豚草叶片和果实气体交换特性与11种土壤重金属相关性

对10个样地中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cr、Co、Ni、Cd、As、Sb和 Hg 11种土壤重金属含量及样地内豚草叶片和果实气体交换特性进行测定.结果表明,样地内豚草叶片的净光合速率在1.88～9.41 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,而果实的净光合速率最高可达2.81 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.叶片的呼吸速率、气孔导度、光合速率和水分利用效率的平均值分别为1.81 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、75.7 mmol·m^-2·s^-1、6.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和4.72 μmol·mmol^-1,分别是果实的5.26、0.64、1.31和1.69倍,说明非同化器官幼嫩果实具有与叶片相当,甚至更强的呼吸、光合能力和水分利用效率;研究地点重金属Ni达到轻微污染水平,其它重金属含量都接近或者显著低于重金属污染的阈值.相关分析和多元回归分析显示,大部分土壤重金属（如Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Sb和Hg）含量的高低对豚草气体交换特性没有显著影响,仅部分重金属含量与豚草的叶片、果实气体交换特性密切相关,如Ni和Cr对豚草叶片、果实的气孔导度及水分利用效率显著相关;Cr与豚草叶片饱和光合速率显著相关;而As与豚草果实的气孔导度显著相关.表明大部分土壤重金属对叶片和球果的气体交换没有直接影响,而Ni、Cr和As可以在轻微污染甚至没有达到污染水平时影响豚草的气体交换特性.     

珍稀蕨类植物扇蕨光合速率与环境因子的关系

利用CO2光合测定仪分析了引种栽培的扇蕨叶片的光合补偿点和饱和光强,通过控制叶室的光合有效辐射、CO2浓度、温度和相对湿度,分析了叶片的羧化效率和CO2补偿点,并进行光合有效辐射、温度或相对湿度对光合速率影响的研究。扇蕨叶片光补偿点的光强为5.8μmol·m-2·s-1,饱和光强约为1000μmol·m-2·s-1。叶片的羧化效率为0.02665,CO2补偿点为66.1μmol·mol-1。叶片光合速率在20℃时达到最大值,最适温度为17～27℃。相对湿度20%～80%的试验范围内,叶片光合速率随湿度增加而增大,最适相对湿度条件在60%以上。     

台湾桤木引种的光合生理特性研究

以台湾桤木 Alnusformosana 引种2年生苗木为研究对象,探讨了台湾桤木的光合生理生态特性.结果表明: 1 叶片净光合速率 Pn 具有明显的日变化.中部叶Pn日变化在生长中期表现为双峰曲线型,高峰分别出现在9:00和15:00左右,峰值分别为15.03μmol·m-2·s-1和12.97μmol·m-2·s-1;在生长初期和末期为单峰曲线型.不同部位叶片Pn大小为:中部叶>顶部叶>基部叶. 2 不同部位叶片Pn表现出不同的季节变化特征.中部叶和顶部叶一年有两个高峰,高峰均出现在6月和8月;基部叶只有一个高峰,出现在6月.光合作用具有较广的温度适应范围.自然条件下叶片最大净光合速率为17.67μmol·m-2·s-1;人工条件下为20.2μmol·m-2·s-1,在新的环境条件下表现出较强的光合适应能力. 3 叶片LCP为33.32～67.47μmol·m-2·s-1,LSP为1332～1656μmol·m-2·s-1,具有较低的光补偿点和较高的光饱和点,表现出较强的弱光利用能力和强光利用潜力. 4 台湾桤木CO2补偿点为54.17～74.98μmol·mol-1,CO2饱和点在800μmol·mol-1左右;羧化效率为0.0270～0.0468.表现出较大光合作用潜力和较广的生存适应能力. 5 通径系数分析表明,Cond、Ci、Vpdl和RH是影响叶片光合速率变化最主要的直接作用因子.     

液体悬浮培养条件下发菜细胞的光合速率与呼吸速率

用液相氧电极测定离体悬浮生长发菜细胞的光合速率和呼吸速率的结果表明,发菜细胞的光补偿点为15￣16μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点为90μmol·m-2·s-1,光抑制点为190μmol·m-2·s-1。25℃下发菜细胞光合速率最高,呼吸速率则在10￣50℃范围内随温度升高而增强。发菜细胞光合作用的最适pH值为7.0￣7.5,呼吸作用最适pH值为9.0。BG110无氮培养基中添加30mmol·L-1NaNO3,发菜细胞的光合速率增加约20%。培养基中Na2HPO4浓度为1.75mmol·L-1时,细胞光合速率和呼吸速率最大,随后保持稳定。钾盐浓度变化对发菜细胞光合速率和呼吸速率的影响不显著。     

C_3和C_4植物的水分利用效率

对C3植物黄豆（Glycinemax）和C4植物玉米（Zeamays）的光合、蒸腾以及水分利用效率（WUE）进行了比较研究。结果表明,玉米WUE水平约为黄豆的2倍,这与两种植物的光合速率水平相一致,说明植物叶片的WUE主要决定于其光合速率大小。通过环境条件对两种植物的影响分析可知,玉米WUE在0-1000μmol·m-2·s-1光强范围内与光合有效辐射（PAR）呈线形关系,最适温度为29℃左右;黄豆WUE在0-　1200mol·m-2·s-1光强范围内与PAR呈线形关系,最适温度为32℃左右。     

米瓦罐的光合特性研究

采用美国LI-COR生产的LI-6400便携式光合系统研究了米瓦罐的光合特性。结果表明,米瓦罐光 合速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,上午10:00时光合速率达到最大值;在大气CO2浓度下,米瓦罐的光饱和点为 1 800μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点为30μmol·m-2·s-1;在光饱和点的光强下,米瓦罐的CO2饱和点为1 200 μmolCO2·mol-1,CO2补偿点为40μmolCO2·mol-1。     

低温弱光对茄子幼苗光合特性的影响

以4～5叶的 二苠 茄幼苗为试材,研究了其在低温弱光 10℃/5℃昼/夜,光强60、120μmol·m-2·s-1 胁迫7d并恢复7d后的光合特性变化.结果表明,低温弱光胁迫后茄子幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量显著降低;光补偿点、光饱和点、光饱和时的Pn、表观量子产额降低;CO2补偿点升高,CO2饱和点、CO2饱和时的Pn、光合能力、CO2羧化效率降低;以低温下较强光照时 120μmol·m-2·s-1 的变化幅度较大;恢复7d后各项指标仍然不能恢复到对照水平.试验条件已对茄子幼苗叶片光合机构的结构和活性造成了不可恢复的伤害.     

鄂尔多斯螺旋藻（Spirulina erdosensis）光合生理的研究

对鄂尔多斯高原碱湖的鄂尔多斯螺旋藻Spirulinaerdosensis光合色素的吸收光谱、含量、光合速率和呼吸速率日变化进行了研究.结果表明:活体吸收光谱体现出了各色素在不同波段范围内的吸收差异;各种色素相对荧光强度有明显的差异.藻胆素的含量最高为97.86mg·g-1DW;类胡萝卜素的最低,为2.11mg·g-1DW;Chla为7.70mg·g-1DW.其光合速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,真、净光合速率均在13∶00达到最大,分别为36.24μmol·m-2·s-1和23.45μmol·m-2·s-1.     

几种野生银莲花生殖生长期的光合作用特性初探

采用LI-6400便携式光合仪对室外栽培的几种野生银莲花光合作用特性进行了研究.结果表明,净光合速率 Pn 和蒸腾速率 Tr 日变化均呈单峰曲线,前者的峰值出现在10:00～11:00时,后者的峰值出现在13:00时前后.在光强0～2000μmol·m-2·s-1条件下,Pn呈S曲线,光补偿点为60～80μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点为800μmol·m-2·s-1左右,但光强继续增加到1800μmol·m-2·s-1,Pn仍有少许提高;Tr随PAR的增加而缓慢增加.在环境CO2浓度为0～350μmol·mol-1条件下,Pn直线上升,草玉梅、秋牡丹和野棉花的光合CO2补偿点均为50μmol·mol-1左右;Tr在环境CO2浓度25～350μmol·mol-1范围内几乎呈水平线.野生银莲花的Pn和Tr表现出较明显的种间差异.     

NaCl胁迫对互花米草细胞膜和光响应曲线特征参数的影响

以大米草的互花米草为材料,研究了不同盐浓度对其细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和光响应曲线的特征参数的变化情况。结果表明:盐浓度低于300mmol·L-1时,互花米草细胞膜透性和MDA含量较对照组无显著差异;其较高的最大光合速率(>30μmol·m-2·s-1),表观量子效率(>0.05mol·mol-1Photons)以及较低的暗呼吸速率(<1.5μmolCO2·m-2·s-1)和光补偿点(<20μmol·m-2·s-1)为其有机物质积累、竞争、建立种群并扩散提供条件。盐浓度高于500mmol·L-1时,互花米草膜透性和MDA含量显著上升,最大光合速率(Amax)及表观量子效率(Q)显著下降,暗呼吸速率(Rday)和光补偿点(LCP)上升。表明细胞膜和光合作用有关酶受到迫害,抑制了其正常生长。盐胁迫下互花米草光合速率降低,但蒸腾速率的显著下降提高了单叶水分利用效率,从而部分缓解了渗透势变化对细胞的迫害,为其生存和生长提供条件。     

Lateral gas diffusion inside leaves

Diffusion of CO2 inside leaves is generally regarded to be from the substomatal cavities to the assimilating tissues, i.e. in the vertical direction of the leaf blades. However, lateral gas diffusion within intercellular air spaces may be much more effective than hitherto considered. In a previous work it was demonstrated that, when 'clamp-on' leaf chambers are used, leaf internal 'CO2 leakage' beyond the leaf chamber gaskets may seriously affect gas exchange measurement. This effect has been used in the present paper to quantify gas conductance (g(leaf,l), mmol m(-2) s(-1)) in the lateral directions within leaves and significant differences between homo- and heterobaric leaves were observed. For the homobaric leaves, lateral gas conductance measured over a distance of 6 or 8 mm (the widths of the chamber gaskets) was 2-20% of vertical conductance taken from published data measured over much smaller distances of 108-280 microm (the thickness of the leaves). The specific internal gas diffusion properties of the leaves have been characterized by gas conductivities (g*(leaf), micromol m(-1) s(-1)). Gas conductivities in the lateral directions of heterobaric leaves were found to be small but not zero. In homobaric leaves, they were between 67 and 209 micromol m(-1) s(-1) and thus even larger than those in the vertical direction of the leaf blades (between 15 and 78 micromol m(-1) s(-1)). The potential implications for experimentalists performing gas exchange measurements are discussed.     

热带季节雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼的光合生理生态特性

采用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪,对西双版纳热带季节雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼成树树冠上、中、下3层叶片进行了测定,分析西双版纳热带季节雨林冠层树木的光合作用.结果表明,绒毛番龙眼成树具有喜光的光合特性,光饱和点较高(1 000～1 500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),而光补偿点较低(7.7～15.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),对光环境有较强的适应和调节能力,光合有效辐射是影响绒毛番龙眼光合日进程的关键因子;12月,叶片处于成熟期,生长良好,光合能力较强,树冠上层净光合速率（P_n）日变化为单峰型,最大净光合速率（A_max）约为8.9 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;4月处于新老树叶更替期,光合能力下降,树冠上层P_n日变化为双峰型,中午出现“午休”现象,树冠上层A_max约为4.3 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;7月上、中层叶片P_n为单峰型,下层出现“午休”.如人为使CO₂浓度在短期内迅速升高,则绒毛番龙眼的P_n会增加,而气孔导度和蒸腾速率降低;CO₂浓度从400 μmol·mol^-1升高到800 μmol·mol^-1时,干季水分利用效率（WUE）提高约50%～100％,雨季WUE较低.     

Carbon balance in leaves of young poplar trees

In the present study, important components of carbon metabolism of mature leaves of young poplar trees (Populus x canescens) were determined. Carbohydrate concentrations in leaves and xylem sap were quantified at five different times during the day and compared with photosynthetic gas exchange measurements (net assimilation, transpiration and rates of isoprene emission). Continuously measured xylem sap flow rates, with a time resolution of 15 min, were used to calculate diurnal balances of carbon metabolism of whole mature poplar leaves on different days. Loss of photosynthetically fixed carbon by isoprene emission and dark respiration amounted to 1% and 20%. The most abundant soluble carbohydrates in leaves and xylem sap were glucose, fructose and sucrose, with amounts of approx. 2 to 12 mmol m(-2) leaf area in leaves and about 0.2 to 15 mM in xylem sap. Clear diurnal patterns of carbohydrate concentration in xylem sap and leaves, however, were not observed. Calculations of the carbon transport rates in the xylem to the leaves were based on carbohydrate concentrations in xylem sap and xylem sap flow rates. This carbon delivery amounted to about 3 micromol C m(-2) s(-1) during the day and approx. 1 micromol C m(-2) s(-1) at night. The data demonstrated that between 9 and 28 % of total carbon delivered to poplar leaves during 24 h resulted from xylem transport and, hence, provide a strong indication for a significant rate of carbon cycling within young trees.     

遮荫条件下绞股蓝光合作用特点的研究

在夏季遮荫条件下栽培绞股蓝的净光合速率日变化呈现不典型的双峰曲线,第1峰值出现在11：00时,达13．8μmolCO2·m^-2·S^-1日净光合速率达到176．97μmol CO2·m^-2,是强光下栽培的3．1倍;净光合速率和光量子通量密度呈正相关,相对湿度对净光合速率的影响小．强光下栽培绞股蓝。光合作用“午休”现象明显,净光合速率日变化呈现双峰曲线,第1峰值出现在10：00时,为3．0μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1．第2峰值出现在14：00时,为1．25μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1;相对湿度与净光合速率成正相关,对净光合速率的影响大．当光量子通量超过700μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,净光合速率与光量子通量密度呈负相关．在影响该植物蒸腾速率的诸多因子中,蒸腾速率和气孔导度之间的相关性最为显著．因此绞股蓝属于高度耐荫而怕光的植物．人工栽培应重点考虑光照因子．     

芦竹对不同重金属耐性的研究

研究芦竹(Arundo donax)在不同重金属污染湿地中的耐毒性能,测定了不同生长时段芦竹的生物性状和叶绿素含量,以及土壤中重金属含量的变化.结果表明,芦竹分别在浓度为100 mg·kg^-1左右的CuCu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺、Hg²⁺和50 mg·kg^-1以下的Cr⁶⁺污染环境中能正常成活,在40 d的生长期内,植物体内叶绿素有不同程度降低,下降比率在20%～56%,植物出现叶片软化,叶尖枯黄等症状,但植株仍呈现增长趋势.与对照植物相比较,在重金属胁迫下,植株细长,茎、叶呈黄绿色,除Cr⁶⁺、Hg²⁺外,植物高度基本不受重金属胁迫的影响.芦竹在高浓度(100mg·kg^-1)Cr⁶⁺污染环境中耐性较弱,表现出生长缓慢,部分地下茎腐烂,叶片短时间内出现枯萎等症状.结果还表明,土壤中重金属浓度随植物生长期增长而降低,除被植物吸收,植物挥发外,还存在着重金属向根际圈环境迁移的趋势,根周边湿土中重金属含量,明显高于试验缸外围湿土中重金属含量.可以认为,芦竹具有生物量大,根系发达,适应性强等特点,对修复湿地重金属污染蕴藏着巨大潜力,研究芦竹在植物修复技术中的应用,具有一定的现实意义.     

不同土壤水分条件下紫藤叶片生理参数的光响应

测定了不同土壤湿度下2年生紫藤叶片光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）及水分利用效率（WUE）等生理参数的光响应过程,探讨了紫藤正常生长发育所需的土壤水分和光照条件.结果表明:紫藤叶片的P_n、T_r及WUE对土壤湿度和光照强度的变化具有明显的阈值响应.维持紫藤正常生长（同时具有较高P_n和WUE）的土壤湿度范围为:体积含水量（W_v）15.3%～26.5%、相对含水量（W_r）46.4%～80.3%,最佳土壤湿度约为W_v 23.3%、W_r 70.6%.紫藤叶片对光照环境的适应性较强,在光合有效辐射强度（PAR）为600～1 600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,P_n和WUE具有较高水平,饱和光强在PAR为800～1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.紫藤叶片光合作用非气孔限制的发生与土壤湿度与光照强度密切相关,W_v为18.4%～26.5%、W_r为55.8%～80.3%时,光合作用主要受气孔限制,光照强度的影响较小;超出此范围后,其受光照强度的影响较大,出现由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制的PAR临界值.紫藤正常生长允许的最低土壤湿度约为W_v 11.9%、W_r 36.1%,允许最高PAR约为1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,是紫藤叶片光合机构受到破坏的临界点.     

Stomatal conductance does not correlate with photosynthetic capacity in transgenic tobacco with reduced amounts of Rubisco

High-resolution imaging of chlorophyll a fluorescence from intact tobacco leaves was used to compare the quantum yield of PSII electron transport in the chloroplasts of guard cells with that in the underlying mesophyll cells. Transgenic tobacco plants with reduced amounts of Rubisco (anti-Rubisco plants) were compared with wild-type tobacco plants. The quantum yield of PSII in both guard cells and underlying mesophyll cells was less in anti-Rubisco plants than in wild-type plants, but closely matched between the two cell types regardless of genotype. CO2 assimilation rates of anti-Rubisco plants were 4.4 micromol m(-2) s(-1) compared with 17.3 micromol m(-2) s(-1) for the wild type, when measured at a photon irradiance of 1000 micromol m(-2) s(-1) and ambient CO2 of 380 micromol mol(-1). Despite the large difference in photosynthetic capacity between the anti-Rubisco and wild-type plants, there was no discernible difference in the rate of stomatal opening, steady-state stomatal conductance or response of stomatal conductance to ambient CO2 concentration. These data demonstrate clearly that the commonly observed correlation between photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance can be disrupted in the long term by manipulation of photosynthetic capacity via antisense RNA technology. It was concluded that stomatal conductance is not directly determined by the photosynthetic capacity of guard cells or the leaf mesophyll.     

Differences in photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, and in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in green sun and shade leaves of Ginkgo and Fagus

The differences in pigment levels and photosynthetic activity of green sun and shade leaves of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are described. Sun leaves of both tree species possessed higher levels in chlorophylls (Chl) and carotenoids on a leaf area basis, higher values for the ratio Chl a/b and lower values for the ratio Chl/carotenoids (a+b)/(x+c) in comparison to shade leaves. The higher photosynthetic rates P(N) of sun leaves (ginkgo 5.4+/-0.9 and beech 8.5+/-2.1 micromol m(-2)s(-1)) were also reflected by higher values for the Chl fluorescence decrease ratios R(F)(d) 690 and R(F)(d) 735. In contrast, the shade leaves had lower P(N) rates (ginkgo 2.4+/-0.3 and beech 1.8+/-1.2 micromol m(-2)s(-1)). In both tree species the stomatal conductance G(s) was significantly higher in sun (range: 70-19 1 mmol m(-2)s(-1)) as compared to shade leaves (range: 5-55 mmol m(-2)s(-1)). In fact, at saturating light conditions there existed a close correlation between G(s) values and P(N) rates. Differences between sun and shade leaves also existed in several other Chl fluorescence ratios (F(v)/F(m), F(v)/F(o), and the stress adaptation index Ap). The results clearly demonstrate that the fan-shaped gymnosperm ginkgo leaves show the same high and low irradiance adaptation response as the angiosperm beech leaves.     

Does the Prostrate-leaved Geophyte Brunsvigia orientalis Utilize Soil-derived CO2 for Photosynthesis?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A test was made of the hypothesis that the prostrate growth habit of the leaves of the geophyte Brunsvigia orientalis enables utilization of soil-derived CO(2) and is related to the presence of lysigenous air-filled channels characteristic of B. orientalis leaves. METHODS: Brunsvigia orientalis was sampled at a field site. Leaf anatomy, stomatal density, leaf/soil gas exchange characteristics and soil atmosphere and leaf delta(13)C isotope abundances were examined. KEY RESULTS: The leaves of B. orientalis have large lysigenous air-filled channels separating the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. The upper surface comprised approx. 70 % of the leaf mass and 75 % of the leaf N (mmol g(-1)). Between 20 % and 30 % of the stomatal conductance and CO(2) assimilation was through the lower surface of the leaf. CO(2) efflux rates from the soil surface were up to 5.4 micromol m(-2) s(-1) while photosynthetic fluxes through the lower surface of the leaves were approx. 7 micromol m(-2) s(-1). However, the utilization of soil-derived CO(2) only altered the leaf delta(13)C isotope abundance of the prostrate leaves by a small amount. Using delta(13)C values it was estimated that 7 % of the leaf tissue C was derived from soil-derived CO(2). CONCLUSIONS: A small proportion of photosynthetically fixed CO(2) was derived from the soil, with minimal associated transpirational H(2)O loss into the space between the leaf and soil. The soil-derived CO(2), taken up through the lower surface was probably assimilated by the palisade tissue in the upper surface of the leaf which was exposed to sunlight and where most of the leaf N was located. The occurrence of lysigenous air channels in the leaves may provide longitudinal strength without impaired transfer of CO(2) taken up through the lower surface to the upper surface.