2)灌草丛→针(松)阔混交林→常绿阔叶林;(3)灌草丛→常绿阔叶林。这意味着本区域的常绿阔叶林恢复可以不必经历松林阶段,在生境条件较好的地方通过人工干预、补种常绿阔叶树可以加速常绿阔叶林恢复。     

南亚热带典型森林演替类型粗死木质残体贮量及其对碳循环的潜在影响

森林生态系统中的粗死木质残体(Coarse woody debris, CWD)不仅能够为其它生物提供生境,维持森林结构,而且对生物地球化学循环起着不可忽视的作用,CWD作为森林生态系统中重要的结构和功能元素,已经引起广泛关注。然而,华南地区典型亚热带森林生态系统中CWD的结构和功能方面的研究很少。该文报道了鼎湖山自然保护区内典型南亚热带森林生态系统中CWD的贮量及其特征,所选择的森林包括马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林、针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林,它们分别代表该气候区域内处于森林演替早期、中期和后期3个阶段的森林类型。其中马尾松林和针阔叶混交林都起源于20世纪30年代人工种植的马尾松纯林,由于长期受到包括收割松针、CWD和林下层植物等在内的人为活动的干扰,到2003年调查时马尾松林仍属于针叶林;而混交林样地自种植之后就未受到人为活动的干扰,自然过渡为针阔叶混交林类型。人为干扰对马尾松人工林的结构和功能产生了巨大的影响,马尾松林的生物量仅为针阔叶混交林生物量的35%。组成马尾松林、针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林CWD的树种数量分别为7、18和29;马尾松林中几乎没有CWD存在(贮量仅为0.1 Mg C·hm^-2),针阔叶混交林CWD的贮量为8.7 Mg C·hm^-2,季风常绿阔叶林CWD的贮量为13.2 Mg C·hm^-2,分别占地上部分生物量的9.1%和11.3%;针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林中只有将近10%的CWD以枯立的方式存在。该区域内CWD的分解速率较快,在区域碳循环中将扮演重要角色,保留林地中的CWD是维持本区域森林生产力和森林可持续管理的重要举措。     

南亚热带森林不同演替阶段植物与土壤中N、P的化学计量特征

选择南亚热带森林演替过程3个阶段(初期、中期和后期)的典型森林生态系统为研究对象, 在测定植物与土壤中全N、全P含量的基础上, 阐明了森林演替过程中植物与土壤的N、P化学计量特征。结果显示: 1)土壤中全N含量随演替进行而增加, 马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林(初期)、混交林(中期)和季风林(后期) 0-10 cm土层中全N含量分别为0.440、0.843和1.023 g·kg^-1; 混交林0-10 cm土层中全P的含量最为丰富, 为0.337 g·kg^-1, 马尾松林和季风林土壤全P含量分别为0.190和0.283 g·kg^-1。2)植物叶片中全N、全P的含量随演替呈减少的趋势, 但根系中全N、全P的含量都以马尾松林为最多, 混交林和季风林含量彼此相当。3)各土层中N:P随演替的进行呈现明显增加趋势, 马尾松林、混交林和季风林0-10 cm土层中N:P分别为2.3、2.5和3.6; 植物各器官中N:P随演替的进行也呈增加趋势, 且叶片和根系中的N:P相近, 马尾松林、混交林和季风林叶片中N:P分别为22.7、25.3和29.6。基于上述结果, 探讨了南亚热带森林生态系统植物与土壤中N:P特征、森林演替过程中植物与土壤中N:P变化规律以及P对南亚热带森林生态系统的限制作用。结果表明, P已经成为南亚热带森林生态系统生物生长和重要生态过程的限制因子。     

普洱市周边地区4种土地利用类型土壤种子库特征

通过对云南普洱市周边地区次生季风常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、人工更新形成的针叶林及茶园等4种土地利用类型的野外调查及土壤种子库的萌发实验,探讨其土壤种子库的密度大小、物种丰富度和组成及与地上植被的关系。结果表明:干扰强度与频度不同导致土地利用类型之间土壤种子库密度与物种丰富度存在较大差异,土壤种子库密度大小顺序为:针叶林(248.67±116.86)粒·m-2>针阔混交林(186.00±43.27)粒·m-2>次生季风常绿阔叶林(107.33±16.48)粒·m-2>茶园(51.67±10.17)粒·m-2;茶园土壤种子库物种丰富度要显著低于其他类型。4种土地利用类型土壤种子库生活型组成差异极显著,主要以草本植物组成,以菊科与禾本科占优势;针阔混交林的草本植物种子密度最多,非森林的原生物种是草本植物的主要组成;针叶林外来物种的种子密度要显著高于其他类型,紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)是其主要组成。土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数较低,其大小顺序为:次生季风常绿阔叶林(0.175)<针阔混交林(0.176)<针叶林(0.215)。     

鼎湖山三种主要植被类型土壤碳释放研究

土壤呼吸是土壤微生物活性和土壤肥力一个重要指标 ,是土壤碳流通的一个主要过程 ,也是陆地生态系统碳循环的一个关键部分 ,对研究全球变化非常重要。国内土壤呼吸的研究主要集中在北京山地温带林区、尖峰岭热带森林及东北羊草草原和中亚热带等地 ,南亚热带地区森林土壤呼吸尚无报道。选取南亚热带鼎湖山自然保护区森林演替系列中的 3种主要植被类型 (季风常绿阔叶林 ,针阔叶混交林和马尾松林 )为研究对象 ,研究了土壤呼吸和与之相关的土壤微生物生物量、土壤温度和土壤含水量以及他们之间的关系。结果表明 ,季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林年均土壤呼吸速率依次是 477.9,435 .4,42 9.5 mg CO2 · m- 2 ·h- 1,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的季节变化规律接近 ;3种植被类型土壤微生物生物量变化规律与土壤呼吸变化规律一致 ,季风常绿阔叶林最高 ,马尾松林最低 ,土壤微生物量高的土壤中碳周转量较大 ,碳素周转还带动了其他营养元素周转 ,有利于生态系统生存和持续发展 ;季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和针叶林代谢熵依次是 0 .5 8～ 0 .60 ,0 .92～ 1 .0 0 ,1 .30～ 1 .35 ,表明 3种植被类型土壤中土壤微生物对土壤碳的利用效率依次降低。     

浙江古田山自然保护区甜槠种群结构与动态

应用“相邻格子法”对浙江古田山国家自然保护区的甜槠种群进行调查 ,将 2 5个样地分为不同演替阶段和不同生境的森林群落两大类型。对甜槠种群结构和动态进行分析 ,绘制甜槠种群大小结构图和存活曲线 ;并用泊松方差 /均值比率等 5个聚集度指标测定其种群分布格局。结果显示 :马尾松林→马尾松针阔叶混交林→次生常绿阔叶林→成熟山坡常绿阔叶林的演替过程中 ,马尾松林中甜槠个体极少 ,针阔叶混交林中种群结构为增长型 ;次生和成熟常绿阔叶林中其种群结构都比较稳定 ,但从群落外貌和结构仍可看出前者的次生性。不同生境的群落包括成熟沟谷常绿阔叶林、成熟山坡常绿阔叶林、黄山松林和黄山松针阔叶混交林 ,甜槠由沟谷地带的零星个体变为山坡上的稳定型种群 ,中山地带的黄山松林和黄山松针阔叶混交林中甜槠种群呈增长型 ,但不会取代黄山松的优势地位。种群空间格局大都为集群分布 ,并符合负二项式分布 ,仅两个次生群落的甜槠种群因缺 、 、 级幼苗而呈随机分布。此外 ,对成熟常绿阔叶林中不同大小级个体分布格局动态的研究表明 :甜槠在幼苗、幼树时为集群分布 ,随着甜槠个体进一步增大 ,其分布格局由集群分布变为随机分布。甜槠以其较强的更新能力 ,成为本区低海拔成熟常绿阔叶林中十分稳定的优势种     

广西岑溪县七坪林区土壤微生物生态分布及生化活性的研究

广西气候温和,雨量充沛,亚热带和热带森林资源十分丰富。为了合理利用和开发广西梧州、玉林等地区南亚热带的土地资源和充分发挥该地区森林资源的经济效益,1987年我们     

Effects of natural and artificial disturbance on landscape and forest structure in Tiantong National Forest Park,East China

This paper aims to understand the ecological effects of disturbance on broadleaved evergreen forest in East China. We used a manipulative field experiment approximating the common natural and artificial disturbance types in this area to investigate the community physiognomy, floristic composition, and 5-year recovery dynamics of the post-disturbance forest community. The results indicated that the landscape and forest structure have degraded into shrub communities, structure-damaged evergreen broadleaved communities, and so on. The post-disturbance communities presented different means of plant recruitment and vegetation recovery patterns at an early successional stage. The recovery of disturbed forests primarily depended on external seed sources and re-sprouting from stumps, rather than on soil seed banks, as few buried seeds were found. Re-sprouting thus appears to be key in allowing rapid vegetation recovery in evergreen broadleaved forest. Disturbances seem to be one of the most important factors that can contribute to regional species coexistence across temporal and spatial scales in evergreen broadleaved forests.     

Quantifying ecological memory during forest succession: A case study from lower subtropical forest ecosystems in South China

The concept of ecological memory provides a new perspective for research on forest succession by including historical factors and the initial state of ecological processes. However, there are still significant gaps between the concept and its application. We selected nine proxy indicators (plant species, soil seed banks, soil microbes, soil animals, birds, soil age, soil pollen, soil mineral distribution, and light environment) and developed a method to quantify ecological memory and succession in a subtropical forest succession in South China. Taking the climax-monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest as the reference ecosystem, we found that ecological memory increased nonlinearly and accumulated following a specific assembly rule during succession. Memory concerning major soil microbes and soil animals, which improve the soil substrate, mainly accumulated from the initial to the early successional stage. Memory concerning the number of bird species and the availability of light, which ensure a source of regenerative seeds and the survival of understory seedlings, mainly accumulated from the early to middle successional stages. Memory concerning vegetation and soil seed banks mainly accumulated late in succession, guaranteeing that the ecosystem would reach the regional climax stage. Prospective memory was greater than retrospective memory in every successional stage except the late stage, which indicated that all stages but the late stage were undergoing progressive succession. Our study demonstrates that the concept of ecological memory and the proposed evaluation framework are useful for guiding research on succession and restoration, and especially for assessing how “far” a restored ecosystem is from a reference ecosystem or how far a restored ecosystem has deviated from its natural succession trajectory.     

A comparison of seed banks across a sand dune successional gradient at Lake Michigan dunes (Indiana,USA)

In habitats where disturbance is frequent, seed banks are important for the regeneration of vegetation. Sand dune systems are dynamic habitats in which sand movement provides intermittent disturbance. As succession proceeds from bare sand to forest, the disturbance decreases. At Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, we examined the seed banks of three habitat types across a successional gradient: foredunes, secondary dunes, and oak savanna. There were differences among the types of species that germinated from each of the habitats. The mean seed bank density increased across the successional gradient by habitat, from 376 to 433 to 968 seeds m⁻², but with foredune and secondary dune seed bank densities being significantly lower than the savanna seed bank density. The number of seeds germinated was significantly correlated with soil organic carbon, demonstrating for this primary successional sequence that seed density increases with stage and age. The seed bank had much lower species richness than that of the aboveground vegetation across all habitats. Among sites within a habitat type, the similarity of species germinated from the seed banks was very low, illustrating the variability of the seed bank even in similar habitat types. These results suggest that restoration of these habitats cannot rely on seed banks alone.     

Soil seed bank dynamics in alpine wetland succession on the Tibetan Plateau

The primary goal was to address several questions with regard to how soil seed banks change in a successional series. How does the composition of the viable seed bank change, and how does the relationship of the soil seed bank and vegetation change with succession? Can the seed bank be regarded as a potential as a source of seeds for wetland restoration? We collected soil seed bank samples and sampled the vegetation in four different successional stages and used the NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) to evaluate the relationship of species composition between the seed banks and vegetation. The difference of seed density and species richness in different habitats and soil depths also was compared. Viable seeds of half (37) the species in the early-successional stage were found in all the successional stages. Similarity between seed bank and vegetation increased with succession. Both seed density and species richness in the seed bank increased with successional age and decreased with soil depth. The majority of species from the early-successional stage produced long-lived seeds. Seed density and species richness increased with succession, mainly as a result of increasing seed production, and hypotheses predicting decreasing density of buried seeds and species richness were not confirmed. Seed banks play a minor role in contributing to the regeneration of vegetation, and managers cannot rely on soil-stored seed banks for restoration of wetlands.     

滇东南岩溶山地退化植被土壤种子库的储量与组成

 在云南省东南部3个典型岩溶地点的土壤种子库储量与组成的研究表明,不同地点代表不同退化与恢复阶段的次生林、灌丛与退化草地的土壤内均储藏有丰富的植物种子,其密度值变动于4 090～14 930粒·m－2之间;物种数23～45种,其中草本物种及其种子储量最丰, 灌木次之,乔木和藤本及其种子稀少。在0～10 cm土层内,随着深度的加深,种子密度由0～2 cm,2～5 cm,5～10 cm逐渐减少,次生林的降低幅度相对较小。相对而言,种子密度值、物种数都以次生林为高,灌丛与退化草地之间的差异较小。同时次生林种子库中的乔、灌木的种子数量相对较多,而草本相对较少。从物种组成来看,少数物种的种子在库中的储量十分丰富,且各种子库间在物种组成上有很大的相似性,同一地点的3种植被类型间的两两相似性系数在0.6～0.7之间,不同地点的任一两类型间的相似性系数在0.4～0.6之间。9.3%的物种在所有样地内都出现。每一种子库中储量最丰的前3位都来自菊科的胜红蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）、劲直白酒草(Conyza stricta)、紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)、一点红（Emilia sonchifolia）,唇形科的鸡骨柴（Elsholtzia fruticosa）,蔷薇科的长毛绣线菊(Spiraea martinii var. pubescens)。     

Soil seed bank dynamics of fire-prone wooded grassland, woodland and dry forest ecosystems in Ethiopia

In order to reveal the role of soil seed banks in vegetation recovery after fire in savanna, the spatial distribution and temporal changes in the soil seed banks of regularly burning savanna in Gambella, western Ethiopia, was studied. The seedling emergence technique was employed to determine the species composition and density of the soil seed bank of six sites ranging in fire severity from wooded grassland with frequent fires over woodland with intermediate fire frequency to forest with absence of fires. Species composition and density of seeds in the soil were compared between seasons, depths and sites with different types of standing vegetation. Fourteen plant species were recorded in the soil seed bank from the grassland and woodland sites and 6 from the dry forests; 60 % of the taxa in the soil seed bank were annuals and 40 % were perennials. The soil seed banks were largely dominated by graminoids and 48–97 % of the soil seed bank in the grasslands and woodlands was of a single grass species, Hyparrhenia confinis , which was absent from the dry forests. The soil seed pools ranged from less than 100 to 4700 seeds per m² depending upon the season. The soil seed bank of graminoids was nearly empty after the onset of the rainy season whereas seeds of broadleaved herbs and woody species able to germinate were still found after this time. Floristic composition, representation of life forms and density of seeds in soil did not correspond closely with that of the standing vegetation, but within graminoids there was a strong similarity between the soil seed bank and the standing vegetation. The current fire regime of Ethiopian savanna woodlands appears to maintain the dominance of graminoids over broadleaved herbs and woody plants both as seeds in the soil and in the standing vegetation.