干扰素-γ对THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出和ABCA1表达的影响

以THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为研究对象,观察干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)对THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出和三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)表达的影响.以便探讨IFN-γ在动脉粥样硬化发生发展中的作用.采用液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出, 高效液相色谱分析细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量.运用逆转录-多聚酶链反应和蛋白质印迹分别检测ABCA1 mRNA与ABCA1蛋白质的表达, 采用流式细胞术检测细胞平均ABCA1荧光强度.发现IFN-γ引起THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞总胆固醇、游离胆固醇与胆固醇酯呈时间依赖性增加, 而ABCA1 mRNA和蛋白质表达、细胞平均ABCA1荧光强度以及apoA-1介导的胆固醇流出呈时间依赖性减少, 细胞内胆固醇增多.结果表明IFN-γ抑制THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达及细胞内胆固醇流出,同时增加细胞内胆固醇聚积.     

载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ通过PKA信号途径影响ABCA1的表达与功能

以THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为研究对象,观察载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ与三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ATP binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)的相互作用,并探讨它们相互作用的机制,以便了解载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ和ABCA1在动脉粥样硬化发生发展中的作用.THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞经各种因素处理后,采用油红“O”染色,观察细胞内的脂滴,运用液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出,高效液相色谱分析细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应和蛋白质印迹分析法分别检测ABCA1 mRNA与ABCA1蛋白质的水平.实验结果显示,载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ和腺苷酸环化酶激动剂Forskolin(FRK)引起THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞总胆固醇、游离胆固醇与胆固醇酯减少,而腺苷酸环化酶抑制剂SQ-22536引起THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞总胆固醇、游离胆固醇与胆固醇酯增加.载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ引起THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1蛋白质水平和细胞内胆固醇流出增加.FRK引起THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1蛋白质水平和细胞内胆固醇流出呈时间和浓度依赖性增加.SQ-22536引起THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1蛋白质水平和细胞内胆固醇流出减少.结果提示,载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ可提高THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1蛋白质水平,增加细胞内胆固醇流出,降低细胞内胆固醇聚积.其机制可能是通过PKA信号途经使细胞ABCA1蛋白质水平增加.     

脂多糖通过核因子-κB途径下调泡沫细胞ATP结合盒转运体A1的表达

脂多糖(LPS)介导的免疫炎症反应与动脉粥样硬化(As)的发生密切相关,ATP结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)促进细胞内胆固醇流出,具有抗As作用.观察了LPS对THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达及胆固醇流出的影响,并探讨TLR4/NF-κB信号途径和LXRs在此过程中的作用.THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞经不同浓度LPS处理或者用LPS作用不同时间,以LPS单独或用NF-κB抑制剂对甲苯磺酰-L-苯丙氨酸氯甲基甲酮(TPCK)预处理细胞后再加入LPS处理.RT-PCR检测ABCA1、TLR4和LXRα mRNA的表达,Western blot检测ABCA1、LXRα及核内NF-κBp65蛋白的表达,液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出,高效液相色谱分析细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量.结果表明,LPS呈浓度和时间依赖性抑制ABCA1的表达,而增加TLR4 mRNA和核内NF-κBp65蛋白的表达,LPS使泡沫细胞内胆固醇流出减少,细胞总胆固醇、游离胆固醇与胆固醇酯增加,TPCK预处理后,LPS的这种作用被部分抑制,LXRα的表达不受LPS和TPCK的影响.这一结果提示,TLR4/NF-κB信号...     

肺炎衣原体抑制LXRα-ABCA1途径促进巨噬细胞脂质蓄积

为探讨肝X受体α(LXRα)-三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)途径在肺炎衣原体(C.pneumoniae)促巨噬细胞脂质蓄积中的作用和机制,以THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为模型,采用高效液相色谱分析细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量,液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出,RT-PCR检测ABCA1和LXRαm RNA的表达,蛋白质印迹检测ABCA1和LXRα的蛋白质表达;使用LXRα的特异性激动剂T0901317对细胞进行预处理,再观察上述指标的变化.结果显示,C.pneumoniae可促进THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量增加,抑制胆固醇外流,降低细胞ABCA1和LXRα的表达;使用ABCA1激动剂8-溴-环磷酸腺苷预处理细胞或LXR激动剂T0901317预处理细胞后,可明显减弱C.pneumoniae对THP-1细胞ABCA1的表达抑制,促进细胞胆固醇流出,降低细胞内胆固醇的含量.结果提示,C.pneumoniae促进巨噬细胞脂质蓄积及胆固醇流出障碍,其机制可能与LXRα-ABCA1途径有关.     

研究: 肺炎衣原体抑制LXRα-ABCA1途径促进巨噬细胞脂质蓄积

为探讨肝X受体α (LXRα)-三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1 (ABCA1)途径在肺炎衣原体 (C. pneumoniae)促巨噬细胞脂质蓄积中的作用和机制,以THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为模型,采用高效液相色谱分析细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量,液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出,RT-PCR检测ABCA1和LXRα mRNA的表达,蛋白质印迹检测ABCA1和LXRα的蛋白质表达;使用LXRα的特异性激动剂T0901317对细胞进行预处理,再观察上述指标的变化．结果显示,C. pneumoniae可促进THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量增加,抑制胆固醇外流,降低细胞ABCA1和LXRα的表达;使用ABCA1激动剂8-溴-环磷酸腺苷预处理细胞或LXR激动剂T0901317预处理细胞后,可明显减弱C. pneumoniae对THP-1细胞ABCA1的表达抑制,促进细胞胆固醇流出,降低细胞内胆固醇的含量．结果提示,C. pneumoniae促进巨噬细胞脂质蓄积及胆固醇流出障碍,其机制可能与LXRα-ABCA1途径有关．     

曲格列酮对THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达及胆固醇流出的影响

目的:研究曲格列酮对THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达及胆固醇流出的影响。方法:采用液体闪烁计数法测定曲格列酮处理后THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出。用RT-PCR和Western blotting的方法检测曲格列酮处理后THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1 mRNA水平和蛋白质水平的变化。结果:经曲格列酮处理后,THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞的胆固醇流出具有时间依赖性的增加,从0h的1．82%上升到24h的7．61%。在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平ABCA1也均随着曲格列酮作用时间增加而表达上调。结论:曲格列酮能增加THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达和胆固醇流出。     

大蒜素通过上调ABCA1表达减少脂质在THP1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞中蓄积

泡沫细胞形成是动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,As)发生、发展的核心环节,抑制泡沫细胞脂质蓄积是预防As的关键.本研究以人源性THP1单核巨噬细胞为研究对象,通过用豆蔻酸佛波乙酯(phorbol myristate acetate,PMA)(160 nmol/L)诱导细胞24 h,ox-LDL(50 mg/m L)处理细胞48 h,构建泡沫细胞模型,探讨大蒜素(allicin)对THP1细胞泡沫化及腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运体A1(ATPbinding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)的影响.RT-PCR、Western印迹分析显示,大蒜素可上调巨噬细胞ABCA1表达.油红O染色、高效液相色谱及液体闪烁计数揭示,大蒜素促进细胞内胆固醇流出,降低THP1巨噬细胞内总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、游离胆固醇(free cholesterol,FC)、胆固醇酯(cholesterol ester,CE)含量,抑制泡沫细胞形成.此外,RNA干扰证明沉默ABCA1减少细胞的胆固醇流出,增加脂质蓄积.本研究结果提示,大蒜素可上调THP1巨噬细胞中ABCA1的表达,从而促进细胞内胆固醇的流出,降低泡沫细胞内胆固醇蓄积的作用.我们的结果为解释大蒜素预防As提供了新的证据.     

PPARγ信号转导通路在内脂素诱导泡沫细胞形成中的作用机制

本文旨在观察过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ,PPARγ)信号转导通路在内脂素(visfatin)调控人单核细胞株THP-1源性巨噬细胞ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1(ATP binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)和酰基辅酶A:胆固醇酰基转移酶1(acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase1,ACAT1)表达中的作用,探讨内脂素诱导泡沫细胞形成的机制和途径。THP-1单核细胞经佛波酯诱导分化为巨噬细胞,随机分组,给予不同浓度的内脂素和PPARγ激动剂罗格列酮(rosiglitazone)进行干预,分别运用RT-PCR和Western blot法检测各组细胞PPARγ、ABCA1及ACAT1 mRNA和蛋白表达,酶荧光学法检测细胞内总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)和游离胆固醇(free cholesterol,FC)含量,TC与FC之差为胆固醇酯(cholesterol ester,CE)含量。结果显示,内脂素呈浓度依赖性增加THP-1源性巨噬细胞内FC和CE含量,下调巨噬细胞PPARγ mRNA和蛋白的表达,同时下调其下游的靶基因ABCA1 mRNA和蛋白的表达,上调ACAT1 mRNA和蛋白的表达;而罗格列酮呈浓度依赖性地抑制内脂素所诱导的上述效应。上述结果提示,内脂素可能通过PPARγ信号转导通路下调ABCA1表达,上调ACAT1表达,使细胞内FC流出减少,CE合成增加,从而诱导泡沫细胞的形成。这为研究内脂素致动脉粥样硬化的机制提供了新的理论依据。     

对氧磷降低RAW264.7巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达和胆固醇流出

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)是体内胆固醇逆向转运的关键环节.对氧磷是广泛使用的有机磷农药的活性代谢产物.研究发现,对氧磷能增加巨噬细胞中胆固醇的堆积,但具体机制还不清楚.以RAW264.7巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为研究对象,观察对氧磷对RAW264.7巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达和胆固醇流出的影响并探讨其机制.结果显示,对氧磷以时间和剂量依赖的方式增加RAW264.7巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞中总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯水平,降低ABCA1表达和胆固醇流出,同时对氧磷降低细胞中环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)的水平及腺苷酸环化酶(AC)的活性和增加磷酸二酯酶(PDE)的活性,而cAMP的类似物双丁酰环腺苷酸(dBcAMP)能够阻断对氧磷降低ABCA1表达和部分阻断对氧磷降低胆固醇流出,对氧磷导致的cAMP水平的降低也可被AC激动剂福斯高林(Forskolin)和PDE抑制剂3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤(IBMX)所阻断.以上结果表明,对氧磷通过cAMP信号通路下调RAW264.7巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1的表达,降低细胞内胆固醇流出和增加细胞内胆固醇堆积.     

肝X受体α在泡沫细胞胆固醇流出中的调控作用

以THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为研究对象,观察肝X受体α(LXRα)在THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出中的调控作用.结果发现,22(R)-羟基胆固醇剂量依赖性增加THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出, 而DIDS剂量依赖性减少THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出.逆转录聚合酶链反应显示, 22(R)-羟基胆固醇可增加THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞LXRα mRNA的表达, DIDS可抑制THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞LXRα mRNA的表达.结果提示,LXRα在巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出中起着重要的调控作用,这为开发和寻找抗动脉粥样硬化药物提供了新的思路.     

Effect of apolipoprotein A-I on ATP binding cassette transporter A1 degradation and cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells

The accumulation of lipoprotein cholesterol in theartery wall is thought to be an important factor in thedevelopment of atherosclerosis. After retentionand modi-fication in arteries, atherogenic lipoproteins are taken upby macrophages, bringing about macrophage-derived foamcells. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a role in trans-porting cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.The elevated level of HDL is associated with a decreasein atherosclerosis and the apolipoproteins to remo…     

Interleukin-10 inhibits the down-regulation of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 by tumour necrosis factor-alpha in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells

It is suggested that cholesterol efflux mediated by ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an important role in anti-atherogenesis. However, the effects of inflammatory cytokines on ABCA1 expression and cholesterol accumulation in foam cells are little known. This study investigates the effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) on ABCA1 expression and cholesterol content in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. ABCA1mRNA and protein levels were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The total cholesterol content in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells was detected by the zymochemistry method. Results revealed that TNF-alpha could increase cholesterol content by down-regulating ABCA1 expression in a time-dependent manner in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells, which may contribute to its pro-atherosclerotic effect. In addition IL-10 time-dependently decreased cholesterol accumulation by up-regulating ABCA1 expression and inhibited the down-regulation of ABCA1 by TNF-alpha in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells, which may be one of the mechanisms of IL-10 contributing to its anti-atherosclerotic action.     

Neopterin negatively regulates expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 by the LXRα signaling pathway in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells

To investigate the effects of neopterin on ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in human THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells, and to explore the role of the liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) involved. In the present study, THP-1 cells were pre-incubated with ox-LDL to become foam cells. The protein and mRNA expression were examined by Western blot assays and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. Liquid scintillation counting and high performance liquid chromatography assays were used to test cellular cholesterol efflux and cholesterol content. Neopterin decreased ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells, and the LXRα siRNA can reverse the inhibitory effects induced by neopterin. Neoterin has a negative regulation on ABCA1 expression via the LXRα signaling pathway, which suggests the aggravated effects of neopterin on atherosclerosis.     

Lysophosphatidylcholine promotes cholesterol efflux from mouse macrophage foam cells via PPARgamma-LXRalpha-ABCA1-dependent pathway associated with apoE

Formation of macrophage-derived foam cells is a hallmark in earlier stages of atherosclerosis (AS). Increased cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells promote atherosclerotic regression. In the present study, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) promoting cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells was observed, and the mechanism underlying the action was investigated. Macrophage foam cells from mice were incubated with different concentrations of LPC (10, 20, 40, 80 microM), and the free cholesterol in medium increased but total intracellular cholesterol decreased. At the same time, the expression of PPARgamma, LXRalpha, ABCA1 was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of macrophage foam cells with 40 microM LPC for 12, 24 and 48 h promoted cellular cholesterol efflux in a time-dependent manner, meanwhile expression of PPARgamma, LXRalpha, ABCA1 was also raised respectively. Addition of different specific inhibitors of PPARgamma (GW9662), LXRalpha (GGPP), ABCA1 (DIDS) to the foam cells significantly suppressed LPC-induced cholesterol efflux. Also treatment with specific inhibitors of PPARgamma or LXRalpha decreased ABCA1 mRNA and protein expressions. LPC (40 microM)-induced cholesterol efflux was significantly lower in macrophage foam cells from apoE deficient mice than from normal C57BL/6J mice. In contrast, 10 microg apoAI-induced cholesterol efflux from foam cells remained in apoE deficient mice. The present results indicate that LPC promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells via a PPARgamma-LXRalpha-ABCA1-dependent pathway. Furthermore, apoE may be involved in this process.     

Rosuvastatin blocks advanced glycation end products-elicited reduction of macrophage cholesterol efflux by suppressing NADPH oxidase activity via inhibition of geranylgeranylation of Rac-1

Adenosine triphosphate-binding membrane cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1 play a crucial role in macrophage cholesterol efflux, which is a novel therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) and their receptor RAGE axis is involved in accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes as well. However, the role of AGE-RAGE axis in macrophage cholesterol efflux is not fully understood. We examined here whether AGE-RAGE axis could impair cholesterol efflux from human macrophage cells, THP-1 cells by suppressing ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression. We further investigated the effects of rosuvastatin on cholesterol efflux from AGE-exposed THP-1 cells. AGE increased reactive oxygen species generation in THP-1 cells, which was completely inhibited by rosuvastatin, anti-RAGE-antibody or diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase. The antioxidative effect of rosuvastatin on AGE-exposed THP-1 cells was significantly prevented by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). AGE decreased ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA levels, and subsequently reduced cholesterol efflux from THP-1 cells, which was prevented by GGPP. DPI mimicked the effects of rosuvastain. The results demonstrated that rosuvastatin could inhibit the AGE-induced reduction of THP-1 macrophage cholesterol efflux by suppressing NADPH oxidase activity via inhibition of geranylgeranylation of Rac-1. Our present study provides a novel beneficial aspect of rosuvastatin in diabetes; rosuvastain may prevent the development and progression of atherosclerosis in diabetes by not only reducing serum cholesterol level, but also by improving cholesterol efflux from foam cells of the arterial wall via blocking the harmful effects of AGE on macrophages.     

Apolipoprotein E4 Is Deficient in Inducing Macrophage ABCA1 Expression and Stimulating the Sp1 Signaling Pathway

ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) is a membrane protein that promotes cellular cholesterol efflux. Using RAW 264.7 macrophages, we studied the relative effects of apolipoprotein (apo) E3 and apoE4 on ABCA1 and on the signaling pathway that regulates its expression. Both lipid-associated and lipid-free apoE4 forms induced ∼30% lower levels of ABCA1 protein and mRNA than apoE3 forms. Phosphorylated levels of phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1) were also lower when treated with apoE4 compared to apoE3. The reduced ability of apoE4 to induce ABCA1 expression, PKCζ and Sp1 phosphorylation were confirmed in human THP-1 monocytes/macrophages. Sequential phosphorylation of PI3K, PKCζ and Sp1 has been suggested as a mechanism for upregulation of ABCA1 expression. Both apoE3 and apoE4 reduced total cholesterol and cholesterol esters in lipid-laden RAW 264.7 cells, and induced apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux. However, the cholesterol esters and cholesterol efflux in apoE4-treated cells were ∼50% and ∼24% lower, respectively, compared to apoE3-treated cells. Accumulation of cholesterol esters in macrophages is a mechanism for foam cell formation. Thus the reduced ability of apoE4 to activate the PI3K-PKCζ-Sp1 signaling pathway and induce ABCA1 expression likely impairs cholesterol ester removal, and increases foam cell formation.