小地老虎雄蛾触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了小地老虎雄蛾触角感受器的种类、形态和分布.结果表明, 小地老虎雄蛾触角为双栉状(端半部为丝状),由1节柄节、1节梗节和82～92节鞭节组成.在触角上分布有毛形感器、刺形感器、鳞形感器、腔锥感器、腔形感器、 耳形感器、B(o)hm's氏鬃毛7种感受器,其中毛形感器数量最多.     

中红侧沟茧蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator的触角感受器进行了观察,发现了6个类型的感器,分别为毛形感器、板形感器、刺形感器、钟形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器。其中,毛形感器具有2种形态,锥形感器具有4种形态。钟形感器仅分布于雌蜂的触角上,锥形感器Ⅲ和Ⅳ仅分布于雄蜂的触角上。结合感受器的形态、分布和已报道的触角电位反应数据,对各感受器的功能进行了推测。     

蝇蛹俑小蜂、丽蝇蛹集金小蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

本文利用扫描电镜首次对蝇蛹俑小蜂(Spalangia endius)触角及其感器进行了研究.共观察到七类感器:触觉毛类感器、板状感器、薄壁化学感受器、锥形乳头状感器、鬃形感器、短刺形感器和棒状感器.同时在丽蝇蛹集金小蜂(Nasonia Vitripennis)触角上观察到七种感器.比较研究发现,在两种小蜂间.同种小蜂异性间.感器的种类、数量、排列及分布均有差异,并对此进行了讨论.     

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察(英文)

利用扫描电镜对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum的触角感受器进行了观察, 发现有7 种感受器, 分别为毛形感受器、刺形感受器Ⅰ型、刺形感受器Ⅱ型、锥形感受器、腔锥形感受器Ⅰ型、腔锥形感受器Ⅱ型和板形感受器。毛形感受器是数量最多的感器; 除了腔锥形感受器Ⅱ型只在雌虫触角发现外, 雌、雄触角感受器的类型和结构没有较大的差别, 并且腔锥形感受器Ⅱ是数量最少的感器。     

蜚蠊目(六足总纲,昆虫纲)八种昆虫触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

获得蜚蠊目昆虫触角感受器外部形态的资料,为蟑螂的系统学研究积累一些新的基础资料.使用KYKYAMRAY 1000B型扫描电镜蜚蠊目8种昆虫触角感受器进行观察和拍照,然后进行比较分析.观察结果表明,蜚蠊目昆虫的触角均分布有毛形感器、刺形感器和锥形感器.蜚蠊目昆虫触角感受器的外部形态在科、属水平表现的差异程度与昆虫的分类地位相符合.触角感受器的形态结构也许能成为鉴别蜚蠊目科和属的有用特征.     

小地老虎雌蛾触角及幼虫头部感受器扫描电镜观察

【目的】为了解小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)雌蛾触角及幼虫头部感受器的种类、形态、数量和分布。【方法】利用扫描电镜技术观察了小地老虎雌蛾触角及5龄幼虫头部形态及触角和口器上的感受器。【结果】小地老虎雌蛾触角上共分布有5种类型的感受器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、腔锥形感器、耳形感器、锥形感器。5龄幼虫头部呈椭圆形,口器下口式,为咀嚼式口器,头部可见触角、单眼、蜕裂线、刚毛、唇基、额、上唇、上颚、下颚、下颚须、下唇、下唇须及吐丝器等结构;触角上着生1个毛形感器和4个锥形感器;上颚分布有1个毛形感器和1个刺形感器;在下颚及下颚须上共分布有3个毛形感器、3个刺形感器、4个锥形感器和1个栓锥形感器;下唇须上有1个栓锥形感器和1个锥形感器;吐丝器前方两侧有1对刺形感器。【结论】小地老虎雌蛾触角上的感受器比幼虫头部的多,推测雌蛾利用它们来完成寄主植物和产卵环境选择;幼虫口器附肢上的感受器具有味觉和嗅觉功能,幼虫利用它们判断食物的种类和适合性。     

稻虱红螯蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

扫描电镜观察表明,稻虱红螯蜂Haplogonatopus japonicus Esaki et Hashimoto触角上存在6种感受器,其中刺形感器、锥形感器Ⅳ型、柱形感器Ⅱ型和Bhm氏鬃毛雌、雄都有,仅数量和分布上存在差异;毛形感器Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型,锥形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型,柱形感器Ⅰ和锥形乳头状感器仅分布于雌蜂触角;而毛形感器Ⅰ型,锥形感器Ⅴ型仅见于雄蜂触角。对触角感受器的形态进行了描述,并对部分感器功能进行了讨论。     

中华蜜蜂嗅觉受体AcerOrco的表达及定位分析

【目的】通过对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana嗅觉受体AcerOrco的表达及蛋白定位分析,阐明AcerOrco的表达特性,以期为进一步探索其功能提供理论依据。【方法】分别通过qRT-PCR技术和Western blot技术对中华蜜蜂气味受体AcerOrco mRNA及蛋白在内勤蜂和采集蜂5个组织部位(触角、头、胸、腹和足)中的相对表达量进行分析,采用免疫组化技术对AcerOrco蛋白的表达进行定位分析。【结果】定量结果显示,AcerOrco转录本在内勤蜂和采集蜂各组织中均有表达,其中触角中的表达量最高;该基因在采集蜂各组织中的表达量普遍高于内勤蜂。AcerOrco受体蛋白在内勤蜂和采集蜂各组织中也均有表达,在触角和头部的表达量明显高于其他组织。定位结果显示,在内勤蜂触角中,AcerOrco主要在毛形感器中表达,板形感器中表达不明显;在采集蜂触角的板形感器和毛形感器中均有表达,但毛形感器中的表达更多一些。【结论】获得了AcerOrco mRNA及其蛋白在内勤蜂和采集蜂各组织中的表达特性,并将这一蛋白表达定位于工蜂触角的毛形感器和板形感器中。     

Antennal sensilla of adult Dacne picta observed with scanning electron microscope

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对二纹蕈甲Dacne picta Crotch的触角感器进行了观察.发现该虫的触角感器有6种类型,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、栓锥形感器、钟形感器和B(o)hm氏鬃毛.其中,锥形感器有4种形态,刺形感器具有3种形态,毛形感器、栓锥形感器和钟形感器各有1种形态.感器的数量和分布在触角的每一节上差异较大.     

蝎蛉科与蚊蝎蛉科昆虫触角感器超微形态比较

触角是昆虫重要的感觉器官,其感觉功能主要是通过其上的各类感器来实现的。本文以染翅蝎蛉Sinopanorpa tincta(Nav偄s)和中华蚊蝎蛉Bittacus sinensis Walker为代表,采用扫描电子显微镜观察了蝎蛉科Panorpidae和蚊蝎蛉科Bittacidae触角感器的类型及其超微结构,并简要讨论了各种感器的功能。结果显示:染翅蝎蛉触角上共发现7种感器,分别为短刺形感器、Bhm氏鬃毛、毛形感器、短毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、和微毛形感器。中华蚊蝎蛉触角上也发现7种感器,分别为Bhm氏鬃毛、芽形感器、毛形感器、刺形感器、畸形毛感器、腔锥感器和钟形感器。蚊蝎蛉触角与蝎蛉的最大区别是着生有大量的腔锥感器,初步推测众多的腔锥感器可能与蚊蝎蛉对湿度的高度敏感有关。     

Is the number of antennal plate organs (sensilla placodea) greater in hygienic than in non-hygienic Africanized honey bees?

Hygienic behavior is a desirable trait in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), as hygienic bees quickly remove diseased brood, interrupting the infectious cycle. Hygienic lines of honey bees appear to be more sensitive to the odors of dead and diseased honey bee brood, and Africanized honey bees are generally more hygienic than are European honey bees. We compared the number of sensilla placodea, antennal sensory structures involved in the perception of odor, in 10 bees from each of six hygienic and four non-hygienic colonies of Africanized honey bees. The sensilla placodea of three of the terminal segments (flagellomeres) of the right antenna of each bee were counted with a scanning electron microscope. There were no significant differences in the mean numbers of sensilla placodea between the hygienic and non-hygienic bees, though the variance was higher in the hygienic group. Flagellomere 4 had significantly more sensilla placodea than flagellomeres 6 and 8. However, there was no significant difference between the other two flagellomeres. As hygienic bees are capable of identifying dead, injured, or infested brood inside a capped brood cell, sensilla placodea probably have an important role in enabling worker bees to sense sick brood. However, we did not find greater numbers of this sensory structure in the antennae of hygienic, compared to non-hygienic Africanized honey bees.     

Structural and functional differences in the antennal olfactory system of worker honey bees of Apis mellifera and Apis cerana

Olfactory cues are important sensory modalities on individual discrimination, perception, and efficient orientation to food sources in most insects. In honey bees, which are well known as eusocial insects, olfactory cues are mainly used to maintain a colony. Although much research has been reported on olfactory systems in honey bee olfaction, little is known about the differences between two major honey bee species, the European honey bee Apis mellifera and the Asian honey bee Apis cerana. In order to understand the differences of olfactory characteristics in the two species, we compared the distribution of sensory hairs on the antennae and antennal olfactory responses, using electron microscopy, electrophysiological recording and molecular expression level of odorant receptors. Our present study demonstrated that the antennae of A. cerana have more olfactory sensilla than A. mellifera, responding more strongly to various floral volatile compounds. At the molecular level, olfactory co-receptor (Orco), which makes heterodimers with other conventional olfactory receptors, is more abundantly expressed in the antenna of A. cerana than of A. mellifera. These findings extend our understanding of the olfactory systems and behavioral responses to various ecological and biological signals in two closely related honey bee species.     

Lateralization in the invertebrate brain: left-right asymmetry of olfaction in bumble bee, Bombus terrestris

Brain and behavioural lateralization at the population level has been recently hypothesized to have evolved under social selective pressures as a strategy to optimize coordination among asymmetrical individuals. Evidence for this hypothesis have been collected in Hymenoptera: eusocial honey bees showed olfactory lateralization at the population level, whereas solitary mason bees only showed individual-level olfactory lateralization. Here we investigated lateralization of odour detection and learning in the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris L., an annual eusocial species of Hymenoptera. By training bumble bees on the proboscis extension reflex paradigm with only one antenna in use, we provided the very first evidence of asymmetrical performance favouring the right antenna in responding to learned odours in this species. Electroantennographic responses did not reveal significant antennal asymmetries in odour detection, whereas morphological counting of olfactory sensilla showed a predominance in the number of olfactory sensilla trichodea type A in the right antenna. The occurrence of a population level asymmetry in olfactory learning of bumble bee provides new information on the relationship between social behaviour and the evolution of population-level asymmetries in animals.     

尼日利亚非洲蜂和安徽意大利蜜蜂及其杂交二代形态特征与微卫星DNA遗传多样性

对来自安徽的意大利蜜蜂、尼日利亚非洲蜂与意大利蜂蜂王与非洲蜂雄蜂杂交所选育的杂交二代3个群体,利用形态学和微卫星DNA多态性相结合的方法进行研究。对安徽意大利蜜蜂、尼日利亚非洲蜂及其杂交二代形态特征进行测量结果是,吻长平均值分别为6.09、5.23 mm和5.53 mm,右前翅宽平均值分别为3.35、8.42 mm和8.65 mm,前翅面积平均值分别为15.18、13.23 mm2和13.95 mm2,前翅肘脉a平均值分别为0.59、0.49 mm和0.55 mm,第3+4背板长平均值分别为4.38、3.80mm和4.04 mm,差异极显著(P≤0.01)。右前翅长平均值分别为9.06、3.12 mm和3.22 mm,差异显著(0.010.05)。对3个群体进行多态检测,共检测到121个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数为8.067,单个位点的等位基因数从3到13不等,表明3个群体都具有较丰富的遗传多样性。3个群体期望杂合度为0.5801至0.8526,平均期望杂合度为0.7591(0.0762)。所有位点的多态信息含量为0.5158至0.8363,平均多态信息含量为0.7283(0.0879)。3个群体的平均期望杂合度,意大利蜜蜂为0.6208,非洲蜂为0.5780,杂交二代为0.7451,非洲蜜蜂和安徽意蜂与其杂交二代之间差异均极显著,安徽意蜂与非洲蜜蜂之间差异不显著。3个群体都具有较高的杂合度和较丰富的多态性,其中杂交二代最高。意大利蜜蜂和尼日利亚非洲蜂平均遗传分化系数FST为0.0436,两个群体间的分化程度极显著,8个位点都极显著地贡献于这一结果。群体内的近交系数FIS较低,为0.070,15个位点显著地贡献于这一结果,表明非洲蜂与意大利蜜蜂的近交较少。非洲蜂和意大利蜜蜂遗传距离为0.725,Nm值为0.213,两个群体间表现出较远的遗传距离,而且彼此之间基因流动较少。安徽意蜂和非洲蜂群体间长期存在地理隔离,两个群体间形态指标差异显著,杂交二代群体形态指标低于安徽意蜂,但比尼日利亚非洲蜂均有不同程度的提高,在形态特征上体现了杂交优势,两群体杂交二代等位基因数、基因杂合度及多态信息含量等遗传多样性指标均有显著提高。     

High genetic variability of Nosema ceranae populations in Apis mellifera from East Asia compared to central Asia and the Americas

Biological Invasions - Nosema ceranae is believed to have been originally a parasite of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana, in East Asia that later infected the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera,...     

Population structure of honey bees in the Carpathian Basin (Hungary) confirms introgression from surrounding subspecies

Carniolan honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica) are considered as an indigenous subspecies in Hungary adapted to most of the ecological and climatic conditions in this area. However, during the last decades Hungarian beekeepers have recognized morphological signs of the Italian honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica). As the natural distribution of the honey bee subspecies can be affected by the importation of honey bee queens or by natural gene flow, we aimed at determining the genetic structure and characteristics of the local honey bee population using molecular markers. All together, 48 Hungarian and 84 foreign (Italian, Polish, Spanish, Liberian) pupae and/or workers were used for mitochondrial DNA analysis. Additionally, 53 sequences corresponding to 10 subspecies and the Buckfast hybrid were downloaded from GenBank. For the nuclear analysis, 236 Hungarian and 106 foreign honey bees were genotyped using nine microsatellites. Heterozygosity values, population‐specific alleles, FST values, principal coordinate analysis, assignment tests, structure analysis, and dendrograms were calculated. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity values showed moderate values. We found that one haplotype (H9) was dominant in Hungary. The presence of the black honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) was negligible, but a few individuals resembling other subspecies were identified. We proved that the Hungarian honey bee population is nearly homogeneous but also demonstrated introgression from the foreign subspecies. Both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses corroborated the observations of the beekeepers. Molecular analyses suggested that Carniolan honey bee in Hungary is slightly affected by Italian and black honey bee introgression. Genetic differences were detected between Polish and Hungarian Carniolan honey bee populations, suggesting the existence of at least two different gene pools within A. m. carnica.     

常见疾病、抗生素及农药对意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)肠道微生物多样性的影响研究进展

蜜蜂是对农业生产十分重要的授粉昆虫。蜜蜂肠道微生物与蜜蜂健康有密切关系,但肠道微生物也会受多种外界因素的影响。本文就蜜蜂疾病、抗生素等蜂病治疗药物、农药,以及益生菌的应用等对意大利蜜蜂工蜂肠道微生物影响的研究进行了归纳总结,并对蜜蜂与其肠道菌关系研究进行了展望。     

csd alleles in the red dwarf honey bee (Apis florea,Hymenoptera: Apidae) show exceptionally high nucleotide diversity

Abstract The single locus complementary sex determination (sl‐csd) gene is the primary gene determining the gender of honey bees (Apis spp.). While the csd gene has been well studied in the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), and comparable data exist in both the Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) and the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata), no studies have been conducted in the red dwarf honey bee, Apis florea. In this study we cloned the genomic region 3 of the A. florea csd gene from 60 workers, and identified 12 csd alleles. Analysis showed that similar to A. mellifera, region 3 of the csd gene contains a RS domain at the N terminal, a proline‐rich domain at the C terminal, and a hypervariable region in the middle. However, the A. florea csd gene possessed a much higher level of nucleotide diversity, compared to A. mellifera, A. cerana and Apis dorsata. We also show that similar to the other three Apis species, in A. florea, nonsynonymous mutations in the csd gene are selectively favored in young alleles.     

The influence of nest site selection on the population dynamics of Africanized honey bees in an urban landscape

Urban landscapes provide habitat for many species, including domesticated and feral honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). With recent losses of managed honey bee colonies, there is increasing interest in feral honey bee colonies and their potential contribution to pollination services in agricultural, natural, and urban settings. However, in some regions the feral honey bee population consists primarily of Africanized honey bees. Africanized honey bees (AHB) are hybrids between European honey bees and the African honey bee, Apis mellifera scutellataLepeletier, and have generated economic, ecological, and human health concerns because of their aggressive behavior. In this study, we used two long‐term datasets (7–10 years) detailing the spatial and temporal distribution of AHB colonies in Tucson, AZ, USA, where feral colonies occupy a variety of cavities including water meter boxes. A stage‐structured matrix model was used to elucidate the implications of nest site selection and the effects of colony terminations on the structure and dynamics of the AHB population. Our results suggest that Tucson's AHB population is driven by a relatively small number of ‘source’ colonies that escape termination (ca. 0.165 colonies per km² or 125 colonies in total), although immigrating swarms and absconding colonies from the surrounding area may have also contributed to the stability of the Tucson AHB population. Furthermore, the structure of the population has likely been impacted by the number and spatial distribution of water meter boxes across the city. The study provides an example of how urban wildlife populations are driven by interactions among landscape structure, human management, and behavioral traits conferred by an invasive genotype.     

Detection of multiple viruses in queens of the honey bee Apis mellifera L

Individual honey bee Apis mellifera L. queens were examined for the presence of six honey bee viruses including acute bee paralysis virus, chronic bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, deformed wing virus, Kashmir bee virus, and sacbrood virus. All viruses, except ABPV, were detected in the samples. Among queens examined for virus infections, 93% had multiple virus infections. The detection of viruses in queens raises the possibility of a vertical transmission pathway wherein infected queens can pass virus through their eggs to their offspring.